Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T11:55:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Weber Abrahão Júnior - 2017.pdf: 5390329 bytes, checksum: 9b51504742820d4bdb172e3b88c70913 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T11:56:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Weber Abrahão Júnior - 2017.pdf: 5390329 bytes, checksum: 9b51504742820d4bdb172e3b88c70913 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T11:56:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Weber Abrahão Júnior - 2017.pdf: 5390329 bytes, checksum: 9b51504742820d4bdb172e3b88c70913 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-08 / This research sought to investigate the possibilities of using Comics in didactic activities in the History course, as taught in High School, based on the legal guidelines. For this, in the theoretical field we sought the understanding of the concept of historical consciousness, as formulated by Jörn Rüsen. Having as primary source the comic book collection titled The Complete Works of Carl Barks, creator of the Disney universe as presented in Duckburg. From the reading of How to Read Donald Duck – Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic, a pamphlet by Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart, compared with Thomas Andrae's research, Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book. Unmasking the Myth of Modernity, we sought to establish a dialogue between different texts regarding the importance and scope of Carl Barks's work in the context of the mass media-mediated imperialist expansion of the United States. As a closing, the analysis of three works by Barks, for their didactic use in the development of the theme of Imperialism, according to the curriculum of History of High School. / Esta pesquisa procurou investigar as possibilidades de utilização das histórias em quadrinhos em atividades didáticas na disciplina História, como ministrada no Ensino Médio, a partir das diretrizes legais orientadoras. Para tanto, no campo teórico, buscou-se a compreensão do conceito de consciência histórica, como formulado por Jörn Rüsen. Como fonte primária tem-se a coleção de quadrinhos intitulada As Obras Completas de Carl Barks, criador do universo Disney como apresentado em Patópolis. A partir da leitura do panfleto Para Ler o Pato Donald, de Ariel Dorfman e Armand Mattelart, cotejado com a pesquisa de Thomas Andrae, Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book. Unmasking the Myth of Modernity, procurou-se estabelecer um diálogo entre textos distintos a respeito da importância e do alcance da obra de Carl Barks, no âmbito da expansão imperialista dos Estados Unidos, mediada pelos mass media. Como fecho, a análise de três obras de Barks, para sua utilização didática no desenvolvimento da temática do Imperialismo, conforme o currículo de História do Ensino Médio.

A avaliação da qualidade do ar é um assunto de grande importância uma vez que os contaminantes da atmosfera podem causar efeitos danosos à saúde e ao meio ambiente. Nos últimos anos as cascas de árvores têm sido estudadas como biomonitores da poluição atmosférica devido à facilidade de amostragem, ampla disponibilidade e resistência das espécies arbóreas quanto às variações ambientais. No presente trabalho, um estudo da poluição aérea de elementos químicos foi realizado pela análise de cascas de Tipuana (Tipuana tipu) e Sibipiruna (Poincianella pluviosa). As cascas de árvore foram coletadas em diferentes locais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e em dois locais no interior do estado de São Paulo considerados como regiões controle. As amostras de cascas foram analisadas por meio da análise por ativação neutrônica (NAA) para a determinação de As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, V e Zn e pela espectrometria por absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS), na determinação de Cd, Cu e Pb. No controle da qualidade analítica, os resultados das análises dos materiais de referência certificados apresentaram boa exatidão, com valores de |Z score| ≤ 2. Ensaios preliminares foram realizados para estabelecer as condições experimentais adequadas para coleta e preparo das amostras das cascas de árvore. As cascas foram coletadas em todas as possíveis faces do tronco da árvore e uma espessura de 2 mm da camada superficial da casca foi ralada e homogeneizada para as análises. Os resultados indicaram variabilidade nas concentrações dos elementos nas cascas em função da proximidade e intensidade das fontes de emissão. Além disso, os resultados indicaram quatro possíveis fontes de poluentes, sendo estes, veicular, industrial, aerossol marinho e a própria composição da casca de árvore. Os fatores de enriquecimento para os elementos determinados nas cascas de árvore indicaram maiores concentrações nas amostras coletadas na RMSP do que aqueles obtidos nas regiões controle. As concentrações de As, Cd, Co, Pb e Zn obtidas nas cascas de árvores apresentaram associação com as concentrações de material particulado (MP10) medidas pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB). Os elementos Cl, Co, Mg e Ni das cascas, apresentaram correlação com as taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiorrespiratórias em adultos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam a viabilidade do uso de cascas de árvores em estudos de poluição atmosférica de elementos químicos, especialmente nas regiões em que não há sistema de monitoramento da poluição do ar. / The assessment of air quality is a matter of great importance since the pollutants of the atmosphere can cause harmful effects to health and the environment. In recent years tree barks have been studied as biomonitors of atmospheric pollution due to their easy of sampling, wide availability and resistance to environmental variations. In the present study on aerial pollution of chemical elements, the analyses of Tipuana (Tipuana tipu) and Sibipiruna (Poincianella pluviosa) tree barks were performed. The tree barks were collected at different sites in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) and in two small cities of São Paulo state considered as control regions. The bark samples were analyzed by neutron activation analysis (NAA) for As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg , Mn, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, V, and Zn determinations and by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) for Cd, Cu and Pb. In the analytical quality control, the certified reference materials results presented good accuracy, with values of |Z score| ≤ 2. Preliminary tests were performed to establish adequate experimental conditions for collection and preparation of the tree barks samples. The barks were collected in all possible faces of the tree trunk and a thickness of 2 mm of the bark surface layer was grated and homogenized for the analyses. Data analyses of the samples indicated variability in the element concentrations depending on the proximity and intensity of the emission sources. Furthermore, these results indicated four possible pollutants sources, those being, vehicular plus soil resuspension, industrial, marine aerosols and the tree bark composition itself. Enrichment factors obtained for the elements determined in tree barks indicated higher concentrations in samples collected in the MRSP than those obtained in the control regions. The As, Cd, Co, Pb and Zn concentrations found in tree barks presented an association with the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) measured at the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB). In the following elements, Cl, Co, Mg and Ni found in tree barks there was a correlation with mortality rates due to cardiorespiratory diseases in adults. The findings of this study indicated the viability of the use of tree barks in air pollution studies of chemical elements, especially in those regions in which there is no air pollution monitoring network system.

A avaliação da qualidade do ar é um assunto de grande importância uma vez que os contaminantes da atmosfera podem causar efeitos danosos à saúde e ao meio ambiente. Nos últimos anos as cascas de árvores têm sido estudadas como biomonitores da poluição atmosférica devido à facilidade de amostragem, ampla disponibilidade e resistência das espécies arbóreas quanto às variações ambientais. No presente trabalho, um estudo da poluição aérea de elementos químicos foi realizado pela análise de cascas de Tipuana (Tipuana tipu) e Sibipiruna (Poincianella pluviosa). As cascas de árvore foram coletadas em diferentes locais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e em dois locais no interior do estado de São Paulo considerados como regiões controle. As amostras de cascas foram analisadas por meio da análise por ativação neutrônica (NAA) para a determinação de As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, V e Zn e pela espectrometria por absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS), na determinação de Cd, Cu e Pb. No controle da qualidade analítica, os resultados das análises dos materiais de referência certificados apresentaram boa exatidão, com valores de |Z score| ≤ 2. Ensaios preliminares foram realizados para estabelecer as condições experimentais adequadas para coleta e preparo das amostras das cascas de árvore. As cascas foram coletadas em todas as possíveis faces do tronco da árvore e uma espessura de 2 mm da camada superficial da casca foi ralada e homogeneizada para as análises. Os resultados indicaram variabilidade nas concentrações dos elementos nas cascas em função da proximidade e intensidade das fontes de emissão. Além disso, os resultados indicaram quatro possíveis fontes de poluentes, sendo estes, veicular, industrial, aerossol marinho e a própria composição da casca de árvore. Os fatores de enriquecimento para os elementos determinados nas cascas de árvore indicaram maiores concentrações nas amostras coletadas na RMSP do que aqueles obtidos nas regiões controle. As concentrações de As, Cd, Co, Pb e Zn obtidas nas cascas de árvores apresentaram associação com as concentrações de material particulado (MP10) medidas pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB). Os elementos Cl, Co, Mg e Ni das cascas, apresentaram correlação com as taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiorrespiratórias em adultos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam a viabilidade do uso de cascas de árvores em estudos de poluição atmosférica de elementos químicos, especialmente nas regiões em que não há sistema de monitoramento da poluição do ar. / The assessment of air quality is a matter of great importance since the pollutants of the atmosphere can cause harmful effects to health and the environment. In recent years tree barks have been studied as biomonitors of atmospheric pollution due to their easy of sampling, wide availability and resistance to environmental variations. In the present study on aerial pollution of chemical elements, the analyses of Tipuana (Tipuana tipu) and Sibipiruna (Poincianella pluviosa) tree barks were performed. The tree barks were collected at different sites in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) and in two small cities of São Paulo state considered as control regions. The bark samples were analyzed by neutron activation analysis (NAA) for As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg , Mn, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, V, and Zn determinations and by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) for Cd, Cu and Pb. In the analytical quality control, the certified reference materials results presented good accuracy, with values of |Z score| ≤ 2. Preliminary tests were performed to establish adequate experimental conditions for collection and preparation of the tree barks samples. The barks were collected in all possible faces of the tree trunk and a thickness of 2 mm of the bark surface layer was grated and homogenized for the analyses. Data analyses of the samples indicated variability in the element concentrations depending on the proximity and intensity of the emission sources. Furthermore, these results indicated four possible pollutants sources, those being, vehicular plus soil resuspension, industrial, marine aerosols and the tree bark composition itself. Enrichment factors obtained for the elements determined in tree barks indicated higher concentrations in samples collected in the MRSP than those obtained in the control regions. The As, Cd, Co, Pb and Zn concentrations found in tree barks presented an association with the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) measured at the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB). In the following elements, Cl, Co, Mg and Ni found in tree barks there was a correlation with mortality rates due to cardiorespiratory diseases in adults. The findings of this study indicated the viability of the use of tree barks in air pollution studies of chemical elements, especially in those regions in which there is no air pollution monitoring network system.

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Cheryl Ward, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology. Title and description from dissertation home page (June 17, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Triumfetta cordifolia et Bridelia thermifolia sont deux arbustes de la région tropicale d'Afrique dont les gommes extraites des écorces fraîches ou séchées sont confinées aux utilisations traditionnelles, notamment dans la cuisine (propriétés d'épaississement et d'aromatisation des sauces, d'amélioration de la texture des pâtisseries) et dans le procédé de décantation des bières traditionnelles de sorgho (bili-bili). Dans le but d'identifier la nature des gommes responsables de ces propriétés et d'évaluer leur potentiel de valorisation, la composition chimique (protéines, polysaccharides, fibres et minéraux) des écorces a été déterminée. Les gommes ont été extraites, caractérisées sur le plan chimique (composition en monosaccharides et en minéraux) et physique (comportement rhéologiques des extraits, poids moléculaire, viscosité intrinsèque et rayon de giration) et l'effet combiné des facteurs du milieu (température, pH, et concentration saline (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 et MgCl2)) influençant la viscosité a été analysé selon un plan composite centré. Enfin, un essai d'application de ces gommes dans la préparation des beignets de maïs et de sorgho a été réalisé. Les résultats des analyses chimiques montrent une prédominance des polysaccharides dans les écorces (52 et 55% respectivement pour B. thermifolia et T. cordifolia) et dans les extraits (76 et 80% respectivement pour B. thermifolia et T. cordifolia), avec des teneurs 5 à 8 fois supérieures à celles des protéines. Ce qui permet de considérer que ces polysaccharides sont responsables des propriétés physiques d'épaississement exprimées par les extraits. Ces propriétés ne sont aucunement modifiées par le séchage des écorces. Les polysaccharides des extraits sont constitués principalement de rhamnose (24,51%), de galactose (15,23%), d'acides glucuronique (25,51%) et galacturonique (20,23%). La présence significative d'acides uroniques justifie la persistance des minéraux dans les extraits purifiés. Les masses moléculaires moyennes des polysaccharides sont de 6,14 x106 et 3,58 x106Da respectivement pour T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia. Sur le plan physique, leurs viscosités intrinsèques et leur rayon de giration sont relativement élevés (18,33dl/g et 269,6nm pour T. cordifolia; 17,98dl/g et 217,8nm pour B. thermifolia). La cinétique de séchage des écorces de T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia se déroule en deux périodes cinétiques représentées par deux constantes de séchage k1 et k2 qui augmentent avec la température de séchage. La viscosité des extraits diminue pour des températures de séchage des écorces au-délà de 70°C. Cette baisse de viscosité des extraits serait plus le résultat d'un changement de conformation des polysaccharides que de leur dégradation. L'étude du comportement rhéologique de ces polysaccharides traduit un comportement rhéofluidifiant, viscoélastique, peu thixotrope et avec des contraintes seuil d'écoulement comprises entre 0,2 et 5Pa et entre 0,5 et 1Pa respectivement pour T. cordifolia et B. thermifolia à des concentrations comprises entre 0,52 et 0,82g/l. La température et les cations monovalents (K+ et Na+) ont un effet dépresseur sur la viscosité des gommes tandis que les pHs faiblement acide et alcalin et les cations divalents (Ca2+ et Mg2+) l'augmentent. L'effet combiné de ces facteurs sur la viscosité des gommes se décrit de façon satisfaisante par un modèle de second degré. L'analyse des interactions entre les facteurs de variation (définit dans le modèle) met en évidence, pour chaque facteur, une plage de valeurs pour lesquelles il contribue à l'obtention d'une zone de viscosités optimales et offre sur le plan pratique une gamme de choix des niveaux de variables en fonction du niveau de viscosité voulue. L'incorporation d'extraits de T. cordifolia (3,5 g/l) et B. thermifolia (11 g/l) dans la farine de maïs ou de sorgho, contribue de façon significative à l'amélioration du gonflemen / Triumfetta cordifolia and Bridelia thermifolia are two shrubs of tropical Africa whose gums extracted from fresh or dried barks are confined to traditional uses, particularly in the kitchen (thickening and flavoring properties in sauces and improvement of the texture of bakery ptoducts) and in the decantation process of the sorghum based traditionnal beer (bili-bili). In order to identify the nature of the gums responsible for these properties and assess their potentials for valorization, the chemical composition (proteins, polysaccharides, minerals and fiber) of barks was determined. The gums were extracted, and characterized for their chemical (monosaccharide composition and minerals) and physical (rheological behavior of extracts, molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity and radius of gyration) properties. Then, the combined effects of environmental factors (temperature, pH and salt concentration [NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2]) influencing the viscosity was analyzed using a central composite design. Finally application test of these gums in preparing doughnuts from maize and sorghum flour was carried out. The results of chemical analyzes showed that polysaccharides dominated in the barks (52 and 55% respectively for B.thermifolia and T. cordifolia) and in extracts (76 and 80% respectively for B.thermifolia and T. cordifolia), with levels 5-8 times higher than those of proteins. This allowed to hypothesize that these polysaccharides are responsible for the thickening properties demonstrated by the extracts. These properties are not be affected by the drying of the bark. The polysaccharides of the extracts are mainly composed of rhamnose (24.51%), galactose (15.23%), glucuronic acid (25.51%) and galacturonic acid (20.23%). The significant presence of uronic acids justifies the persistence of minerals in the purified extracts. The molecular weights of polysaccharides are 6.14 x106 and 3.58x106 Da, respectively for T. cordifolia and B. thermifolia. On the physical level, their intrinsic viscosities and their gyration radius are relatively high (18.33 dl/g and 269.6 nm for T. cordifolia; 17.98 dl/g and 217.8 nm for B. thermifolia). The drying kinetics for barks of T. cordifolia and B. thermifolia presents two falling rate periods represented by two kinetic constants k1 and k2, which increase with increasing drying temperature. Viscosity of extracts decreases when barks are dried beyond 70°C. This may be probably the consequence of a conformational change of polysaccharides than the result of their degradation. The study of the rheological behavior of these polysaccharides indicates a shear thinning, viscoelastic and weak thixotropic behavior, with flowing pressures yield point between 0.2 and 5Pa and between 0.5 and 1Pa, respectively for T. cordifolia and B. thermifolia, at concentrations between 0.52 and 0.82 g/l. Temperature and monovalent cations (K+ and Na+) have a depressant effect on viscosity of gums, while weakly acidic and alkaline pH and divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) increase it. The combined effect of these factors on the viscosity of gums is satisfactorily described by a second degree model. Analysis of interactions between factors of variation shows, for each factor, a range of values for which it contributes to the achievement of a zone of optimal viscosity. This zone offers a practical range for the choice of variable levels, depending on the desired viscosity. The incorporation of extracts of T. cordifolia (3.5 g/l) and B. thermifolia (11 g/l) in the maize or sorghum flour, improves significantly the swelling of the dough. The doughnuts obtained after baking are, from organoleptic point of view, comparable to wheat doughnuts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Campos de Carvalho.pdf: 13957392 bytes, checksum: 2f027ba96c71955dac32809108ee486c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Graphic expression and verbal narrative are the main constitutive elements of the language of comics, and its media features have been already studied by several authors: Juan Acevedo, Daniele Barbieri, Luiz Carneiro, Umberto Eco, Scott McCloud, Décio Pignatari, Paulo Ramos, and Waldomiro Vergueiro. This master s degree dissertation seeks to contribute to these studies conducting an investigation concerning the characterization of the myth of the self-made man, present in the American imaginary, through the analysis of narratives of American cartoonist Carl Barks, a major user of Comic Stories as a language in the twentieth century. This dissertation aims to understand the main criticism of Barks to the myth of the self-made man and the Success ethic in American culture of the twentieth century through a rapprochement with the studies of the imaginarium. We analyze the image of Donald Duck, specifically the plots portraying his attempts to be successful, and characteristics that guide these narratives. This hypothesis analyses the myth of self-made man and its incorporation into Western culture, and the confrontation of the concept of career success versus frustration in modern society, it is possible to find features that guide the cartoonist's graphic narratives. About Barks's work we relied on work done by Thomas Andrae, Michael Barrier and Geoffrey Blum. The theoretical basis for the field of communication focuses on the vision of Vilém Flusser. For studies of the imaginarium depart from the viewpoint of Gilbert Durand, who defines the imaginary as a reservoir of all images, narratives, values, perspectives, points of departure, cognitive processes, myths, legends, art, conceptual frameworks that interfere with the perception of the world and in building a culture. The theory of mith-hermeneutic extracted from the work of Marcos Ferreira dos Santos. The study of the language of comics is based on the work of Paulo Ramos. The research body is formed by the work of Carl Barks, published between 1942 and 1966, accessed by contemporary reissues, as well as interviews and commentary. The methodology involved literature review, observation and analysis of works from a diachronic perspective based on the readings of the imaginary, cultural studies and mith-hermeneutic. Conclusively, its creation, extensive studied body of work and republications indicate the persistence and resilience of the myth of self-made man in American culture / Expressão gráfica e narrativa verbal são os principais elementos constituintes da linguagem das Histórias em Quadrinhos, e suas características midiáticas já foram estudadas por vários autores: Juan Acevedo, Daniele Barbieri, Luiz Carneiro, Umberto Eco, Scott McCloud, Décio Pignatari, Paulo Ramos e Waldomiro Vergueiro. A presente dissertação de mestrado busca contribuir para esses estudos realizando uma investigação acerca da caracterização do mito do self-made man, presente no imaginário norte-americano, através da análise de narrativas do cartunista norte-americano Carl Barks, um dos principais utilizadores das Histórias em Quadrinhos como linguagem no século XX. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal compreender a crítica de Barks ao mito do self-made man e à ética do sucesso na cultura norte-americana do século XX através de uma aproximação com os estudos do imaginário. Analisamos a imagem do Pato Donald, especificamente os enredos que narram suas tentativas de ser bem-sucedido, e as características que norteiam essas narrativas. Nossa hipótese é que, pela análise do mito de self-made man e sua incorporação à cultura ocidental, e pela confrontação do conceito de sucesso profissional versus frustração na sociedade contemporânea, é possível chegar às características que norteiam as narrativas gráficas do cartunista. Sobre a obra de Barks nos baseamos nos trabalhos realizados por Thomas Andrae, Michael Barrier e Geoffrey Blum. A fundamentação teórica do campo da comunicação se concentra na visão de Vilém Flusser. Para os estudos do imaginário partiremos do ponto de vista de Gilbert Durand, que define o imaginário como um reservatório de todas as imagens, narrativas, valores, perspectivas, pontos de partida, processos cognitivos, mitos, lendas, obras de arte, molduras conceituais que interferem na percepção do mundo e na construção da cultura. A teoria mitohermeneutica parte do trabalho de Marcos Ferreira dos Santos. O estudo da linguagem das Histórias em Quadrinhos baseia-se no trabalho de Paulo Ramos. O corpus da pesquisa é formado pela obra de Barks, publicada entre 1942 e 1966, acessada pelas reedições contemporâneas, assim como entrevistas e comentários. A metodologia adotada envolveu pesquisa bibliográfica, observação e análise das obras a partir de uma perspectiva diacrônica fundada nas leituras do imaginário, dos estudos culturais e da mitohermeneutica. Conclusivamente, verificamos que a criação das obras estudadas e suas republicações recorrentes indicam a persistência e a resiliência do mito do self-made man na cultura norte-americana

Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum et Plasmodium falciparum sont des parasites protozoaires intracellulaires obligatoires, respectivement responsables de la toxoplasmose, de la néosporose et du paludisme. Les différents traitements mis en œuvre reposent sur une association médicamenteuse. Cependant, des échecs thérapeutiques et des résistances aux traitements ont été décrits. Notre travail a porté sur l’identification de molécules actives isolées par Chomatographie de Partage Centrifuge (CPC) à partir d’extraits d’écorces d’Anogeissus leiocarpus, un arbre d’Afrique de l’ouest connu pour son activité antipaludique, et de dix arbres de la région Champagne-Ardenne. Nous nous sommes penchés, dans un premier temps, sur l’activité antiparasitaire des fractions obtenues à partir d’extrait d’écorce d’A. leiocarpus. La trachélospérogénine E et l’extrait global sans tanin se sont révélés actifs, notamment en inhibant l’invasion des cellules hôtes par T. gondii. Cet extrait a également préservé la survie des souris atteintes de toxoplasmose chronique. Les mêmes composés naturels ont eu un effet contre N. caninum et P. falciparum. Dans une seconde partie, 30 extraits d’écorces de dix arbres de la région Champagne-Ardenne ont été testés sur T. gondii et N. caninum. Les composés responsables de l’activité antiparasitaire présents chez Alnus glutinosa semblent être la bétuline et ses dérivés. Dans la dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’activité de 400 molécules de synthèse de la Pathogen Box. Huit d’entre elles ont eu un effet significatif contre T. gondii, dont trois avec une sélectivité importante. Des expérimentations sont toutefois à réaliser pour N. caninum. / Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Plasmodium falciparum are mandatory intracellular protozoan parasites and are responsible for toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and malaria, respectively. The different treatments used are based on drug combination. However therapeutic failures and drug resistances have been described. Our work focused on the identification of active compounds isolated by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) from crude barks extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus, a West African tree known for its antimalarial activity, and ten trees from the Champagne-Ardenne region. First we studied the activity of the fractions obtained from the crude bark extract from A. leiocarpus. Trachelosperogenin E and the global extract without tannin showed a good activity by inhibiting host cell invasion by T. gondii. The latter was able to preserve mice survival toward chronic toxoplasmosis. These extracts were also active on N. caninum and P. falciparum. In a second part 30 crude barks extracts from ten trees located in the Champagne-Ardenne region were screened on T. gondii and N. caninum. Compounds responsible for the antiparasitic activity found in Alnus glutinosa were especially betulin and its derivatives. In the last part of this study we focused on the antiparasitic activity of 400 synthetic molecules from the Pathogen Box. Eight out of them were significantly efficient against T. gondii, among which three showed an important selectivity. Further experiments must be completed in the case of N. caninum.

La contamination atmosphérique par les métaux/métalloïdes (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn…) et par les composés azotés impacte durablement les écosystèmes. L’évaluation des dépôts atmosphériques responsables de ces effets néfastes reste éparse car complexe, en particulier dans les environnements éloignés des sources de contamination comme les massifs forestiers. La prospection et l’estimation des éléments traces et de l’azote apportés dans ces dépôts ont été réalisées à l’échelle nationale à travers deux approches de biosurveillance par les lichens et les mousses : la bioaccumulation et la bioindication. L’enregistrement des éléments traces par les organismes indique une forte pression lithogénique dans ces milieux éloignés des sources directes, qui s’inclut dans le bruit de fond géochimique (e. g. Al, As, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni et Ti). Des sources additionnelles issues des activités anthropiques plus locales complètent régionalement les cortèges des éléments chimiques enregistrés (Cd, Cu, Sb ou Zn). La comparaison des échantillons de lichens et de mousses avec des spécimens historiques d’herbiers nous permet de retrouver ce contexte régional durant les siècles passés, et notamment de conforter les signatures lithologiques à travers le temps grâce aux terres rares. Ainsi, l’utilisation du charbon fossile apparaît être la source de contamination métallique dominante durant la fin du XIX e siècle et le début du XX e siècle, et plus récemment, une source additionnelle comme le transport routier (cas de Pb) a pu être notée. En parallèle, des facteurs influençant la bioaccumulation des métaux ont été testés : l’espèce considérée joue sur la capture des particules atmosphériques à travers la morphologie du thalle, et l’écorce support ne présente que peu d’influence. En considérant les signatures des dépôts atmosphériques, la végétation au travers des pluviolessivats apparaît influencer davantage les mousses terricoles que les lichens corticoles, ces derniers étant plus représentatifs des dépôts totaux. Des expérimentations de sorption/désorption montrent un processus rapide d’accumulation (une semaine) pour Pb et Cd, mais ne montrent ni compétition entre les métaux bioaccumulés, ni influence du lessivage sur la bioaccumulation. De nouvelles données concernant la sensibilité des espèces lichéniques face aux polluants métalliques ont pu être obtenues à partir de relevés de bioindication couplés à des analyses statistiques multivariées. / The atmospheric contamination by metals/metalloids (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn…) and by nitrogen compounds impact the ecosystems. The atmospheric deposition is responsible of these harmful effects and its evaluation is complex and missing, particularly in remote environments like forest areas. The monitoring of trace element and nitrogen deposition at the national scale is carried out through two different approaches of biomonitoring by lichens and mosses: bioaccumulation and bioindication. The metal bioaccumulation points out a strong lithogenic pressure in these remote areas that is included in the geochemical background (e. g. Al, As, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni and Ti). Additional sources from more local anthropogenic activities are responsible for the regional context by the accumulation of other chemical elements (Cd, Cu, Sb or Zn). The comparison of current samples with herbarium specimens allows us getting back to historical regional influence one and half century ago, including consolidating the lithological influence over the time by rare earth elements. The use of fossil coal appears as a dominant source of metallic contamination in the late 19th century and the beginning 20th century. In parallel, the factors influencing the bioaccumulation of metals were evaluated: the entrapment of atmospheric particles is influenced by the morphology of the thallus but not by the bark. Considering the atmospheric deposition signature, vegetation via throughfall was found to be more influent for terricolous mosses than for corticolous lichens. Additional experiments of sorption/desorption showed a quick accumulation process (one week) for Pb and Cd, but neither metal competition, nor leaching influence on bioaccumulation were highlighted. New data on lichen species sensitivity to metal pollutants have been compiled through multivariate statistical analysis

Submitted by HUMBERTO FABRIZZI DE FIGUEIREDO PUPO null (betopupo@gmail.com) on 2017-08-31T20:25:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Humberto_Pupo.pdf: 4727522 bytes, checksum: bc9418ef91885cfe96ab6372394b80b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T14:51:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pupo_hff_dr_bot.pdf: 4727522 bytes, checksum: bc9418ef91885cfe96ab6372394b80b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pupo_hff_dr_bot.pdf: 4727522 bytes, checksum: bc9418ef91885cfe96ab6372394b80b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização dos resíduos sólidos como matéria-prima pode diminuir consideravelmente a extração de recursos naturais, diminuindo assim o impacto sobre o meio ambiente. Dentre os resíduos, os plásticos estão entre os que mais apresentam problemas, pois, mesmo quando descartados corretamente nos aterros sanitários, causam danos ao formarem uma camada impermeável que dificulta a compactação do lixo, afetando as trocas de líquidos e gases gerados e reduzindo a eficiência do processo de biodegradação da matéria orgânica. Diante dos problemas, este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a viabilidade técnica de utilização de dois tipos de processos: a extrusora dupla rosca e o misturador termocinético (Drais), na produção de compósitos de BOPP (Polipropileno Biorientado metalizado), reforçados com resíduos de cascas, de eucalipto (CE) e de arroz (CA). Das misturas entre esses resíduos, foram confeccionados 10 tratamentos, de onde se extraíram os corpos de provas, moldados por injeção. Foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas (flexão – módulo de ruptura-MOR e módulo de elasticidade-MOE, resistência à tração, resistência ao impacto e dureza Shore D), térmicas (avaliação da condutividade térmica e isolamento térmico), termomecânica (temperatura de deflexão sob aquecimento-HDT) e morfológica, com microscópio estéreo e aumento de 50 vezes para analisar a estrutura interna do corpo de prova, depois de fraturado pelo ensaio de impacto. Para análise das propriedades mecânicas dos corpos de provas, foram utilizadas como referência as normas ASTM D638-14, ASTM D790-10, ASTM D256-10 e a ASTM D-2240-15, para os ensaios de tração, flexão, impacto e dureza Shore D, respectivamente. Para as análises térmicas foi utilizada a norma ASTM E1530-11. Para o HDT, foi utilizada a norma ASTM D648-16. Os resultados mostraram influência de todos os parâmetros analisados nas propriedades dos compósitos. O uso de reforço (CE e CA) nos dois tipos de processos melhorou as propriedades de flexão e de resistência à tração em relação à matriz sem reforço e piorou as propriedades de resistência ao impacto e de dureza Shore D. Com relação à matriz sem reforço, a extrusora mostrou influência no ensaio de resistência à tração. Para adição de casca de eucalipto, o misturador termocinético (Drais) mostrou influência no ensaio de MOE. Já para adição de casca de arroz, a drais mostrou influência nos ensaios de flexão – MOR e MOE e na resistência à tração. Houve melhor adesão entre fibra e matriz nos compósitos confeccionados por extrusão em relação aos confeccionados na drais. As CE apresentaram melhor adesão com a matriz, em relação às CA. Os vazios – bolhas de ar foram observados em todos os tratamentos, com exceção dos tratamentos com ausência de reforço (BOPP 100). Esses vazios foram observados em maior proporção nos compósitos com CE em relação aos compósitos com CA, e também nos compósitos processados na extrusora em relação à drais. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando o misturador termocinético (Drais) e para as maiores proporções de cascas usadas ou na ausência delas. Porém, pelo fato de o processo utilizado na Drais ser por batelada, a extrusora se torna mais eficiente, levando em consideração o rendimento da produção. Os melhores resultados foram com a utilização de casca de eucalipto. Para os ensaios de flexão MOR, MOE e de resistência à tração, apresentaram interação entre os processos e os resíduos testados. Confirmou-se a viabilidade técnica de utilização de resíduos sólidos industriais (BOPP e CE) e agroindustrial (CA) na produção de compósitos fibra-polímero, sendo que o controle dos processos utilizados é fundamental para a qualidade do produto final. / The use of solid waste as raw material can considerably reduce the extraction of natural resources, thus reducing the impact on the environment. Among residues, plastics are among the most problematic ones because, even when they are properly disposed in landfills, they cause damage by forming a barrier layer which makes it difficult to compact the garbage, affecting the exchange of generated liquids and gases, reducing the efficiency of the biodegradation process of the organic matter. Before such problems, the objective of this work was to evaluate the technical feasibility of two types of processes, the double screw extruder and the thermokinetic mixer - dryser, in the production of BOPP (Bioriented metallized Polypropylene) composites, strengthened by residues of barks eucalyptus (CE) and rice (CA). From the mixtures among these residues 10 treatments have been prepared, from where the test bodies were extracted, molded by injection. Mechanical properties (flexurerupture modulus-MOR and elasticity modulus-MOE, tensile strength and impact strength towards Shore D hardness), as well as thermal (thermal conductivity and thermal insulation evaluation), thermo-mechanical (heat deflexion temperature-HDT) and morphological characteristics have been evaluated by using a stereo microscope and 50x magnification to analyze the internal structure of the test body, after being fractured by the impact test. For analyzing the mechanical properties of the proof bodies the standards ASTM D638-14, ASTM D790-10, ASTM D256-10 and ASTM D-2240-15 have been used as a reference for tensile, bending, impact and Shore D hardness tests, respectively. For the thermal analyzes, the ASTM E1530-11. For the HDT the ASTM D648-16 standard was used. The results showed the influence from all the analyzed parameters on the composites properties. The use of reinforcement (CE and CA) in both types of processes have improved the flexure and tensile strength properties in relation to the non-reinforced matrix and has worsened the impact strength properties as well as the Shore D hardness. Concerning the non-reinforced matrix, the extruder showed influence on the tensile strength test. For the addition of CE, the thermokinetic mixer - dryser has showed influence in the flexure modulus test. As for rice husk addition, dryser has showed influence in flexure (stress tests on maximum strengthMOR and elasticity modulus-MOE and tensile strength). There was a better adhesion between fiber and matrix, in the composites made by extrusion, compared to those made in the dryser. The CE has shown better adhesion with the matrix, compared to CA. The voids - air bubbles have been observed in all treatments with no reinforcement (BOPP 100). These voids have been more often observed in composites with CE, compared to the composites with CA and also in composites processed in the extruder, in relation to the dryser. The best results were obtained by using the thermokinetic mixer - dryser and for the largest proportions of the barks or in their absence. However, because the process used in Drais is by batch, the extruder becomes more efficient, taking into account the yield of the production. The best results have been from the use of CE. For flexure - MOR and MOE and tensile strength, there was an interaction among the processes and the tested residues. The technical feasibility of the use of industrial solid wastes (BOPP and CE) and agroindustrial (CA) in the production of fiberpolymer composites has been confirmed, and the control of the processes used is fundamental for the quality of the final product.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’intensification de l’extraction des polyphénols à partir des écorces de chêne pédonculé et d’épicéa commun par des technologies innovantes : les champs électriques pulsés (CEP), les ultrasons (US) et les micro-ondes (MO). Ces prétraitements permettent l’amélioration de l’extraction par endommagement des membranes et/ou parois cellulaires. L’effet de chacune de ces techniques (CEP, US et MO) sur l’extraction des polyphénols a été mis en évidence à travers une étude d’optimisation quantitative et qualitative : suivi du rendement des polyphénols, de l’activité antioxydante et caractérisation chimiques des composés extraits.Une étude comparative des prétraitements (CEP, US et MO) couplés à une diffusion en milieu hydro-alcoolique alcalin, a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors d’un traitement d’un tissu fibreux. L’étude a prouvé que l’efficacité du procédé est indépendante de la famille d’arbre à laquelle appartiennent les écorces (résineux ou feuillus). De plus, pour valoriser les écorces de bois, l’application d’un prétraitement par CEP (20 kV/cm, 200 impulsions, 3,2 kJ/g bois) suivi d’une diffusion semble être une alternative aux ultrasons, micro-ondes et à l’extraction avec des écorces préalablement broyées. En effet, grâce à l’action électrique et mécanique des CEP, ce prétraitement permet d’obtenir un extrait riche en polyphénols (10,5 g EAG/100g MS pour l’épicéa soit 83 % d’efficacité et 5 g EAG/100g MS pour le chêne soit 82 % d’efficacité). / This research work focuses on the intensification of polyphenols extraction from Quercus robur and Norway spruce barks using innovative technologies : pulsed electric field (PEF), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE). These pre-treatments enhance the release of intracellular compounds by damaging the membrane and/or cell wall. The effect of each of these technologies (PEF, UAE and MAE) on polyphenols extraction has been highlighted in a quantitative and qualitative optimization analysis by evaluating the polyphenols concentration, antioxidant activity and by the chemical characterization of the extracted compounds.A comparative study of pre-treatments (PEF, UAE and MAE) coupled with an extraction step in an alkaline hydro-alcoholic medium allowed us to better understand the involved phenomena. The induced process efficiency is independent of the tree family to which the bark belongs (coniferous and hardwood). For bark valorization, the application of PEF treatment (20 kV/cm, 200 pulses, 3.2 kJ/g bark) followed by a diffusion step seems to be an alternative to ultrasound and microwave assisted extractions and to the extraction from grinded barks. In fact, the electrical and mechanical effect of PEF treatment allow to obtain an extract rich in polyphenols (10.5 g GAE/100g DM and an efficiency of 83 % for Norway spruce and 5 g GAE /100g DM and an efficiency of 82 % for Quercus robur bark).