Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Adelaide, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-137).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-172).

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-76). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Orientador: Vanessa Doro Abdallah Kozlowiski / Resumo: Global biodiversity has been very discussed and some authors have argued of the species of parasites as a fundamental part of this. Thus the aim of the study was to obtain a better understanding of the monogeneans biodiversity of four fish species: Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948), Moenkhausia intermedia (Eigenmann, 1908), Serrasalmus maculatus (Kner, 1858) and Roeboides descalvadensis (Fowler, 1932) from Batalha River, São Paulo State, Brazil. During the period from November 2014 to December 2014, four collections were carried out and with 120 fish caught (30 of each species). Nine species of dactylogirids were found: Curvianchorathus singularis, Dactylogyridae gen. sp., Calpidothecium sp., Palombitrema triangulum, Jainus hexops, Jainus amazonesis, Rhinoxenus piranhus, Anacanthorus sciponophallus and Notozothecium minor. In relation to the species C. modestus, 33% of the specimens were parasitized by monogenetics, being the species: C. sigularis (Prevalence - P = 23.33%, mean intensity - I = 4.14±0.5 and mean abundance - A = 0.97±0.4), P. triangulum (P = 17%, I = 4±0.4, A = 0.67±0.3), Dactylogyridae gen. sp. (P = 3%, I = 1, A = 0.03±0.5) and Calpidothecium sp. (P = 3%, I = 2, A = 0.07±0.4). S. maculatus presented a total prevalence of parasitism by monogenetic species of 87%. The species were: A. sciponophallus (P = 73.33%, I = 22±4.47, A = 16.13±4.0), R. piranhus (P = 70%, I = 5.81±0.94, A = 4.07±0.9) and N. minor (P = 30%, I = 7±1.58, A = 2.1±1.02). M. intermed... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Orientador: Robson Waldemar Ávila / Resumo: A Caatinga é um ecossistema a ser investigado, pois apresenta distintos ambientes e uma fauna endêmica de lagartos. Ameivula pyrrhogularis é um teídeo encontrado no Nordeste, na zona de transição entre Caatinga, Cerrado e floresta estacional decidual e, até o presente momento, nenhum estudo parasitológico foi conduzido para esta espécie. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo registrar o parasitismo em A. pyrrhogularis procedentes de quatro áreas do Ceará. É apresentado um inventário das espécies de helmintos, o qual foi constituído de nove taxa: Oochoristica travassosi (Cestoda), cistacantos (Acanthocephala), larvas de nematoide não identificadas, Cruzia sp., Oswaldofilaria sp., Physaloptera sp. e espécimes adultos de Parapharyngodon sp., Pharyngodon cesarpintoi e Physalopteroides venancioi (Nematoda). Para estes parasitas, foram verificados os parâmetros de infecção, trazendo a informação dos hospedeiros em que estas espécies já foram registradas. Foi observado que fatores biológicos (ontogenia, tamanho e sexo) do hospedeiro não influenciaram a abundância parasitária, mas significativas diferenças foram constadas de acordo com as estações e localidade analisadas, sendo que as maiores abundâncias de parasitas foram registradas em período de estiagem e em área conservada, indicando que os helmintos podem ser favorecidos em seus ciclos biológicos pela condição ambiental. Foi caracterizada a dieta de A. pyrrhogularis e demonstrado que a mesma sofre influencia espacial, o que re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Caatinga is a Brazilian ecosystem still to be investigated due to its different environments and an endemic fauna of lizards. Ameivula pyrrhogularis belongs to the Teiidae and is found in the Northeast of Brazil, in the transition area between Caatinga, Cerrado, and temporary deciduous forest. To date, any parasitological study has been performed for this species. This research aimed to record the parasitism in A. pyrrhogularis from four areas of Ceará State, Brazil. An inventory of the helminth species is presented, which was composed by nine taxa: Oochoristica travassosi (Cestoda), cystacanths (Acanthocephala), larvae of unidentified nematode, Cruzia sp., Oswaldofilaria sp., Physaloptera sp., and adult specimens of Parapharyngodon sp., Pharyngodon cesarpintoi, and Physalopteroides venancioi (Nematoda). Infection parameters were verified for these parasites, bringing information on the hosts in which these species have already been registered. It was observed that biological factors (ontogeny, size, and sex) of the hosts did not influence the parasite abundance, but significant differences were recorded according to stations and locations, with the greatest parasite abundance reported in the dry season, indicating that the helminths can be favored in their biological cycles by environmental conditions. The diet of A. pyrrhogularis was characterized and showed that it is spatially influenced, which reflects the availability of prey. Moreover, it is suggested that food ite... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Marta Maria Rossi / banca: Raphael de Campos Castilho / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a capacidade de dispersão do parasitoide Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) e armazenamento do hospedeiro visando o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) na cultura de milho. Estabeleceram-se doze parcelas de 829,44 m2. Cada parcela continha quatro quadrados concêntricos cuja distância desde o centro até o ponto médio de cada lado foi de 3,6; 7,2; 10,8 e 14,4 m, marcando-se em cada quadrado 8, 16, 24 e 32 pontos (plantas). As plantas foram infestadas artificialmente com massas de ovos de S. frugiperda. A infestação foi realizada com uma massa de ovos/planta em 1,6% das plantas na parcela. Após isso, foram liberados 100.000, 150.000 e 200.000 parasitoides/ha em plantas de milho nos estádios fenológicos V4-V5 e V8-V9. Houve ainda um tratamento no qual não houve liberação de parasitoides. As massas de ovos foram recolhidas após 48 h e levadas para laboratório para avaliação de parasitismo. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Foi determinado o porcentual de parasitismo em cada ponto onde houve infestação. Avaliou-se também, a influência de diferentes temperaturas (5, 10, 15, 20°C) e períodos de armazenamento (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias) no parasitismo de T. remus em ovos de S. frugiperda. Após esses períodos foram colocadas fêmeas do parasitoide e mantidas em sala climatizada (25±1°C, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas) para posterior avaliação do... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to know the dispersal capacity of the parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and host storage for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Twelve plots of 829.44 m2 each were established. Each plot contained four concentric squares whose distance from the center to the midpoint of each side was 3.6; 7.2; 10.8 and 14.4 m, being each square with 8, 16, 24 and 32 sampling points (plants). The plants were artificially infested with egg masses of S. frugiperda. The infestation was performed using one egg mass /plant in 1.6% of the plants in a plot. After that, 100,000, 150,000 and 200,000 parasitoids/ha were released in maize at the V4-V5 and V8-V9 phenological stages. There was also a treatment in which there was no release of parasitoids. The egg masses were collected after 48 h and taken to the laboratory for parasitism evaluation. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. The percentage of parasitism was determined at each point where infestation occurred. The influence of different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 °C) and storage periods (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days) was also evaluated on T. remus parasitism in S. frugiperda eggs. After these periods, egg masses were offered to parasitoid female for oviposition and kept in an acclimatized room (25±1°C, RH 70±10% and photo phase of 12 hours). The phenological stage of maize influenced the dispersal of T. remus... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les pressions de sélection exercées par les parasites ont permis l’évolution de mécanismes complexes de défense chez les espèces hôtes qui limitent la transmission parasitaire. En complément de leur système immunitaire physiologique, les animaux ont développé un « système immunitaire comportemental » comprenant un ensemble sophistiqué de stratégies d’évitement parasitaire représentant une première ligne de défense pour diminuer la probabilité de rencontre avec différents parasites. Cependant, ces stratégies comportementales n’ont été que peu étudiées chez les espèces de mammifères vivant en milieu naturel. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai donc étudié les stratégies d’évitement parasitaire dans une population sauvage de mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), un primate de l’Ancien Monde vivant dans les forêts denses équatoriales d’Afrique et soumis à de forces pressions parasitaires. Je me suis en particulier intéressée aux différentes stratégies comportementales qui ont évolué en réponse au risque de contamination par deux types distincts de parasites gastro-intestinaux présentant des traits d’histoire de vie et des modes de transmission contrastés : les nématodes, transmis par l’environnement, et les protozoaires, transmis par contacts sociaux. A partir d’observations récoltées sur le long-terme, de test expérimentaux et d’analyses chimiques, mes études ont mis en évidence deux stratégies comportementales différentes, soulignant le lien étroit entre l’écologie des parasites et la réponse comportementale des hôtes. D’une part, les mandrills évitent les matières fécales lorsqu’ils fourragent et évitent également les habitats précédemment contaminés par des nématodes fécaux émis lors de la dernière visite de ces habitats. D’autre part, les mandrills évitent de toiletter leurs partenaires sociaux parasités par des protozoaires fécaux, particulièrement autour de la zone anale. Cette stratégie comportementale s’avère être efficace puisque les individus parasités présentent des kystes infectieux de protozoaires sur leurs corps, concentrés au niveau de la zone anale, et la richesse en protozoaire des individus augmente lorsqu’ils toilettent des congénères très parasités. De plus, nous avons montré que cet évitement des individus parasités était guidé par un mécanisme olfactif : les protozoaires influencent l’odeur des matières fécales et les individus discriminent et évitent l’odeur des matières fécales provenant d’individus parasités. Cette plasticité comportementale face au risque parasitaire pourrait constituer un des mécanismes majeurs permettant aux espèces sociales de diminuer le risque accru de contamination associé à la vie en groupe. L’ensemble de nos résultats permettent de mieux appréhender les conséquences évolutives des pressions de sélection exercées par les parasites sur différentes caractéristiques socio-écologiques des animaux, tels que l’utilisation de l’espace et les comportements sociaux. / Parasite-mediated selection has driven the emergence of complex hosts’ defense mechanisms to limit the spread of parasites. In addition to their physiological immune system, animals have developed a “behavioral immune system” comprising a sophisticated set of parasite avoidance strategies that represents a first line of defense to decrease parasite encounter rates. However, behavioral adaptations to the threat of parasites have been poorly investigated in wild populations of mammals. In an attempt to fill this gap, during my PhD, I studied parasite avoidance strategies in a wild group of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an Old World primate inhabiting dense equatorial rainforests of Africa and facing intensive parasite pressures in its natural habitat. In particular, I investigated the different behavioral strategies of defense that evolved to decrease contamination risk by two different classes of gastro-intestinal parasites exhibiting contrasted life-history traits and modes of transmission: environmentally transmitted nematodes and socially transmitted protozoa. Based on long-term observations, controlled experiments and chemical analyses, my studies document two distinct behavioral strategies emphasizing the close relationship between parasites’ ecology and hosts’ behavioral responses. On the one hand, mandrills exhibit fecal avoidance behavior when foraging and also avoid ranging in habitats previously contaminated with fecal nematodes released during the previous visit. On the other hand, mandrills avoid grooming social partners highly parasitized with fecal protozoa, particularly around the peri-anal area. This behavioral strategy appears to be operational because parasitized individuals harbor infectious protozoan cysts on their body, concentrated on the peri-anal region, and individual’s protozoan richness increases when grooming highly parasitized conspecifics. We further found that avoidance of parasitized individuals is guided by an olfactory mechanism, as protozoa influence the host’s fecal odor and mandrills discriminate and selectively avoid olfactory cues from individuals parasitized with protozoa. Such parasite-induced behavioral plasticity could be one of the major mechanisms allowing social species to cope with the increased risk of parasitism associated with group-living. Altogether, these findings shed light on the evolutionary consequences of parasite-mediated selection on several socioecological characteristics of animals, including space use and social behavior.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000740512.pdf: 2613498 bytes, checksum: cafa5f288d5200bfe6afaee1e1f123f4 (MD5) / Nos necropsiamos 668 espécimes de 21 espécies de rãs da família Leptodactylidae colecionadas entre os anos de 1987 e 2010, provenientes de 36 municípios, distribuídos por quatro regiões: Amazônia, Cerrado, Pantanal e áreas de transição de Cerrado e Amazônia no Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. 535 anfíbios estavam parasitados e destes, recuperamos 31.580 helmintos representados por 38 espécies, distribuídos em Nemátoda, Tremátodas (Digenéticos e Monogenéticos), Cestoda e Acantocephala. Os padrões de infecção foram estimados através da prevalência, abundância média e intensidade de infecção. A hierarquia dos termos foram de comunidades parasitárias, que inclui infrapopulações, infracomunidade, comunidade componente e supracomunidade. As espécies de helmintos foram classificadas como centrais, secundárias e satélite de acordo com suas prevalências. Para análises das diferenças entre as abundancias médias nas quatro diferentes regiões foram realizados testes de Kruskal-Wallis para cada uma das três espécies de hospedeiros que ocorreram em todas as regiões, em seguida foram feitas comparações através do método de Dunn para verificar qual seria a diferença. A análise de similaridade entre as supracomunidades foi feita pela a presença e ausência das espécies parasitas presentes em cada região estudada e calculada pelo índice qualitativo de Jaccard e elaborado um Dendrograma de similaridade. O helminto mais comum nas populações de anfíbios foram os cosmocercídeos, seguido por Oswaldocruzia sp. e Physaloptera sp, S. formosula, O. lopesi, Brevimulticaecum sp e M. monas. Oswaldocruzia sp., Physaloptera sp, S. formosula e os cosmocercídeos foram os parasitas com maior número de hospedeiros compartilhados, ou seja, seis espécies de hospedeiros. Os cosmocercídeos foram os helmintos com as maiores prevalências infectando as populações de sete hospedeiros e... / We necropsied 668 specimens of 21 frog species belonging to Leptodactylidae family, sampled from the year of 1987 to 2010, from 36 municipalities, distributed in four regions: Rainforest, Savannah, Wetland and transitional areas between Savannah and Rainforest in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. 535 amphibians were parasitized and we recuperated 31,580 helminths represented by 38 species, distributed in Nematode, Trematode (Digenean and Monogenean), Cestode and Acanthocephala.. The infection patterns were estimated through prevalence, mean abundance and intensity of infection. The hierarchy of the terms was parasite communities, including infrapopulations, infracommunity, component community and supracommunity. The helminth species were classified as core, secondary, and satellite according to their prevalence. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the difference between mean abundances for the four different regions for each one of the three host species that occurred in all regions. Afterwards it was carried out comparisons using the Dunn method to verify what difference would be. The analysis of similarity among supracommunities was made using the presence and absence of parasite species present in each studied region calculated by Jaccard qualitative index and a Dendrogram of similarity was elaborated. The most commom helminth in the amphibian populations was cosmocercidae, followed by Oswaldocruzia sp. and Physaloptera sp, S. formosula, O. lopesi, Brevimulticaecum sp and M. monas. Oswaldocruzia sp., Physaloptera sp, S. formosula and the cosmocercidae were the parasites with greater number of shared hosts, with six host species. The cosmocercidae were the helminthes with the highest prevalence, infecting seven host populations, and less common in eight ones. Other species considered as secondary were Physaloptera sp. larva, the Trematode M. monas and the Nematodes S. brasili, O. mazzai and Oswaldocruzia sp. The leptodactilidae ...

Orientador: Reinaldo José da Silva / Coorientador: Luciano Alves dos Anjos / Banca: Robson W. Ávila / Banca: Heleno Brandão / Banca: Mariluce G. Fonseca / Banca: Lúcia Helena O'Dwyer / Resumo: Nos necropsiamos 668 espécimes de 21 espécies de rãs da família Leptodactylidae colecionadas entre os anos de 1987 e 2010, provenientes de 36 municípios, distribuídos por quatro regiões: Amazônia, Cerrado, Pantanal e áreas de transição de Cerrado e Amazônia no Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. 535 anfíbios estavam parasitados e destes, recuperamos 31.580 helmintos representados por 38 espécies, distribuídos em Nemátoda, Tremátodas (Digenéticos e Monogenéticos), Cestoda e Acantocephala. Os padrões de infecção foram estimados através da prevalência, abundância média e intensidade de infecção. A hierarquia dos termos foram de comunidades parasitárias, que inclui infrapopulações, infracomunidade, comunidade componente e supracomunidade. As espécies de helmintos foram classificadas como centrais, secundárias e satélite de acordo com suas prevalências. Para análises das diferenças entre as abundancias médias nas quatro diferentes regiões foram realizados testes de Kruskal-Wallis para cada uma das três espécies de hospedeiros que ocorreram em todas as regiões, em seguida foram feitas comparações através do método de Dunn para verificar qual seria a diferença. A análise de similaridade entre as supracomunidades foi feita pela a presença e ausência das espécies parasitas presentes em cada região estudada e calculada pelo índice qualitativo de Jaccard e elaborado um Dendrograma de similaridade. O helminto mais comum nas populações de anfíbios foram os cosmocercídeos, seguido por Oswaldocruzia sp. e Physaloptera sp, S. formosula, O. lopesi, Brevimulticaecum sp e M. monas. Oswaldocruzia sp., Physaloptera sp, S. formosula e os cosmocercídeos foram os parasitas com maior número de hospedeiros compartilhados, ou seja, seis espécies de hospedeiros. Os cosmocercídeos foram os helmintos com as maiores prevalências infectando as populações de sete hospedeiros e ... / Abstract: We necropsied 668 specimens of 21 frog species belonging to Leptodactylidae family, sampled from the year of 1987 to 2010, from 36 municipalities, distributed in four regions: Rainforest, Savannah, Wetland and transitional areas between Savannah and Rainforest in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. 535 amphibians were parasitized and we recuperated 31,580 helminths represented by 38 species, distributed in Nematode, Trematode (Digenean and Monogenean), Cestode and Acanthocephala.. The infection patterns were estimated through prevalence, mean abundance and intensity of infection. The hierarchy of the terms was parasite communities, including infrapopulations, infracommunity, component community and supracommunity. The helminth species were classified as core, secondary, and satellite according to their prevalence. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the difference between mean abundances for the four different regions for each one of the three host species that occurred in all regions. Afterwards it was carried out comparisons using the Dunn method to verify what difference would be. The analysis of similarity among supracommunities was made using the presence and absence of parasite species present in each studied region calculated by Jaccard qualitative index and a Dendrogram of similarity was elaborated. The most commom helminth in the amphibian populations was cosmocercidae, followed by Oswaldocruzia sp. and Physaloptera sp, S. formosula, O. lopesi, Brevimulticaecum sp and M. monas. Oswaldocruzia sp., Physaloptera sp, S. formosula and the cosmocercidae were the parasites with greater number of shared hosts, with six host species. The cosmocercidae were the helminthes with the highest prevalence, infecting seven host populations, and less common in eight ones. Other species considered as secondary were Physaloptera sp. larva, the Trematode M. monas and the Nematodes S. brasili, O. mazzai and Oswaldocruzia sp. The leptodactilidae ... / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-11-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soutello_rvg_me_ilha.pdf: 132892 bytes, checksum: c6cef071d108accbe4359581e690ee32 (MD5) / Analisou-se os efeitos do tratamento anti-helmíntico estratégico e da suplementação protéica no ganho de peso de novilhos, do desmame até o abate. Foram utilizados 40 animais, com 8-9 meses de idade, 20 da raça Guzerá e 20 mestiços (Nelore - Angus), pesando em média 211,8 Kg. Esses animais foram distribuídos em quatro lotes, conforme o peso e permaneceram em quatro piquetes de aproximadamente 10 hectares cada, formado por Brachiaria decumbens. Dois lotes, grupos 1 e 2, receberam suplementação protéica comercial com 50 % de proteína bruta durante a seca e com 15 % durante as águas, fornecido ad libitum, e dois receberam somente mistura mineral, grupos 3 e 4 (controle). Dos lotes que receberam suplementação, apenas um foi tratado com endectocida Moxidectin 1% (grupo 1), o mesmo ocorrendo para os que receberam a mistura mineral (grupo 3). A cada 28 dias, os animais foram pesados e suas fezes colhidas para a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura, e a cada 14 dias foi feito contagem de carrapatos de um lado do animal. O ganho de peso dos animais dos grupos um, dois, três e quatro foram de: 0,453 Kg, 0,320 Kg, 0,339 Kg e 0,231 Kg, por dia, respectivamente. Observou-se uma diferença significativa de peso entre os animais suplementados e tratados (grupo 1) em relação aos animais apenas tratados (grupo 3) e apenas suplementados (grupo 2), que por sua vez também foram significativamente diferentes dos animais que não receberam tratamento nem suplementação (grupo 4). A média de OPG nos grupos um, dois, três e quatro foi de: 19,82; 275,98; 31,34 e 254,55 respectivamente, com diferença significativa entre os animais tratados com anti-helmíntico (grupos 1 e 3) e os não tratados (grupos 2 e 4). As contagens médias de carrapatos nos grupos um, dois, três e quatro foram de: 1,2; 7,7; 0,8 e 9,3 respectivamente, com diferença... . / The effect of strategic anthelmintic treatment and protein suplementation was evaluated in steers using the weight gain as a parameter, during the period from weans to slawghtery. Forty animals were used, with 8-9 months of age, 20 of Guzera breed (Bos indicus) and 20 Nelore - Angus, weighing 211.8 kg in average. These animals were distributed in four groups and remained in four paddoks of 10 hectares each, formed by Brachiaria decumbens. Two groups had received commercial protein suplement with 50% of crude protein during the dry period and with 15% of crude protein, during the wet period, supplied ad libitum (groups 1 and 2) and the others two received only mineral mixture; groups 3 and 4 (control group). From those animals that received protein suplement, only one was treated with anthelmintic 1% Moxidectin (group 1), the same occurring for those animals that received mineral mixture (group 3). At 28 days of intervals the animals were weighed and theirs fecal samples were collected for nematode egg counts (EPG) and larval cultures, and at 14 days of intervals ticks were counted on a half of animal. The weight gain in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was: 0.453 kg, 0.320 kg, 0.339 kg and 0,231 kg per day, respectively. Statistical significace of weight gain occurred between the animals supplemented and medicated (group 1) in relation to the animals that were only medicated (group 3) or betweem the groups that were only supplemented (group 2), and no medicated and suplemented (group 4). The average of EPG in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 was of: 19.82; 275.98; 31.34 and 254.55 respectively, with significant difference in the animals medicated with anthelmintic (groups 1 and 3) and no medicated (groups 2 and 4). The tick counts in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 was of: 1,2; 7,7; 0,8 e 9,3 respectively, with significant difference in the animals medicated (groups 1 and 3) and no... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).