Global ETD Search

21	Design de estrutura biônica através de prototipagem e análise por elementos finitos baseada em microtomografia do bambu Palombini, Felipe Luis January 2016 (has links) O bambu é considerado um dos materiais naturais com a melhor relação resistência por peso. Entre as características responsáveis encontram-se os feixes fibrosos do esclerênquima, que protegem os elementos de condução de água e solutos na planta, além de serem preenchidos pelo parênquima. Os feixes estão distribuídos gradual-mente, da parte interna à externa do bambu, aumentando a rigidez do colmo. Contudo, a morfologia da seção dos feixes fibrosos e a presença da matriz parenquimática no caule ainda não foram totalmente estudados, quanto à sua importância estrutural, nem aplicados em estruturas biônicas. Esse estudo trata do design de estruturas biônicas baseada na caracterização do bambu, por meio de técnicas não-invasivas, de proto-tipagem e de análise por elementos finitos. Um protocolo de amolecimento e secagem para secionamento foi seguido em uma amostra de bambu (Bambusa tuldoides Munro). A superfície da amostra foi analisada por microtomografia computadorizada de raios X de alta resolução. As imagens resultantes permitiram a segmentação dos tecidos constituintes e caracterização em nível celular. Os modelos 3D do parênquima e do esclerênquima foram discretizados para uma análise por elementos finitos não-linear. Os resultados mostraram que o parênquima é configurado como uma matriz celular de baixa densidade e que distribui as tensões em todos os elementos de re-forço na planta, sendo considerado um tecido com importante função estrutural. De mesmo modo, a geometria da seção dos feixes fibrosos apresentou um desempenho mecânico superior às seções referenciais. Ambas características foram aplicadas no desenvolvimento de duas estruturas biônicas, sendo analisadas como mais eficientes em comparação a um modelo da literatura, e impressas em 3D para análise visual. / Bamboo is considered one of the natural materials with the best strength-to-weight ratio. Among the features responsible for its properties are the sclerenchyma’s fiber bundles that protect the conducting elements of water and solutes in the plant, and are filled by parenchyma. Bamboo fibers are gradually distributed from the inner to the outer side of the plant, thus increasing the culm stiffness. However, the morphology of the section of the fiber bundles and the presence of the parenchymatic matrix in the stem have not been fully studied regarding its structural importance, neither applied in bionic structures. This study addresses the design of bionic structures based on the characterization of bamboo, by means of non-invasive techniques, rapid prototyping and finite element analysis. A bamboo sample (Bambusa tuldoides Munro) was col-lected and softening and drying protocols were followed for proper sectioning. The surface of the sample was analyzed by high-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomog-raphy. Resulting images allowed the segmentation of the sample’s constituent tissues and the characterization at a cellular level. The 3D models of the parenchyma and sclerenchyma were discretized for a non-linear finite element analysis. The results showed that the parenchyma is set as a low-density cellular matrix by distributing the stresses among all reinforcement elements in the plant, being considered a tissue with great structural importance. Likewise, the shape of the fiber bundles’ section showed superior mechanical performance compared to reference sections. Both characteris-tics were applied in the development of two bionic structures that were analyzed as more efficient than a literature model, and 3D printed for a visual analysis. Bambu Estrutura biônica Análise numérica Design de produto Microtomografia computadorizada Design Plant anatomy Materials Bamboo Bambusa tuldoides X-ray mi-crocomputed tomography Finite elements 3D Printing Parenchyma
22	Design de estrutura biônica através de prototipagem e análise por elementos finitos baseada em microtomografia do bambu Palombini, Felipe Luis January 2016 (has links) O bambu é considerado um dos materiais naturais com a melhor relação resistência por peso. Entre as características responsáveis encontram-se os feixes fibrosos do esclerênquima, que protegem os elementos de condução de água e solutos na planta, além de serem preenchidos pelo parênquima. Os feixes estão distribuídos gradual-mente, da parte interna à externa do bambu, aumentando a rigidez do colmo. Contudo, a morfologia da seção dos feixes fibrosos e a presença da matriz parenquimática no caule ainda não foram totalmente estudados, quanto à sua importância estrutural, nem aplicados em estruturas biônicas. Esse estudo trata do design de estruturas biônicas baseada na caracterização do bambu, por meio de técnicas não-invasivas, de proto-tipagem e de análise por elementos finitos. Um protocolo de amolecimento e secagem para secionamento foi seguido em uma amostra de bambu (Bambusa tuldoides Munro). A superfície da amostra foi analisada por microtomografia computadorizada de raios X de alta resolução. As imagens resultantes permitiram a segmentação dos tecidos constituintes e caracterização em nível celular. Os modelos 3D do parênquima e do esclerênquima foram discretizados para uma análise por elementos finitos não-linear. Os resultados mostraram que o parênquima é configurado como uma matriz celular de baixa densidade e que distribui as tensões em todos os elementos de re-forço na planta, sendo considerado um tecido com importante função estrutural. De mesmo modo, a geometria da seção dos feixes fibrosos apresentou um desempenho mecânico superior às seções referenciais. Ambas características foram aplicadas no desenvolvimento de duas estruturas biônicas, sendo analisadas como mais eficientes em comparação a um modelo da literatura, e impressas em 3D para análise visual. / Bamboo is considered one of the natural materials with the best strength-to-weight ratio. Among the features responsible for its properties are the sclerenchyma’s fiber bundles that protect the conducting elements of water and solutes in the plant, and are filled by parenchyma. Bamboo fibers are gradually distributed from the inner to the outer side of the plant, thus increasing the culm stiffness. However, the morphology of the section of the fiber bundles and the presence of the parenchymatic matrix in the stem have not been fully studied regarding its structural importance, neither applied in bionic structures. This study addresses the design of bionic structures based on the characterization of bamboo, by means of non-invasive techniques, rapid prototyping and finite element analysis. A bamboo sample (Bambusa tuldoides Munro) was col-lected and softening and drying protocols were followed for proper sectioning. The surface of the sample was analyzed by high-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomog-raphy. Resulting images allowed the segmentation of the sample’s constituent tissues and the characterization at a cellular level. The 3D models of the parenchyma and sclerenchyma were discretized for a non-linear finite element analysis. The results showed that the parenchyma is set as a low-density cellular matrix by distributing the stresses among all reinforcement elements in the plant, being considered a tissue with great structural importance. Likewise, the shape of the fiber bundles’ section showed superior mechanical performance compared to reference sections. Both characteris-tics were applied in the development of two bionic structures that were analyzed as more efficient than a literature model, and 3D printed for a visual analysis. Bambu Estrutura biônica Análise numérica Design de produto Microtomografia computadorizada Design Plant anatomy Materials Bamboo Bambusa tuldoides X-ray mi-crocomputed tomography Finite elements 3D Printing Parenchyma
23	Análise da resposta espectral de espécies de macrófitas / Spectral Signatures analysis of macrophyte species Cristina Aparicio 25 October 2007 (has links) A discriminação de espécies de macrófitas através de Sensoriamento Remoto vem de encontro à necessidades econômicas e sanitárias geradas pelo aumento dos conglomerados urbanos e seus danos aos ambientes aquáticos continentais. A ausência de pesquisa básica relacionada à obtenção de respostas espectrais específicas tem dificultado a discriminação das espécies de macrófitas infestantes, em imagens multiespectrais. Objetivos: Tendo o conhecimento das necessidades de pesquisa básica nesta área, este estudo tem como objetivos analisar a resposta espectral de espécies de macrófitas, buscando sua distinção, e comparar a reposta espectral do Infravermelho Próximo (IVP) às características anatômicas espessura da folha, espessura do parênquima esponjoso, proporção do parênquima esponjoso na folha, e proporção de espaços aéreos no parênquima esponjoso. Metodologia: Para atingir os objetivos, foram coletados dados espectroradiométricos de espécies de macrófitas. Num primeiro momento foi testada a distinção entre duas espécies em imagem orbital. Em seguida, foram realizados diversos experimentos em laboratório, os quais foram posteriormente analisados matematicamente buscando suas relações. Foi também realizado o estudo anatômico de folhas de cinco espécies de macrófitas, cujos valores foram comparados com a resposta espectral no IVP. Resultados: O banco de dados de respostas espectrais gerado foi comparado inter e intraespecificamente, e foram usados descritores matemáticos para verificar as possibilidades de diferenciação. As folhas com máxima, média e mínima reflectância de cinco espécies escolhidas por serem mais importantes em infestações foram analisadas anatomicamente e foram calculados os valores da espessura da folha, espessura do parênquima esponjoso, proporção do parênquima esponjoso na folha, e proporção de espaços aéreos no parênquima esponjoso. Conclusões: Os descritores utilizados para analisar as respostas espectrais se mostraram eficientes na separação entre as espécies estudadas em laboratório. Dentre eles, o que mostrou melhores resultados para a distinção entre espécies foi o índice da Posição do Limite Vermelho. As características anatômicas obtidas com o uso de microscopia confocal e de luz possibilitaram a discriminação das espécies. Além disso, foi possível verificar que as características anatômicas analisadas foram altamente correlacionadas com a Reflectância de algumas das espécies na região do IVP. / The differentiation of macrophytes species using Remote Sensing is recommended in a world where the economy and healthy are being highly injured by the increased number of urban population and their damages to the aquatic environments. The lack of the basic research related to the acquisition of spectral signatures of species has been raising difficulties on the discrimination of them in multispectral images. Aims: Knowing this lack of basic research, this work has the goals of analyze the spectral signatures of macrophytes species, looking for its differentiation, and compare spectral the reflectance in the Near Infrared (NIR) region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum with the anatomic variables: thickness of the leaf, thickness of the spongy mesophyll, percentage of the spongy mesophyll in the leaf, and percentage of the aerial spaces inside this mesophyll. Methodology: To reach these goals, it was collected spectroradiometric data of macrophytes species. Primarily it was tested the differentiation between two species in an orbital image. Afterward, it was carried out some laboratory experiments, which were mathematically analyzed looking for their relationships. Then, it was accomplished the leaves anatomical studies of five macrophytes species, whose values where compared with the spectral signature in the NIR region. Results: The initial spectral signatures database was compared inter and intra-specifically, and it were used mathematical descriptors to verify the possibilities of species differentiation. Leaves with maximum, medium and minimum reflectance of five species chosen because of their importance on infestations, was anatomically analyzed and it were calculated the values of the thickness of the leaf, thickness of the spongy mesophyll, percentage of the spongy mesophyll in the leaf, and percentage of the aerial spaces inside this mesophyll. Conclusions: The descriptors used to analyze the spectral signatures denote efficiency in the differentiation of macrophytes species in laboratory. Among them, the one that has been showed the best results for the species differentiation was the Red Edge Position. The anatomical characteristics achieved with confocal and light microscopy made feasible to differentiate the species. Besides that, it was possible to verify that the analyzed anatomical characteristics were highly correlated with reflectance in some species in the NIR region. Anatomia Macrófitas Parênquima esponjoso Resposta espectral Sensoriamento Remoto Anatomy Macrophytes Remote Sensing Spectral signature Spongy Parenchyma
24	Multiscale lung ventilation modeling in health and disease / Modélisation multi-échelle de la ventilation pulmonaire dans des cas sains et pathologiques Pozin, Nicolas 06 October 2017 (has links) Les poumons sont constitués d’un arbre par lequel circule l’air et qui alimente le parenchyme où ont lieu les échanges gazeux avec le sang. Certaines pathologies affectent la structure de l’arbre ou du parenchyme induisant des défauts dans l’approvisionnement en air ou des efforts respiratoires accrus. Etudier l’organe in-vivo est complexe. La modélisation mathématique peut apporter un éclairage utile sur les effets associés aux pathologies touchant le poumon, et la pertinence des traitements proposés. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle mécanique de ventilation pulmonaire. Un arbre 0D est couplé de manière forte à un modèle de parenchyme 3D. On met en évidence l’impact sur la distribution de ventilation des conditions aux limites et d’altérations de l’arbre ou du parenchyme. Le comportement de ce modèle est comparé à celui d’un modèle plus simple et couramment utilisé.Dans une deuxième partie, on propose un modèle d’arbre asthmatique et on étudie dans quelle mesure respirer un gaz moins dense que l’air permet de diminuer les efforts et les défauts de ventilation. On propose ensuite une approche visant à déterminer la distribution des constrictions bronchiques les plus sévères à partir de données d’imagerie. Notre démarche s’appuie sur l’utilisation du modèle de ventilation, enrichie par une technique d’apprentissage statistique.On présente finalement deux études prospectives. La première étend les modèles de ventilation introduits précédemment avec pour objectif de modéliser la spirométrie. La deuxième s’inscrit dans une perspective visant à déterminer la géométrie du poumon à partir de mesures simples prises sur le corps du patient. / The lungs contain a tree through which the air flows. It supplies a porous region, the parenchyma, where gas exchanges with blood take place. Some pathologies affect the tree structure or the parenchyma integrity. They can induce ventilation defects or increased respiratory efforts. In vivo-studies are complex and mathematical modeling can provide some insights on the lung behavior, the pathologies’ impacts or the efficiency of treatments.In the first part of this thesis, we propose a ventilation model of the lung based on a mechanical description. A 0D tree is strongly coupled to a 3D parenchyma model. We show the influence of chosen boundary conditions as well as tree or parenchyma alterations on the ventilation distribution. Results are compared with those provided by a simpler model, often used in the literature.In a second part, we use the tree-parenchyma coupled model to investigate how breathing gas mixtures less dense than air would potentially reduce efforts and ensure a better ventilation. To that end, we build an asthmatic tree model.In the next part, we develop an approach to get insights on severe constrictions distribution based on the analysis of dynamic lung ventilation images. To do so, the coupled ventilation model is used along with a machine learning technique.Finally, two prospective works are presented. First, we propose extensions to the ventilation models introduced in the first part as a step towards spriometry modeling. The last study is part of a global perspective that aims at getting insights on the lung geometry based on simple measurements on the patient’s body. Couplage arbre-parenchyme Patient spécifique Modélisation de l'asthme Mixtures hélium-oxygène Lung ventilation modeling Tree-parenchyma coupling Helium-oxygen mixtures 519
25	Modulation de la manipulation du peuplier par le puceron lanigère, Phloeomyzus passerinii (Sign.), via la résistance de l’hôte et l’environnement / Modulation of poplar manipulation by the woolly aphid, Phloeomyzus passerinii (Sign.), via host resistance and environment Dardeau, France 08 December 2014 (has links) Phloeomyzus passerinii est un important ravageur des peupleraies en Europe. Ce puceron se développe sur les troncs de peuplier, avec un mode nutrition mal connu, et présente des performances variables selon les génotypes de peuplier. Dans une optique de gestion de cet insecte, il était nécessaire de clarifier la nature de ses interactions trophiques avec son hôte. En complément, nous avons étudié comment la résistance de l’hôte et des facteurs environnementaux, comme la fertilisation et une contrainte hydrique, pouvaient affecter ces interactions. Des approches histologiques et biochimiques ont permis de mettre en évidence l’induction par l’insecte d’un tissu organise dans l’écorce d’un génotype sensible (I-214), qualifiable de pseudo-galle, où les composés phénoliques solubles disparaissent mais ou des acides aminés s’accumulent. Des approches complémentaires ont montré que le comportement de nutrition du puceron était optimisé sur ces tissus modifiés, et son développement larvaire amélioré. Concernant les mécanismes de résistance, dans un génotype très résistant (Brenta), la formation de la pseudogalle était totalement inhibée, suite à une lignification intense et étendue des tissus, empêchant l’installation du puceron. Dans un génotype de résistance intermédiaire (I-45/51), la formation était seulement partiellement inhibée, diminuant les performances démographiques et comportementales de l’insecte, et la capacité du tissu modifié à accumuler des acides aminés. Pour étudier l’impact environnemental, nous avons considéré les effets de trois niveaux de fertilisation et de trois niveaux d’irrigation du sol. La fertilisation n’a pas modifié les performances du puceron, probablement à cause d’une accumulation d’acides aminés par la pseudogalle d’autant plus forte que la fertilisation était faible. Le déficit hydrique a affecté les interactions, notamment au travers d’un effet génotype dépendant, favorisant le développement de l’insecte lors d’une contrainte intermédiaire chez le génotype résistant seulement et affectant négativement le développement chez les génotypes sensible et résistant lors d’une contrainte élevée. / Phloeomyzus passerinii is an important pest of cultivated poplar stands in Europe. It develops onpoplar trunks, thanks to an undefined feeding mode, and exhibits variable performances depending on poplargenotypes. To develop efficient management strategies, we have investigated the trophic interactions betweenthis pest and its host. In addition, we have studied how host resistance and environmental factors, like fertilizationand water deficit, could affect these interactions. Histological and biochemical approaches highlighted theinduction by the aphid of an organized tissue in the bark of a susceptible poplar genotype (I-214), considered as apseudogall, where soluble phenolic compounds disappear but amino acids accumulate. Behavioral andphysiological approaches showed that the aphid nutrition behavior is optimized on these modified tissues, andthat its nymphal development is improved. Regarding resistance mechanisms, on a highly resistant genotype(Brenta), pseudogall formation was totally inhibited, due to an intense and extended lignification, preventing aphidsettlement. On a moderately resistant genotype (I-45/51), pseudogall formation was only partially inhibited,reducing demographic and behavioral performances of the insect, and the ability of the pseudogall to accumulateamino acids. To study environmental impacts, we considered the effects of three soil fertilization levels and threeirrigation levels. Fertilization did not modify aphid performances, probably due to an increase in amino acidsaccumulation by the pseudogall when fertilization decreased. Water deficit affected the interactions, through agenotype dependant effect, favoring insect development under an intermediate deficit on the resistant genotypeonly, and negatively affecting the development on both susceptible and resistant genotypes during a severe waterdeficit. Interactions plante-insecte Galle Manipulation Nutrition Comportement Parenchyme cortical Fertilisation Déficit hydrique Acides aminés Histologie Biochimie Electropénétrographie Ecophysiologie Aphididae Populus x canadensis Plant-insect interactions Gall Manipulation Nutrition Behaviour Cortical parenchyma Fertilization Water deficit Amino acid Histology Biochemistry Electropenetrography Ecophysiology Aphididae Populus x canadensis 571.999
26	Ausgewählte Eigenschaften des Sporopollenins der Kiefer Bohne, Guido 27 February 2007 (has links) Gegenstand der Arbeit sind Zusammenhänge zwischen physikochemischen Eigenschaften und Funktionen der Exine bei Ausbreitung, Bestäubung und Befruchtung. Dabei bewährte sich der Einsatz der 3-kammrigen Sporopolleninkapseln (Zentralkapsel und Sacci) in der Permeationschromatographie. Sowohl kinetisch bedingte chromatographische Dispersion kleiner Moleküle als auch Konzentrationsänderungen von Zuckern und Dextranmolekülen im Medium wurden zur Bestimmung von Permeabilitätskoeffizienten der Nexine genutzt. Die Wasserabsorptionskapazität von Exinefragmenten und die hydraulische Leitfähigkeit der Nexine wurden anhand von Konzentrationsänderungen ausgeschlossener Dextranmoleküle ermittelt. Das Tectum der saccalen Sexine ist eine Mikrofiltermembran mit scharfer Trenngrenze im Submikrometerbereich; daher werden an den Sacci nur Hydrokolloide mit Stokes''schen Radius über 100 nm (z.B. aus nativem Dextran) ausgeschlossen. Die Nexine ist eine nicht-ideale Umkehrosmose-Membran, die in Zucker- und Salzlösungen hohe Reflexionskoeffizienten zeigt; zusätzlich besitzt sie wenige große Poren, die den Austausch von Zuckern und selbst kleinen Polymermolekülen ermöglichen. Die hydraulische Leitfähigkeit der Nexine liegt im Größenbereich derjenigen von Plasmamembranen (0,39-0,48 µm s-1 MPa-1); die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Exine weder die Nährstoffaufnahme des Sporoplasten aus der lokulären Flüssigkeit noch dessen rasche Rehydratation in der Mikropyle behindert. Die Einfaltungen der distalen Nexine (oberhalb der Sacci) und die Omega-Faltung der Exine zwischen den Sacci (Leptom) bieten beim Quellvorgang Schutz vor zu schneller Flächenausdehnung der Plasmamembran. Der Corpus kann mit konzentrierten Elektrolytlösungen beladen werden. Beim anschließenden osmotischen Schwellen in Wasser reißt die Exine, und der Sporoplast wird mit anhaftender Intine ausgeschleudert. Wasser und andere polare Flüssigkeiten adhärieren stärker als hydrophobe Flüssigkeiten an Sporopollenin. Die Sporopolleninmatrix weist eine hohe Feststoffdichte auf, ist wenig quellfähig (0,18 mL g-1 TM) und deformationsstabil. Dies ermöglicht die Pulverbildung beim Trocknen. / Subject of this thesis are relationships between physicochemical properties and functions of the exine concerning propagation, pollination and fecundation. Here the application of the 3-chambered sporopollenin-microcapsules (central capsule and sacci) in permeation chromatography proved of value. Both the kinetically dependent dispersion of small molecules and changes in concentration of sugars and dextran molecules in the medium were analysed to determine permeability coefficients of the nexine. The water absorption capacity of exine fragments and the hydraulic conductance of the nexine were calculated by means of changes in concentrations of excluded dextran molecules. The tectum of the saccal sexine is a microfiltration membrane with a sharp cut off in the submicrometer range; thus hydrocolloids with Stokes´radii over 100 nm (e.g. from native dextran) are excluded from the sacci. The nexine is a non-ideal reverse osmosis membrane having high reflexion coefficients in sugar and salt solutions; in addition few large pores allow the exchange of sugars and even of small polymers. The hydraulic conductance of the nexine is in the range typically for plasmamembranes (0.39-0.48 µm s-1 MPa-1); the results indicate that the exine does neither obstruct the uptake of nutrients by the sporoplast from the locular fluid nor hinder the rapid rehydration in the micropyle. When rehydrating, the distal foldings of the nexine (above the sacci) and the omega-like folding of the exine between the sacci (leptom), provide protection for the plasmamembrane when its surface area has to increase too rapidly. The corpus can be loaded with a concentrated electrolyte solution. When subsequently transferred into water the exine rupture and the sporoplast along with the intact intine is ejected. Water and other polar liquids adhere stronger to sporopollenin than hydrophobic ones. The matrix of sporopollenin show a high density in its solid content, water absorption capacity is low (0.18 mL g-1 DM) and it is resistant to deformation. This enable the formation of powder while dehydrating. Diffusion Plasmamembran Benetzbarkeit Calcium Chromatographie Deplasmolyse Dextran Evans Blau Exine Exocytose Größenausschluss HETP hydraulische Leitfähigkeit hypo-osmotischer Schock Intine Kiefer Leptom Nexine osmotischer Schock Parenchymzellen Permeabilität Pinus sylvestris L. Pinus nigra Arnold Plasmoptyse Pollen Poren Reflexionskoeffizient Sexine Sporopollenin Ultrafilterkoeffizient Wasserabsorption Wasseraufnahme Zucker diffusion plasma membrane exocytosis Calcium chromatography de-plasmolysis dextran Evans Blue exine HETP hydraulic conductivity hypo-osmotic shock intine leptom nexine osmotic shock parenchyma cells permeability pine Pinus nigra Arnold Pinus sylvestris L. plasmoptysis pollen pores reflection coefficient sexine size exclusion sporopollenin sugars ultrafilter coefficient water absorption water uptake wettability 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie 32 Biologie WL 7950 WN 7400 ddc:570

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