El objetivo de este estudio, fue analizar la validez basada en la estructura interna y la fiabilidad mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de la Escala de Parentalidad Positiva (E2P) de Gómez y Muñoz (2014). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 456 personas entre padres y cuidadores (abuelos, tíos y hermanos) de niños de 0 a 5 años, provenientes de una provincia de la región andina del Perú. Además, se aplicó el Inventario de Conductas Parentales (ICP) como evidencia de validez convergente, el cual evalúa las conductas positivas o negativas hacia el niño que presentan los padres durante la crianza. Como resultados, el análisis factorial exploratorio de la E2P determinó las cuatro dimensiones originales que explicaron el 46.27% de la varianza total. Las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones del ICP, específicamente las conductas de apoyo y compromiso resultaron significativas con las dimensiones Protectora (r= .402, p <0.01), Reflexiva (r= .329, p <0.01), Formativa (r= .291, p <0.01) y Vínculo (r= .439, p <0.01) de la escala en estudio; mientras que resultaron correlaciones negativas las conductas de hostilidad y coerción son las dimensiones Protectora (r= -.023, p <0.01), Reflexiva(r= -.019, p <0.01), Formativa (r= -.030, p <0.01) y Vínculo (r= -.077, p <0.01). Así mismo, utilizando en método de consistencia interna, la confiabilidad de las cuatro dimensiones fue de 0.77 a 0.88. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el E2P presenta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir las competencias parentales en una población en la zona sierra del Perú. / The aim of this study was to analyze the validity based on the internal structure and reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Positive Parenthood Scale (E2P) of Gómez and Muñoz (2014). The sample consisted of 456 people between parents and caregivers (grandparents, uncles and brothers) of children from 0 to 5 years old, from a province of the Andean region of Peru. In addition, the Inventory of Parental Conduct (ICP) was applied as evidence of convergent validity, which evaluates the positive or negative behaviors towards the child that the parents present during the upbringing. As results, the exploratory factor analysis of the E2P determined the four original dimensions that explained 46.27% of the total variance. The correlations between the ICP scores, specifically the support and commitment behaviors were significant with the dimensions Protective (r = .402, p <0.01), Reflective (r = .329, p <0.01), Formative (r = .291 , p <0.01) and Link (r = .439, p <0.01) of the scale under study; while negative correlations were the behaviors of hostility and coercion are the dimensions Protective (r = -.023, p <0.01), Reflective (r = -.019, p <0.01), Formative (r = -.030, p < 0.01) and Link (r = -.077, p <0.01). Also, using the internal consistency method, the reliability of the four dimensions was 0.77 to 0.88. These results allow us to conclude that the E2P presents evidence of validity and reliability to measure the parental competences in a population in the highlands of Peru. / Tesis

Människor med kognitiva svårigheter är en bred målgrupp med varierande problematik. Forskning om målgruppen finns och intresset för målgruppen har ökat. Föräldrar med kognitiva svårigheter finns däremot inte omnämnda i någon större uträckning i forskningen. Den här studien är en litteraturstudie som fokuserar på föräldrar med kognitiva svårigheter och deras interaktion med förskola/skola. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är socialkonstruktionism. Goffmans stigmateori används för att lyfta fram det komplexa i att leva med en funktionsnedsättning. Studien problematiserar faktorer som påverkar mötet och hur föräldrarna uppfattar interaktionen med förskolan/skolan. Lärarnas perspektiv får också ett visst utrymme men studien gör anspråk på att främst använda ett föräldraperspektiv. Föräldrarna strävar efter att uppfattas som normala människor där begreppet normala ska ses som något som är vanligt, något att jämföra något annat med. Målgruppen blir som föräldrar indelade i ett flertal kategorier av professionella. Den här studien lägger fokus på lärarnas kategorisering. Föräldrarnas sociala nätverk lyfts fram som betydande. Slutsatsen är att det i vissa interaktioner mellan föräldrar med kognitiva svårigheter och förskola/skola finns problem som grundar sig i oförståelse från båda parter. Detta skulle kunna minskas med ökad kunskap om människor med kognitiva svårigheter hos lärarkåren. / People with cognitive difficulties are a wide group with different kinds of problems. There are some researches about the group and the interest in doing research with this group has increased. But there is not so much research on the category as parents. This study is a literature review and the focus is on parents with cognitive difficulties and their interaction with preschool and school. The theoretic starting point is social constructionist. Goffman’s stigma concept is the analysis tool that is used to explain the complex in living with disabilities. The study analyses the kind of factors that affect the meeting and how the parents perceive the interaction. The teacher’s perspective is also presented although this study claims to use a parent perspective. Parents strive to be perceived as normal human. The concept of normal should be seen as something to compare anything else with. The group is as parents divided into a number of categories by professionals, in this study the focus is on teacher's categorizations. The importance of parents own social network is discussed. The conclusion is that in some cases there is a problem in the interaction between parents with cognitive difficulties and the teachers. This basically depends on lack of understanding from both sides. This could be reduced with increased knowledge about people with cognitive difficulties among teaching staff.

El presente estudio relaciona estrés laboral y percepción de competencias parentales en padres que trabajan. Se utilizó un diseño transversal de tipo correlacional (Hernández- Sampieri & Mendoza, 2018) en el que participaron 177 padres (55.7% mujeres) que trabajan como mínimo 30 horas semanales y con hijos entre 3 y 12 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario del modelo demandas-control-apoyo (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) y la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). Los resultados evidencian que los trabajadores que perciben colaboración por parte de sus supervisores y compañeros suelen manifestar que poseen tiempo para realizar actividades recreativas y acompañar a sus hijos en los aprendizajes escolares. Del mismo modo, los padres que perciben autonomía para realizar sus funciones laborales, consideran también que brindan mayor dedicación a sus hijos. No obstante, aún existen modificaciones en el ámbito organizacional y familiar que lleven al equilibrio de roles y responsabilidades en mujeres y hombres. En conclusión, las personas que perciban estrés en su trabajo tendrán menor percepción de competencias parentales, ya que no encuentran un equilibrio entre las funciones de ambos roles. / The study analyze the relationship between work stress and perception of parental skills on working parents. It was used a cross- sectional correlational design (Hernández- Sampieri & Mendoza, 2018) in which 177 parents participated (55.7% women), who work at least 30 hours per week and with children between 3 and 12 years old. The psychological instruments were: Inventory of the demands-control-support model (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) and Scale of Perceived Parental Competence (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). The results shows that workers who perceive collaboration from their supervisors and partners usually state that they have time for recreational activities and accompany their children in their school learning. In the same way, parents who perceives autonomy to carry out his work functions, also considers that provides greater dedication to their children. However, there are still changes in the organizational and family environment that lead to a balance of roles and responsibilities in women and men. As main conclusion, people who perceive stress in their work found less perception of parental skills, because they do not find a balance between the functions of both roles. / Tesis