The aim of the present study is to investigate how men and women in three Iranian Balochi dialects, Coastal Balochi, Koroshi Balochi and Sistani Balochi, refer to 3rd person participants in oral narratives of two genres: folktales and biographical tales. The stories that are analysed were recorded during several field trips to Iran and the approach used is that of Levinsohn (1994, 2015). The first part of the dissertation begins with an overview of the Balochi language and its dialects, including a brief presentation of its phonology, and then reviews previous studies of Balochi, before introducing the case system and types of alignment in the three dialects. Chapter 2 introduces the reader to the status of orality in the three dialects, before giving details about the corpus of texts that were analysed. Of particular note is the fact that each story in the corpus was told by both a man and a woman. Chapter 3 examines different approaches to the analysis of participant reference, before comparing those of Gundel et al. and Levinsohn in greater detail. The second part of the dissertation applies Levinsohn’s approach to texts in each of the three dialects in turn. Chapters 4–6 identify and analyse the different ways in which the participants in the stories are referred to when the subject remains the same and in three specific situations when the subject changes. This enables default encoding values to be established for each of the four situations. Motivations for over-encoding and, in some situations, under-encoding, are then identified. Chapters 7–9 investigate whether the gender of the storyteller (male versus female) and/or the genre of the story (folktale versus biographical tale) influence the way that the participants are referred to. This leads in chapter 10 to a gender- and genre-based comparison of participant reference across the present dialects. Conclusions are presented in chapter 11. In general, the participant reference strategy used was the same in all three dialects, regardless of the gender or the genre. The main exception involved reported conversations in Koroshi Balochi, where the additive enclitic ham was attached to the reference to a subject who responded in line with the contents of the speech reported in the previous sentence. Other variations appeared to depend on the degree to which the storyteller was proficient in his or her art. The dissertation concludes with four Appendices. Appendix A presents six texts that were interlinearised using the FLEx programme, while Appendix B consists of participant reference charts of the same texts following Levinsohn’s approach. Appendix C presents details of the case system and alignment for each of the three dialects. Finally, the chart in Appendix D compares the approaches of Levinsohn and of Gundel et al. to participant reference in a specific text. A CD with audio files of the six texts and some photos taken during fieldwork is also available.

The role of literacy skills in learning and the ability to have the cognitive learning skills necessary to receive, process and make meaning of information is core to academic achievement at school. Many learners whose underdeveloped literacy skills prove to be a considerable barrier to learning struggle to make any significant progress at school, particularly at secondary school if these learners have come into their grade eight year from a remedial primary school where only a limited curriculum is taught. Often these learners drop out of the educational system altogether with no real alternatives available to them. Inclusive education policy states that schools must do everything they can to make the curriculum accessible to all learners regardless of their barrier to learning. This research project examined the critical success factors of implementing a one-on-one mediated literacy programme to eight selected grade eight learners as part of their school programme. The learners selected to be participants on the programme were identified from an analysis of background history, educational testing, and parent and teacher recommendations as learners whose specific barrier to learning was associated with inadequate literacy skill ability. The programme was called the Integrated Approach to Literacy Instruction(IATLI), and it combined the mediation of literacy skills simultaneously with metacognitive learning strategies. The research project was participatory in nature, as the researcher was the mediator of the programme to the eight learners. The project was based on participatory action research theory, and was a case-study design implemented at an independent secondary school in Johannesburg. The methodology used to evaluate the research project was a mixed research design incorporating structured surveys of the teaching staff, pre- and post-testing of the eight learners using standardized educational tests that evaluated literacy ability, semi-structured interviews with the teachers who taught the eight learners, and commentary from the learners themselves recorded in the researcher’s journal. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data indicated that the programme was a worthwhile initiative, and that certain critical success factors of the IATLI programme’s implementation emerged. Of these critical success factors, highlighted in the research sub-questions, success was often more evident in some learners than others. The data also highlighted a number of challenges that the programme’s implementation exposed, notably sustainability of the programme in the long term, as the programme was driven by the learning support specialist and the factor of burnout with regard to the intensive nature of the programme and its demands on the learner participants and the school’s internal structures. Other challenges that emerged were the practical aspects of integrating an inclusive education initiative into the demanding high school curriculum, and addressing the paradigm shift necessary to get all educators collaborating with learning support programme outcomes and then supporting initiatives in their own teaching.

This thesis is concerned with the experience of aphasia in Khayelitsha, a township on the outskirts of Cape Town characterised by poverty, violence, limited resources and a culture and language that differs from the setting of most speech and language services in South Africa. It is based on three years of intermittent fieldwork that entailed participant observation of the everyday life of five adults living with aphasia and interviews with participants, kin and healthcare workers in various settings. Grounded in sociocultural theory, this thesis has aimed to provide an ethnographic account of cultural frameworks of interpretation of communication impairment following stroke and of the daily reality of life for adults living with aphasia in this setting. An exploration of causal notions in this setting provided interesting commentary on social and cultural processes and how people, caught up in these processes, search for meaning and for cure. Participants entertained plural notions of causation of aphasia and explored numerous therapeutic avenues. The wide variation in causal notions included biomedical causes, social and behavioural determinants, and the influences of supernatural powers, such as witches and ancestors. Similarly participants experienced aphasia through multiple healing systems, including traditional, biomedical and religious therapy options. All however seemed to be ambiguous sources of help. Whilst encounters with the health system presented serious challenges to participants, traditional and religious avenues for help were obscured by a burgeoning and not always ethical open market offering miracle cures. An articulation of the circumstances of this group of adults provided further commentary on the influence of the social context on aphasia. In a context where sociopolitical processes have had a disintegrating effect on social cohesion, questions of support, care and security were of primary concern. Prejudices towards the elderly and women were more acutely felt and vulnerability, isolation, insecurity and fluidity of circumstance emerged as overarching themes. The central argument in this thesis is that the genesis of these experiences can be found in contextual factors in Khayelitsha, such as poverty, inequality, urbanisation and changing cultural paradigms. These emerging themes highlight the disjunctions between the medical alignment of the discipline of speech language therapy in South Africa and the capacity for socially-engaged practice. They also highlight the socio-cultural complexity of the experience of aphasia, specifically the influences of culture and poverty. There is thus theoretical and clinical relevance in using anthropological objectives to explore the world of the adult living with aphasia and the interface between context and service provision. Interventions and healthcare communications that will make a meaningful difference to adults with aphasia in a setting such as Khayelitsha are proposed.

O presente estudo aborda narrativas de mulheres em torno das mobilizações por elas realizadas e/ou protagonizadas, no contexto da atual indústria da grande mineração no município de Conceição do Mato Dentro, MG. Mais especificamente, busca apresentar e discutir narrativas sobre articulações políticas suscitadas a partir dos impactos causados pela implementação do empreendimento Minas-Rio, da empresa Anglo American. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa participante, que envolveu visitas às comunidades, conversas informais, entrevistas e oficinas com mulheres indicadas pelo Movimento pela Soberania Popular na Mineração (MAM) por serem ou terem se tornado lideranças comunitárias. O empreendimento Minas-Rio está em funcionamento desde 2008 e compreende um amplo complexo minerador, que inclui instalações localizadas em vários municípios da região de Conceição do Mato Dentro: lavra principal, barragem de rejeitos e pilhas de estéril, planta de beneficiamento e tratamento de minério, o maior mineroduto do mundo e uma linha independente de transmissão de energia. A partir dos relatos registrados, foi possível perceber a drástica alteração que a chegada da grande mineração promoveu no modo de vida e na organização sócio-cultural das moradoras e moradores do entorno. Entre essas mudanças, destacam-se a falta de água (o que, para uma população majoritariamente camponesa, representa um profundo impacto), mudanças na economia local, alterações fundiárias, remoção de famílias e comunidades inteiras de seus territórios de origem, sentimento constante medo de um rompimento da barragem, aumento da violência, poluição de rios e do ar, entre outras. Além disso, os relatos apontam uma série de violações de direito ao longo do processo de implementação do empreendimento, o que vem gerando conflitos não somente em torno das mudanças no cotidiano de moradores, mas também em torno do modo de negociação e atuação da empresa / The present study deals with the narratives of women around they mobilizations and / or they perform around the context of the current mining industry in the municipality of Conceição do Mato Dentro, MG. Been more specific, the essay wants to show and discuss narratives about political articulations outcome from the impact caused by the implementation of the Minas-Rio; an operation from Anglo American company. It was made a field research, visits to communities, informal conversations, interview and workshops with women\'s indicated from the Movement for Popular Sovereignty in Mining (Movimento pela Soberania Popular na Mineração - MAM). Because those woman\'s were or will become community leaderships. Minas-Rio entrepreneurship are working since 2008. The company operates in a large complex of mining with are located in different counties from Conceição do Mato Dentro area: places you take of the minerals; tailings dam; waste drumps; beneficiation plant; minerals treatments; the bigger mineral pipeline in the world; and a electrical power transmission line. From the recorded reports, it was possible to perceive the drastic changes after the mining company implantation in the people\'s way of life and in the people\'s socio-cultural organisation. Is possible to highlight the lake of water (with is a serious issue since the majority of the people are peasants); economical changes; removal of families and whole communities from the original places; impunity and fear for the rupture of the dams; increased violence; rivers and air force pollution; and so one. In addition, the reports showing lots human rights violations over the Company implementation. Which has generated conflicts not only around changes in people life\'s but also around the way of negotiation and behavior of the company

O objetivo desse trabalho é elencar quais são as variáveis centrais das quais depende o conforto de um passageiro em um veículo de transporte de massa de longa distância, ao realizar atividades na posição sentada, tais como ler, comer, dormir, usar notebook, etc.; através de uma pesquisa em busca de conceitos que definam ergonomia e práticas ergonômicas, bem como a construção de parâmetros de conhecimento que sirvam como base para soluções de conforto. Essa pesquisa originou-se de uma demanda da Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. (EMBRAER) a um grupo de universidades, dentre elas a USP, a partir da qual se constituiu um grupo multidisciplinar buscando aprimorar conhecimentos em várias frentes ligadas ao desenvolvimento de aeronaves. Uma dessas frentes se tornou um pacote de pesquisa na área de ergonomia, tendo sido constituídos grupos de pesquisadores com metodologias e objetivos distintos, porém complementares. Agregando conceitos de fisiologia e cognição, aliados a estudos sobre atividades e rotinas que ocorrem em situações de viagem em meio de transporte de massa de longa distância na posição sentada, investigando a relação entre conforto e o design do interior do veículo, espera-se ampliar o pouco conhecimento existente, até o momento, sobre as motivações presentes para a assunção de determinadas posturas durante as viagens. Partindo-se das motivações para compreender essas posturas e gestos, seria possível compreender quais as necessidades de um passageiro em termos do design do produto interior da aeronave para desempenhar as atividades pretendidas a bordo, com conforto e satisfação. Como para buscar tais respostas é preciso estar inserido no contexto e colocar-se no lugar ocupado pelo outro, esta pesquisa se valeu da Análise Ergonômica da Atividade para penetrar nesse mundo da subjetividade e, como protocolo prático de trabalho, da observação participante, para analisar as principais atividades realizadas por passageiros de aviões durante voos comerciais. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se dar suporte para que a maioria dos aspectos de interação entre os observadores participantes e as atividades propostas fosse considerada através do protocolo da observação participante, mostrando que é possível que a ergonomia contribua na construção do conhecimento da atividade, permitindo a criação de produtos mais adaptados às necessidades dos usuários, com geração de conforto. / The aim of this work is to list what are the central variables of which depends on the comfort of a passenger in a vehicle of mass transportation over long distances, to carry out activities in a sitting position, such as reading, eating, sleeping, using notebook, etc., by a research to concepts that define ergonomic and practical ergonomics, as well as the construction of parameters of knowledge to serve as a basis for comfort solutions. This research originated from a demand from Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. (EMBRAER) to a group of universities, among which the USP, from what was a multidisciplinary group seeking to improve knowledge on multiple fronts related to aircraft development. One of these fronts has become a package of research in ergonomics, having been constituted groups of researchers with distinguished methodologies and goals, however complementary. By adding concepts of physiology and cognition, combined with studies into activities and routines that occur in cases at travel of means of transport in the sitting position, investigating the relationship between comfort and design of the interior of the vehicle, is expected to expand the little knowledge existing, until now, on the motivations present for taking on certain postures during travel. Starting from to understand the motives for these postures and movements, it would be possible understand which the needs of a passenger in terms of product design - \"inside the aircraft\" - to perform desired activities onboard with comfort and enjoyment. As to find such answers, must be placed in the context and put yourself in the place occupied by another, this research made use of the Ergonomic Analysis of Activity to penetrate in this world of subjectivity and as a practical protocol, the participant observation, to analyze the main activities undertaken by airline passengers during commercial flights. In this research, aimed to provide support to the most aspects of interaction among participants observers and the proposed activities were considered by participant observation protocol, showing that it is possible that the ergonomics contribute to building the knowledge of activities, allowing building products more suited to the needs of users, generating comfort.

Indirect perpetration Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the institute of indirect perpetration. First it mentions its historical development, since the acceptance of indirect perpetration was inconsistent in earlier times. Now the principle of accessory criminal liability of the participant applies in our country, and the participant can be criminally liable only if the perpetrator is criminally liable. Back then the opposite principle was applied, namely the principle of independence of the participation. Indirect perpetration was not necessary and was only accepted by such authors who recognized it as another specific form of perpetration. Participation, especially instigation and organization, is very close to indirect perpetration. The indirect perpetrator or a participant, do not fulfil the elements of the offence by their own activity, but they contribute significantly to it. The major difference between them is what person they are instigating. If the person is fully criminally liable and commits the offence intentionally, it is participation, if not, it is indirect perpetration. An indirect perpetrator must be aware that he uses a person that is not criminally liable or at least not criminally liable for specific offence. In addition, he must have the intention to commit his offence through...

Orientador: Regina Aparecida Leite de [UNES] Camargo / Resumo: O assentamento Sepé Tiarajú é resultante de uma ocupação organizada pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). As famílias assentadas, em sua maioria, possuem filhos jovens entre quinze e vinte e quatro anos. Há no assentamento em torno de oitenta jovens, doze deles formaram um grupo chamado Coletivo Agroecológico da Juventude do Sepé (CAJUS) e ao observa-los, surgiu a necessidade de compreender o papel desses jovens na continuidade do assentamento, sua participação nas atividades do lote e a influência de programas de políticas públicas para agricultura familiar na sua permanência no assentamento, incluindo o Plano Nacional de Juventude e Sucessão Rural. Foi realizada uma pesquisa participante, em conjunto com observação, anotações em diário de campo e questionários semiestruturados para obtenção das respostas acerca do perfil do jovem assentado, o interesse em ficar no assentamento e o acesso às políticas públicas existentes para o jovem no meio rural. Estes instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizados nas reuniões do Grupo CAJUS, visitas individuais nas casas dos jovens, e para conhecer os pais e os dirigentes das cooperativas e associação do assentamento. Após conhecer o perfil desse jovem e verificar o acesso ou não à programas de políticas públicas direcionados à permanência deste no meio rural, a pesquisa se voltou para a análise das ações conjuntas do Grupo CAJUS, como a criação de um Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF), como alternativa econômica alinhada c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Sepé Tiarajú settlement is the result of an occupation organized by the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST). Most of the settled families have young children between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four. There are about eighty young people in the settlement area, and twelve of them formed a group called Agroecological Youth Collective of Sepé (CAJUS). The observation of the group arouse the need to understand the role of these young people in the continuity of the settlement, their participation in the activities of the lot and the influence of public policy programs for family agriculture in their permanence in the settlement, including the National Youth and Rural Succession Plan . A participant research, together with observation, field diary annotations and semi-structured questionnaires were carried out to obtain the answers about the profile of the settled youth, their interest in staying in the settlement and their access to the existing public policies for young people in rural areas. These data collection instruments were used in the meetings of the CAJUS Group, individual visits in the homes of the young people, and to get to know the parents and the leaders of the cooperatives and association of the settlement. After knowing the profile of this youth and verifying the access or not to the programs of public policies directed to their permanence in the rural areas, the research turned to the analysis of the joint actions of the CAJUS Group. These actions encomp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A key factor to the Scottish Governments' public policy and public service reconfiguration is collaborative working between service providers and service users in a framework of co-production. A second key factor in this reform is a place-based approach. Despite this rhetoric of co-production of health services having been used for some time in health policy, and considering the numerous interpretations of the meaning of both co–production and 'place' in the academic and professional literature, how rural dwellers experience rurality in terms of places and space, and how this may in turn affect health and interactions with co-production, remains underrepresented in health policy planning. In light of changes in health service provision, rural health care poses itself as a potentially emotive and sometimes volatile topic. A co-productive approach may encourage understanding, acceptance and better usage of health services and neighbourhood resources, by the residents registered as patients with local medical practices. This doctoral research study considered the use of participatory mapping techniques to generate, gather and capture the local voice of residents from two rural Scottish communities, regarding the self-perception of their health in relation to the place they call home. Through a participatory action research approach, using iterative co-design, residents were asked how their environment impacted on their health, and in particular their cardiovascular health. Qualitative data were collected through participatory mapping techniques and co- analysed using a thematic analysis process. The application of the concept of therapeutic landscapes revealed the importance of the 'sense of place' and its impact on health, along with the physical, social and cultural environmental aspects traditionally considered in public health disciplines. Results were digitised using geographic information systems (GIS) to illustrate the interactions between place, people and health, through a relational lens. This research demonstrates a working example of how, drawing from the discipline of health geography, a place based approach can make an important contribution to rural health service co- planning within a co-production framework.

Les auteurs qui se sont intéressés à la pratique des éducateurs sociaux s’accordent à penser que l’agir de ces derniers procède avant tout d’un engagement quotidien, d’un souci de l’autre porté par des gestes actualisés en situation, pratique dont la mise en intelligibilité fait appel à une logique plurielle. Or, depuis l’introduction de la gestion managériale et de la sémantique des compétences dans le champ de l’éducation sociale, l’activité des éducateurs se trouve placée sous un éclairage réducteur qui s’intéresse aux seuls faits et gestes mesurables. Aussi, afin de rompre avec une pensée positiviste binaire, nous avons opéré un changement de paradigme en optant pour une approche esthétique qui conçoit l’agir humain non pas morcelé, mais envisagé comme une globalité. Une telle approche coïncide particulièrement bien avec l’activité des éducateurs qui se singularise par un entremêlement des dimensions corporelle, affective et réflexive. Cette hypothèse, nous l’avons mise à l’épreuve grâce à une enquête de terrain menée au travers d’une observation participante dans deux structures éducatives de la région genevoise. Nos analyses reposent sur les contributions de chercheurs, majoritairement situés dans le courant esthétique et pragmatiste, qui se sont intéressés aux théories de l’action. Nos observations ont dans une large mesure permis de crédibiliser notre hypothèse, nous permettant, d’une part, d’identifier quelques axes majeurs qui contribuent à la construction d’une épistémologie de l’agir des éducateurs et, d’autre part, d’ouvrir quelques perspectives pour la formation des praticiens. / Writers who are interested in the practices of special educators agree that their work proceeds above all else as a daily commitment to their concern for others undertaken as context adaptive moves. Making sense of this practice calls for multiple sources of logic. However, since the introduction of management skills and the semantics of those competences in the field of special education, the work of educators has been reduced to a singular focus on measurable acts. Therefore, in order to move away from this positivist binary thinking, we undertook a paradigm shift that opted for an aesthetic approach, one that views human action as whole rather than fragmented. This approach meshes particularly well with educators whose activities are distinguished by their intermingling of physical, emotional and reflective dimensions. We tested this hypothesis through a field survey conducted while engaged in participant observation in two educational facilities in the Geneva area. Our analysis rests on the contributions of researchers interested in the aesthetic and pragmatic dimensions of theories of action. Our observations have in large measure helped to give credibility to our hypothesis. We can, on the one hand, identify some major areas that contribute to the construction of an epistemology of educators’ actions, and, on the other hand, present some possibilities for training practitioners.

Range Rider Programs (RRPs) are one example of a proactive non-lethal tool that has been implemented in western United States to mitigate gray wolf (Canis lupus) and livestock conflicts. Because RRPs are an emerging non-lethal tool that little is known about, I selected a qualitative research approach to examine participant perceptions to further contemporary understanding of how these efforts are implemented and potential benefits. I surveyed 51 participants from 17 Range Rider Programs (RRPs) in Montana, Washington, and Oregon to determine participant perceptions regarding effectiveness of RRPs as a non-lethal approach to mitigate wolf-conflicts. I developed a RRPs typology based on information provided by the participants interviewed. The typology identified 3 versions of RRPs programs that revolved around the role of the range rider. These roles included: 1) livestock monitoring, 2) wolf surveillance, and 3) livestock herding. The RRPs, although diverse in operations, shared traits exemplified by community-based conservation programs. Interview responses suggested a RRP’s primary contribution may not be a direct reduction in livestock depredation by wolves, but instead a collection of indirect technical and socio-political benefits. To improve current RRPs and develop future efforts, programs should be realistic in expectations and the sponsors must work closely with rancher participants to develop an adaptive program that meets their needs, maintains transparent and frequent communication, and provides a forum for feedback.