Calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) neurons are inhibitory interneurons (INs) that play important roles in the modulation of excitatory pyramidal neurons. They are found in many species are and throughout the neocortex. However, their characteristics vary between species and brain region. The aim of this study was to compare the density, distribution, and inhibitory signaling of CR and PV neurons in monkey primary visual cortex (V1), monkey lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), mouse V1 and mouse frontal cortex (FC). Coronal brain slices from each of the species and brain regions were stained using immunohistochemistry and then the slices were scanned using high-resolution confocal imaging. High resolution image stacks were used to count the somata of CR and PV. The vesicular gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT), CR and PV particles were analyzed to quantify these inhibitory markers in monkey V1, LPFC, and mouse V1 and FC. There were significant differences in the laminar distribution of CR and PV neurons in that CR neurons were concentrated in L2/3 and PV neurons were concentrated in L2-5. In L2/3, Monkey V1 had more CR neurons than did monkey LPFC. Furthermore, there were a greater number of PV neurons in monkey and mouse V1 compared to monkey LPFC and mouse FC. In L2/3, monkey V1 had the highest number of PV neurons. In L5, there significantly greater PV neurons in mouse V1 compared to monkey V1. There was significantly higher density of CR neurons in the upper middle layers of Monkey V1 compared to mouse V1 and monkey LPFC compared to mouse FC. The upper middle layers of monkey V1 had significantly higher density of PV neurons compared to monkey LPFC and mouse V1. There was significantly higher density of VGAT particles in monkey V1 and LPFC compared to mouse V1 and FC, which indicates more inhibitory synapses. There were significantly more VGAT+ boutons colocalized with PV+ boutons than CR+ boutons. Finally, discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis show that species is the largest separating factor between monkey V1, LPFC and mouse V1 and FC. Mouse V1 and FC are very similar, and monkey V1 and LPFC are dissimilar from one another. This data, united with comparative data on pyramidal neurons, demonstrates that neurons have differences between species, and monkeys have more regional specialization than mice.

No / Acute administration of the psychotomimetic phencyclidine (PCP) can mimic some features of schizophrenia, while a repeated treatment regimen of PCP may provide a more effective way to model in animals the enduring cognitive dysfunction observed in many schizophrenic patients. The present study aims to investigate behavioural and neuropathological effects of sub-chronic PCP administration. The cognitive deficit induced by sub-chronic PCP was examined using a previously established operant reversal-learning paradigm. Subsequently, the effect of sub-chronic PCP on parvalbumin-immunoreactive (parvalbumin-IR) neurons was assessed using immunohistochemical techniques. Rats were trained to respond for food in an operant reversal-learning paradigm for approximately 6 weeks, followed by sub-chronic administration of PCP (2mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 7 days followed 7 days later by behavioural testing. Six weeks post PCP, brains were analysed using immunohistochemical techniques to determine the size and density of parvalbumin-IR in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Sub-chronic PCP significantly reduced (p <0.001) percentage correct responding in the reversal phase relative to the initial phase, an effect that persisted throughout the experimental period (4 weeks). The density of parvalbumin-IR neurons was reduced in the hippocampus, with significant reductions in the dentate gyrus and CA2/3 regions (p <0.001). There were significant changes in the frontal cortex, with a reduction (p <0.01) in the M1 (motor area 1) region and increases in the M2 (motor area 2) region and cingulate cortex (p <0.01-p <0.001). These results parallel findings of profound hippocampal and more subtle cortical deficits of parvalbumin-IR neurons in schizophrenia, and provide evidence to suggest that sub-chronic PCP can induce a lasting cognitive deficit, an effect that may be related to the observed neuronal deficits.

Yes / Background:With current treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) only providing temporary symptomatic benefits, disease modifying drugs are urgently required. This approach relies on improved understanding of the early pathophysiology of AD. A new hypothesis has emerged, in which early memory loss is considered a synapse failure caused by soluble amyloid-β oligomers (Aβo). These small soluble Aβo, which precede the formation of larger fibrillar assemblies, may be the main cause of early AD pathologies. Objective:The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of acute administration of stabilized low-n amyloid-β1-42 oligomers (Aβo1-42) on cognitive, inflammatory, synaptic, and neuronal markers in the rat. Methods:Female and male Lister Hooded rats received acute intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of either vehicle or 5 nmol of Aβo1-42 (10μL). Cognition was assessed in the novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm at different time points. Levels of inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), synaptic (PSD-95, SNAP-25), and neuronal (n-acetylaspartate, parvalbumin-positive cells) markers were investigated in different brain regions (prefrontal and frontal cortex, striatum, dorsal and ventral hippocampus). Results:Acute ICV administration of Aβo1-42 induced robust and enduring NOR deficits. These deficits were reversed by acute administration of donepezil and rolipram but not risperidone. Postmortem analysis revealed an increase in inflammatory markers, a decrease in synaptic markers and parvalbumin containing interneurons in the frontal cortex, with no evidence of widespread neuronal loss. Conclusion:Taken together the results suggest that acute administration of soluble low-n Aβo may be a useful model to study the early mechanisms involved in AD and provide us with a platform for testing novel therapeutic approaches that target the early underlying synaptic pathology.

The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by a vascular blood-brain barrier that prevents many types of pathogens from entering the brain. Still, some pathogens have evolved mechanisms to traverse this barrier and establish a long-term infection. The apicomplexan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is one such pathogen with the ability to infect the CNS in virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Across the globe, an estimated 30% of the human population is infected with Toxoplasma, an infection for which mounting evidence suggests increases the risk for developing neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, like seizures and schizophrenia. In my dissertation, I investigate the telencephalic neural circuit changes induced by long-term Toxoplasma infection in the mouse brain and the neuroimmune signaling role of the complement system in mediating microglial remodeling of neural circuits following parasitic infection. While there has been keen interest in investigating neural circuit changes in the amygdala – a region of the brain involved in fear response and which Toxoplasma infection alters in many species of infected hosts – the hippocampus and cortex have been less explored. These are brain regions for which Toxoplasma also has tropism, and moreover, are rich with fast-spiking parvalbumin perisomatic synapses, a type of GABAergic synapse whose dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and schizophrenia. By employing a range of visualization techniques to assess cell-to-cell connectivity and neuron-glia interactions (including immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural microscopy, and microglia-specific reporter mouse lines), I discovered that longterm Toxoplasma infection causes microglia to target and ensheath neuronal somata in these regions and subsequently phagocytose their perisomatic inhibitory synapses. These findings provide a novel model by which Toxoplasma infection within the brain can lead to seizure susceptibility and a wider range of behavioral and cognitive changes unrelated to fear response. In the Toxoplasma infected brain, microglia, along with monocytes recruited to the brain from the periphery, coordinate a neuroinflammatory response against pathogenic invasion. This is characterized by a widespread activation of these cells and their increased interaction with neurons and their synaptic inputs. Yet, whether T. gondii infection triggers microglia and monocytes (i.e. phagocytes) to target, ensheath, and remove perisomatic inhibitory synapses on neuronal somata indiscriminately, or whether specificity exists in this type of circuit remodeling, remained unclear. Through a comprehensive assessment of phagocyte interactions with cortical neuron subtypes, I demonstrate that phagocytes selectively target and ensheath excitatory pyramidal cells in long-term infection. Moreover, coupling of in situ hybridization with transgenic reporter lines and immunolabeling revealed that in addition to phagocytes, excitatory neurons also express complement component C3 following infection (while inhibitory interneurons do not). Lastly, by employing targeted deletion of complement components, C1q and C3, I show that complement is required for phagocyte ensheathment of excitatory cells and the subsequent removal of perisomatic inhibitory synapses on these cells (albeit not through the classical pathway). Together, these studies highlight a novel role for complement in mediating synapse-type and cell-type specific circuit remodeling in the Toxoplasma infected brain. / Doctor of Philosophy / Parasites are microorganisms that rely on other living organisms (called hosts) for their survival. Although some parasites only live on their hosts, others have developed ways to establish infections and obtain the nutrients that keep them alive from host cells. My Ph.D. research has focused on studying one of these parasites, Toxoplasma gondii (commonly referred to as Toxo), that has evolved the unique ability to establish brain infections in almost all animals around the world, from rodents to humans. Recent discoveries show that brain infection with this parasite can cause seizures, an imbalance in the way that specialized cells of the brain (called neurons) communicate with each other, causing harmful hyperactivity within the brain. Toxo infection can also cause behavioral and cognitive changes in infected animals, making them more susceptible to predation. In humans, infection with Toxo increases their risk for developing different types of mental illness, such as schizophrenia. The focus of my Ph.D. research has been in trying to understand, at the cellular and molecular level, how infection with this parasite can lead to seizures and behavioral changes, by using mice as a model. Mice have a similar brain structure to humans, and over the years, scientists have developed many tools that allow us to visualize and study the connections between neurons (called synapses). I'm interested in understanding how changes in these connections affect how neurons communicate with each other, and ultimately, how we behave and think. I have been studying a type of connection that, if lost or damaged, can lead to seizures and some types of mental illness. These connections are called 'perisomatic inhibitory synapses', and they form on many distinct types of neurons, but specifically on the cell bodies of these neurons. They act as a traffic light, informing neurons when and for how long to 'slow down' their activity. I discovered that after the parasite enters the brain, it causes another type of cell in the brain, called microglia, to extensively interact with neurons in the cortex and hippocampus (areas of your brain important for thinking, executing behavior, and learning). Microglia are immune cells of the brain that inspect the brain for anything damaged or that doesn't belong (like parasites) and removes them from the brain. By performing experiments where I delete individual immune molecules from mice, I found that one immune molecule, called 'complement component C3' acts as cue for microglia to find these cells, wrap around them, and permanently remove these important connections. Surprisingly, however, microglia don't remove these connections from all neurons, indiscriminately, they do so only on one specific cell type called 'excitatory pyramidal neurons,' and as the name implies, they're the ones who drive activity in the brain. My half-a-decade's worth of research helps us understand parasitic infections in the brain in a couple of ways: First, I have discovered one of the mechanisms by which neuronal connections are lost in the Toxo-infected brain (which is a mechanism that leads to loss of neuronal connections in the injured and aging brain as well). This is significant because it might provide insight into why some people who are infected with Toxo develop seizures or mental illness, while others don't. More importantly, Toxo-infection causes changes in the brain that are very specific, in terms of both the type of neuronal connection that is affected and the type of cell that is affected. Why these changes are so specific remain to be uncovered, but it suggests that Toxo can either a) trigger a unique immune response in the brain that leads to very precise changes in neuron-toneuron connections and signaling or b) the parasite, while hiding inside of neurons, may hijack the machinery of certain cell types in a way that helps them survive longer.

No description available.

Komplexe Berechnungen im Gehirn werden durch das Zusammenspiel von exzitatorischen und hemmenden Neuronen in lokalen Netzwerken ermöglicht. In kortikalen Netzwerken, wird davon ausgegangen, dass hemmende Neurone, besonders Parvalbumin positive Korbzellen, ein „blanket of inhibition” generieren. Dieser Sichtpunkt wurde vor kurzem durch Befunde strukturierter Inhibition infrage gestellt, jedoch ist die Organisation solcher Konnektivität noch unklar. In dieser Dissertation, präsentiere ich die Ergebnisse unserer Studie Parvabumin positiver Korbzellen, in Schichten II / III des entorhinalen Kortexes und Präsubiculums der Ratte. Im entorhinalen Kortex haben wir dorsale und ventrale Korbzellen beschrieben und festgestellt, dass diese morphologisch und physiologisch ähnlich, jedoch in ihrer Konnektivität zu Prinzipalzellen dorsal stärker als ventral verbunden sind. Dieser Unterschied korreliert mit Veränderungen der Gitterzellenphysiologie. Ähnlich zeige ich im Präsubiculum, dass inhibitorische Konnektivität eine essenzielle Rolle im lokalen Netzwerk spielt. Hemmung im Präsubiculum ist deutlich spärlicher ist als im entorhinalen Kortex, was ein unterschiedliches Prinzip der Netzwerkorganisation suggeriert. Um diesen Unterschied zu studieren, haben wir Morphologie und Netzwerkeigenschaften Präsubiculärer Korbzellen analysiert. Prinzipalzellen werden über ein vorherrschendes reziprokes Motif gehemmt die durch die polarisierte Struktur der Korbzellaxone ermöglicht wird. Unsere Netzwerksimulationen zeigen, dass eine polarisierte Inhibition Kopfrichtungs-Tuning verbessert. Insgesamt zeigen diese Ergebnisse, dass inhibitorische Konnektivität, funktioneller Anforderungen der lokalen Netzwerke zur Folge, unterschiedlich strukturiert sein kann. Letztlich stelle ich die Hypothese auf, dass für lokale inhibitorische Konnektivität eine Abweichung von „blanket of inhibition― zur „maßgeschneiderten― Inhibition zur Lösung spezifischer computationeller Probleme vorteilhaft sein kann. / Local microcircuits in the brain mediate complex computations through the interplay of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. It is generally assumed that fast-spiking parvalbumin basket cells, mediate a non-selective -blanket of inhibition-. This view has been recently challenged by reports structured inhibitory connectivity, but it’s precise organization and relevance remain unresolved. In this thesis, I present the results of our studies examining the properties of fast-spiking parvalbumin basket cells in the superficial medial entorhinal cortex and presubiculum of the rat. Characterizing these interneurons in the dorsal and ventral medial entorhinal cortex, we found basket cells of the two subregions are more likely to be connected to principal cells in the dorsal compared to the ventral region. This difference is correlated with changes in grid physiology. Our findings further indicated that inhibitory connectivity is essential for local computation in the presubiculum. Interestingly though, we found that in this region, local inhibition is lower than in the medial entorhinal cortex, suggesting a different microcircuit organizational principle. To study this difference, we analyzed the properties of fast-spiking basket cells in the presubiculum and found a characteristic spatially organized connectivity principle, facilitated by the polarized axons of the presubicular fast-spiking basket cells. Our network simulations showed that such polarized inhibition can improve head direction tuning of principal cells. Overall, our results show that inhibitory connectivity is differently organized in the medial entorhinal cortex and the presubiculum, likely due to functional requirements of the local microcircuit. As a conclusion to the studies presented in this thesis, I hypothesize that a deviation from the blanket of inhibition, towards a region-specific, tailored inhibition can provide solutions to distinct computational problems.

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a growth factor implicated in neurodevelopment and postnatal maintenance of synaptic circuits. Its gene has been associated with schizophrenia, and the expression of the type I isoform (NRG1tyI) is increased in patients’ brains. Earlier behavioural phenotyping of mice over-expressing NRG1tyI revealed impairment in hippocampus-dependent spatial working memory. This present work investigates the effects of increased NRG1tyI expression on hippocampal network functioning in these mice. Fast network oscillations, specifically at gamma frequencies, were studied in CA3 hippocampal slices in a carbachol model using cellular and extracellular microelectrode recording techniques. The peak frequency of field potential oscillations was significantly reduced in slices from NRG1tyI mice compared to wild-type littermates. In addition, NRG1tyI mouse slices were more prone to develop epileptiform activity. During rhythmic activity, the balance of phasic excitation and inhibition was significantly altered in principal cells of NRG1tyI mice. Inhibitory synaptic input was more sustained, while excitatory synaptic currents were kinetically unchanged but larger and more variable in amplitude. Together, these data suggest altered functioning of the GABAergic inhibitory circuits that generate and maintain gamma oscillations. Because parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons are a major target of NRG1 signalling, the inhibition from PV+ interneurons to pyramidal cells was examined next. Channelrhodopsin-2-mediated photostimulation of PV+ cell axons failed to show changes in GABAergic inhibition of CA3 pyramidal cells in NRG1tyI mice. However, synaptic miniature glutamatergic neurotransmission was reduced in identified PV+ basket cells (BCs) and axo-axonic cells (AACs) but not in pyramidal cells. The change was expressed postsynaptically, affecting NMDA receptor- but not AMPA receptor-mediated currents. The data suggest that NRG1tyI over-expression results in alterations in PV+ interneuron types, particularly at the glutamatergic synapses that excite these cells. These changes and the altered gamma oscillations are already evident in late adolescence — before the age at which cognitive deficits are detectable.

En alimentation humaine, le poisson représente non seulement une source importante de protéines mais il apporte aussi des acides gras essentiels et des minéraux. Actuellement, en France, il est majoritairement consommé sous forme fraîche et préparé en filets sans peau. Cependant, face à la diminution des captures, à l'augmentation de la demande et à l'évolution des modes de consommation, l'importation de produits de la mer est de plus en plus importante dans notre pays. Or, depuis quelques années, les importateurs suspectent des fraudes consistant à vendre des filets de poisson décongelés sous la dénomination "frais". Ces produits entrent ainsi en concurrence directe avec les produits de la pêche française. L'objectif de la thèse consiste à mettre au point et à optimiser des méthodes de différenciation des filets de poisson frais de filets décongelés. La technique de l'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle comparative couplée à la spectrométrie de masse nous a permis d'identifier la parvalbumine comme marqueur de différenciation frais/décongelé à partir des exsudats de filets de bar (Dicentrarchus labrax). Nous avons utilisé la composition des exsudats comme source potentielle d'autres indicateurs pour différencier les filets frais des filets décongelés. Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressés à différents paramètres tels que l'activité de l'α-glucosidase lysosomique (marqueur historique), le dosage du calcium libre et le dosage des nucléotides et de leurs dérivés, des protéines et des parvalbumines. Nous avons procédé à une analyse statistique par Classification Hiérarchique Ascendante (CHA) et nous avons ainsi mis en évidence trois groupes dissimilaires : les indicateurs de lyse cellulaire, les indicateurs d'altération des nucléotides et les indicateurs d'altération des protéines. Nous disposons ainsi d'outils de différenciation frais/décongelé complémentaires, rapides et peu onéreux susceptibles de répondre aux attentes des industriels de la filière. / Inhuman diet, seafood is an important source of proteins, essential fatty acids and minerals. Nowadays, in France, fresh fish is mainly consumed as skinless fillets. Due to the decrease of the fishing and the increase and evolution of fish consumption, the importation of fish becomes more significant in our country. Since several years, the importers suspect fraudulent pratices consisting in selling thawed fish fillets labeled as fresh ones. These products are directly in competition with the national fish market. The main aim of this thesis consisted in developing and improving methods to differentiate fresh versus frozen/thawed fish fillets. A comparative two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry proteins identification strategy, performed on fish fillet exudates of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) allowed us to identify parvalbumin as a protein marker for differentiation. Further analysis of exudates composition could be a good way to find other indicators. The lysosomal alpha-glucosodase activity is already used to differentiate fresh versus frozen/thawed fillets. Two new indicators were studied : concentration of the nucleotides and their derivatives and free calcium concentration. The total protein and the parvalbumin concentrations were also measured. An Ascendant Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) was done to aggregate the variables into three dissimular clusters : the cellular lysis indicators, the proteins damages indicators and the nucleotides alteration.

L'hippocampe est une région du cerveau importante pour la formation de mémoire. Des études récentes ont montré que la zone CA2 de l'hippocampe, longtemps ignorée, joue un rôle clef dans certaines formes de mémoire et notamment dans la mémoire sociale. De plus, des études post-mortem ont révélé des altérations spécifiques à la région CA2 chez les patients schizophrènes. Cependant, l’implication des neurones de CA2 dans les circuits de l'hippocampe reste peu connu, tant dans des conditions physiologiques que pathologiques. En combinant pharmacologie, génétique et électrophysiologie sur tranches d’hippocampe de souris, nous avons étudié comment les neurones pyramidaux (NP) CA2 sont recrutés dans les circuits hippocampiques après des changements d’inhibition et comment le recrutement des NP CA2 pourrait moduler l’information sortant de l'hippocampe. D’autre part, nous avons examiné les altérations fonctionnelles de la zone CA2 dans le modèle murin Df(16)A+/- de la microdélétion 22q11.2, le facteur génétique de risque de schizophrénie le plus élevé. Dans la région CA2 de l’hippocampe, les synapses inhibitrices contrôle les afférences des collatérales de Schaeffer (CS) et expriment une dépression à long-terme (DLTi) unique qui dépendant des récepteurs delta-opioïdes (RDO). Contrairement aux synapses CS-CA1, les synapses excitatrices CS-CA2 n’expriment pas de potentialisation à long-terme après application des protocoles d'induction. Cependant, nous avons constaté que différents types d'activités induisent une augmentation durable de l’amplitude des potentiels post-synaptiques (PPS) évoqués aussi bien par une stimulation des CS que des afférences distales des NP CA2, et ceci via une modulation de la balance excitation/inhibition. Nous avons démontré que ces augmentations du rapport excitation/inhibition sont les conséquences directes de la DLTi RDO-dépendante. De plus, la DLTi permet le recrutement des NP CA2 par les NP CA3 alors qu’une inhibition intacte empêche complètement leur activation en réponse aux stimulations des CS. Par ailleurs, le recrutement des pyramides de CA2 par les CS après disinhibition activité-dépendante ajoute une composante polysynaptique (SC-CA2-CA1) au PPS monosynaptique (SC-CA1) dans les NP CA1 et augmente leur activité. De plus, l’inactivation des interneurones exprimant la parvalbumine à l’aide d’outils pharmacogénétiques, a montré que ces cellules inhibitrices contrôlent fortement l'amplitude du PPS et l’activité des NP CA2 en réponse à la stimulation des CS et qu’elles sont nécessaires à l'augmentation RDO-dépendante du rapport excitation/inhibition entre CA3 et CA2. Enfin, l'étude de la zone CA2 chez les souris Df(16)A+/- a révélé plusieurs modifications dépendantes de l'âge dont une réduction de l'inhibition, une altération de la plasticité du rapport excitation/inhibition entre CA3 et CA2 et une hyperpolarisation NP CA2. Ces modifications cellulaires peuvent expliquer les déficiences de mémoire sociale que nous observons chez les souris Df(16)A+/- adultes. L’ensemble de nos études a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle des neurones CA2 dans les circuits de l'hippocampe. Enfin pour conclure, nous postulons que le recrutement des neurones CA2 dans les réseaux neuronaux sous-tend des aspects particuliers de la fonction de l'hippocampe. / The hippocampus is a region of critical importance for memory formation. Recent studies have shown that the long-overlooked hippocampal region CA2 plays a role in certain forms of memory, including social recognition. Furthermore, post-mortem studies of schizophrenic patients have revealed specific changes in area CA2. As yet, the role of CA2 neurons in the hippocampal circuitry remains poorly understood under both normal physiological and pathological conditions. By combining pharmacology, mouse genetics and electrophysiology, we investigated how CA2 pyramidal neurons (PNs) could be recruited in hippocampal circuits in mice hippocampal slices following an activity-dependent change in the strength of their inhibitory inputs. We further investigated how subsequent recruitment of CA2 PNs could modulate hippocampal output. Moreover, we examined the functional alterations of area CA2 in the Df(16)A+/- mouse model of the 22q11.2 microdeletion, a spontaneous chromosomal deletion that is the highest known genetic risk factor for developing schizophrenia. In area CA2, inhibitory synapses exert a powerful control of Schaffer collateral (SC) inputs and undergo a unique long-term depression (iLTD) mediated by delta-opioid receptor (DOR) activation. Unlike SC-CA1 synapses, SC-CA2 excitatory synapses fail to express long-term potentiation after classical induction protocols. However, we found that different patterns of activity persistently increase both the SC and the distal input net excitatory drive onto CA2 PNs via a modulation of the balance between excitation and inhibition. We demonstrated that increases in the excitatory/inhibitory ratio are direct consequences of the DOR-mediated iLTD. Interestingly, we found that the inhibition in area CA2 completely preventing CA3 PNs to activate CA2 PNs, and following iLTD, SC stimulation allows CA2 PNs to fire action potentials. Moreover, the recruitment of CA2 PNs by SC intra-hippocampal inputs after their activity-dependent disinhibition adds a delayed SC-CA2-CA1 response to the SC-CA1 monosynaptic post-synaptic potential (PSP) in CA1 and increases CA1 PN activity. Furthermore, pharmaco-genetic silencing of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons revealed that these inhibitory cells control the PSP amplitude and the firing of CA2 PNs in response to SC stimulation and are necessary for the DOR-mediated increase in excitatory/inhibitory balance between CA3 and CA2. Finally, we found several age-dependent alterations in area CA2 in Df(16)A+/- mouse model of the 22q11.2 microdeletion. These included a reduction in inhibition, an impaired activity-dependent modulation of the excitatory drive between CA3 and CA2 and a more hyperpolarized CA2 PN resting potential. These cellular disruptions may provide a potential mechanism for the social memory impairment that we observe in Df(16)A+/- adult mice. Altogether, our studies highlight the role of CA2 neurons in hippocampal circuitry. To conclude, we postulate that the recruitment of CA2 neurons in neuronal networks underlies key aspects of hippocampal function.

No description available.