This study examines the current pastoralists' education situation in Uganda in the context of the education policy established, and non-formal education interventions being conducted among the Bahima and Karimojong pastroralists by both Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations, as an attempt to address the problems and issues of illiteracy and pastoral development. It is evident that education for pastoralists in Uganda creates a social consciousness with values, norms, knowledge and skills, which have a complex and dynamic relationship among the pastoralists. The problems of investigation in this research focus on information available on the functioning of pastoralism for effective provision of non-formal education programmes to the Bahima and Karimojong pastoralists; and how effectively the providers of non-formal education programmes can integrate the nomadic livelihood in the provision of non-formal education The literature review has focused on the Bahima and Karimojong pastoralists, but attempts have also been made to draw relevant lessons from other nomadic groups like Gypsies, travellers, and occupational travellers. The review has been intended to sharpen specific aspects related to pastoral and national education practices that can enable appropriate and strategic provision and implementation of non-formal education programmes to occur among the Bahima and Karimojong pastoralists in their pastoral context. Qualitative research methods used in the study were fundamentally relevant and suited for locating the meaning that semi-nomadic Bahima and Karimojong pastoralists placed on events, processes and structures of their lives, their perceptions, assumptions, prejudgments, presumptions, and for connecting these meanings to the social world around them. Presentation and analysis of data is divided into three sections including a recast of the items in the interview schedules, a summary of the research findings presented on a conceptually clustered Matrix Sheet, and a presentation of the data analysis resulting form the data displayed on the Matrix Sheet. Recommendations of the study have been clustered under the following three thematic categories: · Relevance of non-formal education programmes to the Bahima and Karimojong pastoraslist, · Factors for implementation of non-formal education programmes, and · Strategies for implementation and sustenance of non-formal education programmes among the Bahima and Karimojong pastoralists. / Educational Studies / MED (COMPARATIVE EDUCATION)

La région du Sahel a connu ces dernières années des violences terroristes sans précédent. Dans le Sahel central (Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger), selon les chiffres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, on a dénombré 4000 décès pour l’année 2019 contre 770 décès en 2016. En ce qui concerne le Burkina Faso, le chef du Bureau des Nations Unies pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest et le Sahel, Mohamed Ibn Chambas, rapportait devant les membres du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies que : « le nombre de personnes tuées au Burkina Faso est passé d’environ 80 en 2016 à plus de 1800 en 2019 ». Afin de mettre fin aux violences terroristes et protéger les biens et les populations civiles, plusieurs acteurs dont les Forces de défense et de sécurité, les groupes d’autodéfense et les volontaires pour la défense de la patrie sont engagés dans la lutte contre le terrorisme au Burkina Faso. Toutefois ces derniers ont commis des exactions envers les populations civiles, notamment la communauté peule sur fond d’amalgame entre Peuls et terroristes. De plus, les pasteurs peuls sont sujets à des violences du fait de conflits intercommunautaires. Le présent mémoire se veut donc mener une réflexion sur la protection de cette communauté vulnérable. À cet égard, deux schémas de protection sont envisagés. Dans un premier temps, il est question de traiter de la protection des pasteurs nomades peuls sous le prisme de la protection internationale des minoritaires. Ce faisant, le droit positif sera mis à contribution. En ce sens que l’on traitera de la protection des minorités par les instruments de droits humains. Dans un deuxième temps, on verra qu’il sied d’envisager une approche préventive de la protection des groupes minoritaires, en intégrant les groupes protégés (femmes et enfants) dans la prévention des conflits, étant donné que la protection constitutionnelle des minorités souhaitée dans le premier schéma présente des limites : l’État burkinabè ne reconnaissant pas constitutionnellement les minorités. / The Sahel region has experienced unprecedented terrorist violence in recent years. In the central Sahel (Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger), according to United Nations figures, there were 4,000 deaths for the year 2019 compared to 770 deaths in 2016. About Burkina Faso, the head of the UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel, Mohamed Ibn Chambas, reported to the members of the UN Security Council that “the number of people killed in Burkina Faso has risen from about 80 in 2016 to more than 1,800 in 2019.” To put an end to terrorist violence and protect property and civilians, several actors, including the Defense and Security Forces, self-defense groups, and volunteers for the defense of the homeland are engaged in the fight against terrorism in Burkina Faso. However, the latter have committed acts of violence against civilians, particularly the Fulani community, while confusing Fulani with terrorists. In addition, Fulani pastoralists are subject to violence because of intercommunity conflicts. This thesis therefore aims to reflect on the protection of this vulnerable community. In this regard, two protection schemes are considered. First, the protection of nomadic Fulani pastoralists will be addressed through the prism of the international protection of minorities. In doing so, positive law will be called upon. In this sense, we will deal with the protection of minorities by human rights instruments. Secondly, it will be seen that it is appropriate to consider a preventive approach to the protection of minority groups, by integrating the protected groups (women and children) into conflict prevention, given that the constitutional protection of minorities desired in the first outline has its limits: the Burkinabe state does not constitutionally recognize minorities.

This thesis is a study of the impact of militarisation, conflict and Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) proliferation on women and children amongst the pastoralist communities of North East Africa. It explores the way pastoralists communities' lives have changed over the decades with the introduction of SALW to make cattle rustling a lethal pastime that involves all members of society but with implications for the vulnerable population caught between warring groups. The study delves into the variety of options facing them, such as the fact that the dangers posed by introduction of SALW in turn militarises the vulnerable population caught between being helpless bystanders or taking up arms to defend their herds or else perish from hunger when the remaining stock are stolen at gunpoint. After an introductory chapter examining thematic issues involved in the complex web knitted by militarisation, conflict, SALW proliferation, cattle rustling and pastoralist communities, the thesis examines circumstances surrounding the need to wage war on neighbours in cattle raids pitting pastoralist communities' against governments interested in the pursuit of politics that disfavour their interests. The following chapters examine various aspects of this complex militarisation/SALW proliferation/cattle rustling web placing it in the context of the subsequent implications for both the pastoralist communities' vulnerable population and the security of the entire region. It delves into ways the vulnerable population is impacted upon with a view to show that the side effects have far-reaching implications for the pastoralists and citizens of the states they belong to. We analyse existing efforts to combat proliferation and instruments aimed at protecting the vulnerable population in armed conflict with a view to ascertain their strengths and challenges. We finally examine possible ways out of the quagmire resulting from the marriage between SALW proliferation and cattle rustling and conclude by offering policy recommendations.