G. Gunby Jordan, a southern industrialist, banker, and philanthropist, became one of the forefathers of modern vocational educational practices in the United States. Exercising his influence in various economic endeavors as well as most educational experiments in Columbus, GA, he developed a “practical” educational system that began to resemble the stratified and paternalistic textile mill towns that dominated Columbus, GA in the early twentieth century. The purpose of this research is to document the influence that Jordan’s policies, ideals, and friends had on the development of vocational education in Columbus, GA. Racial and class conflicts impacted the success of educational reforms began by Jordan; these themes are continually explored throughout this research in order to discern how they influenced the policies and legacy of G. Gunby Jordan. This manuscript is organized by a combination of thematic and chronological structures. When chronological order would benefit the understanding of the subject of the research it will be employed; but in order to engage the reader in a myriad of topics and ideas throughout this dissertation, the thematic approach presents itself as the more desirable alternative than simple chronology. Despite Jordan’s contributions to the history of vocational education, no biography of Jordan has ever been written, thus Jordan’s influence within the city gave birth to a specific kind of education that has yet to be explored. Utilizing historical research methods, I have incorporated primary sources from numerous archives, historic newspapers, the private collection of the Jordan family, and numerous secondary resources to analyze Jordan’s educational influence in Columbus, GA. This research revealed that the power of Jordan’s monumental contributions to educational policies was due to his political and financial status; this combination produced an industrial tycoon, an educational idealist, and a man who was an agent for change. Jordan did not act alone in his reforms for Columbus. Through his collaboration with industrial and philanthropist colleagues, he was able to make significant improvements to libraries, adult education, kindergartens, vocational education, and African American education in Columbus while continuing policies that would discriminate and subjugate those who were deemed unworthy of moral, social, and economic promotion.

C’est à travers une succession de crises rapprochées : le phylloxéra, les deux Guerres mondiales, la prohibition, la crise de 1929, les grèves de 1936, que s’est constitué dans le champagne un modèle social original. Celui-ci forme le fondement sur lequel l’ensemble des professionnels ont pu bâtir ensuite, dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, leur prospérité. La Maison Veuve Clicquot de 1908 à 1964 représente une bonne illustration de ce phénomène. Au cours de cette période, elle met en place un large système de protection sociale pour ses ouvriers. Cette politique s’inscrit alors dans une stratégie de gestion de la main-d’œuvre visant à stabiliser une aristocratie ouvrière au sein de laquelle la culture du métier constitue un élément central. Cette politique sociale sait évoluer et s’adapter à la fois aux changements de la société et de la production. Ainsi, lorsque la mécanisation, mais aussi l’émancipation des travailleurs remettent en cause ce modèle établi, les dirigeants abandonnent le paternalisme pour se tourner vers des relations plus paritaires grâce à l’institution d’un système d’intéressement.Parallèlement à cette politique interne, les négociants développent des politiques sociales vers l’extérieur, au bénéfice de leurs fournisseurs. Il s’agit de fidéliser les vignerons livreurs en leur garantissant une stabilité économique en dépit des aléas importants sur la période des expéditions de champagne. On observe dans ce domaine la même évolution des relations du paternalisme vers une nouvelle forme de paritarisme que manifeste la constitution d’institutions interprofessionnelles de type corporatif. Dans leur genèse, la Maison Clicquot joue un rôle déterminant. / It is throughout a great number of consecutive crises : the phylloxera, the two World Wars, Prohibition, the 1929 crisis, the 1936 strikes, that champagne built its original social model. This social model is the foundation on which the professionals were able to develop their business during the second part of the twentieth century. From 1908 to 196, Veuve Clicquot is a good illustration of this phenomenon. During this period, the firm created a social protection for its workers. This policy was part of a management plan which tried to maintain the stability of workers elite for whom the trade culture was a central aspect. This social policy was able to follow society and production shifts. For instance, when mechanization and workers emancipation appeared, throwing the model back into question, the executive gave away paternalism to introduce new joint relationships (between labor and management) thanks to the institution of a profit-sharing system.At the same time, the champagne houses developed external social policies that were beneficial for their suppliers, the wine growers. The stakes of these social policies were to secure their loyalty and to warrant them an economic stability despite the great variations of the market during the period of champagne sales. The same evolution from paternalism to a new kind of classless relationships, that can be observed in this field of activity, is demonstrated with the constitution of corporate interprofessional institutions. Veuve Clicquot played a decisive part in this setup.

Denna uppsats undersöker de fem svenska utgåvorna av Ett barn blir till från 1965, 1976, 1990, 2003 och 2009 för att se hur den gravida kvinnan skildras i relation till medicinska yrkesgrupper och ny teknik. Genom att studera samtliga utgåvor har det varit möjligt att belysa en förändring över tid när det gäller skildringen av kvinnan, medicinen och tekniken. Det har blivit tydligt att medicinsk paternalism till stor det har övergetts för ett ökat patientperspektiv, och att de senare utgåvorna av boken tecknar en bild av mödravården istället för ett porträtt av en enskild läkare. Skildringen av den nya tekniken synliggör dels en distansering mellan kvinnan och hennes upplevelse av att vara gravid, och dels en fascination för teknikens möjligheter. De nya reproduktiva teknikerna leder dock till en ökad betoning på den heterosexuella kärleken och innebär inte någon förändring i kvinnans roll i boken. Uppsatsen visar på att det finns ett dokumentärt anspråk i Ett barn blir till och att fotografierna i kombination med text utger sig för att skildra verkligheten så som den är och att detta innebär en maktfaktor.

[pt] A Companhia Brasil Industrial iniciou o projeto de construção de uma nova fábrica de tecidos na Província do Rio de Janeiro na segunda metade do século XIX. Construída aos pés da Serra do Mar, na região denominada Vale do Paraíba, a fábrica constituiu o maior projeto da indústria têxtil do Império brasileiro. Essa dissertação procura acompanhar o modo pelo qual se estabeleceram, na localidade, entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX, redes de relação paternalista que marcavam o modo pelo qual os trabalhadores lidavam com a direção da Fábrica - em uma tensa e sutil negociação através da qual buscavam espaços possíveis de autonomia e liberdade. Para isso, se debruça em elementos que marcavam o cotidiano dos trabalhadores da localidade – como a festa de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, a formação de uma banda de música, o grupo de teatro Servos de Thalma, a celebração do carnaval e o clube de futebol Paracambi F.C. . / [en] Brazil Industrial Company began the project of building a new textile factory in the province of Rio de Janeiro in the second half of the nineteenth century. Built at the foot of the Serra do Mar, in the region known as Vale do Paraíba, the factory was the largest project of the textile industry of the Brazilian Empire. This dissertation seeks to track the way in which they settled in the town, between the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, networks paternalistic relationship that marked the way in which workers handled the direction of the factory - in a tense and subtle negotiation through which sought possible spaces of autonomy and freedom. To do so, focuses on the everyday elements that marked the location of workers - as the feast of Our Lady of Conception, the formation of a band music, the theater group Servos de Thalma, the celebration of carnival and football club Paracambi F. C..

This thesis provides a framework to understand and apply the philosophical principles of paternalism to determine the most reasonable actions states can take in regard to marijuana legalization. As matters currently stand in U.S. policy, states must decide whether they will prohibit, decriminalize, or legalize marijuana. First, I will give a brief history of marijuana regulations and societal perceptions in the United States. Second, I will define and differentiate concepts of illegalization, decriminalization, and legalization from one another. Third, I will summarize and analyze Joel Feinberg and Sarah Conly's arguments against and for paternalism, respectively. I will conclude by applying the strengths of each philosopher's arguments with respect to the marijuana debate to offer a policy that is both just and effective.

The aim of this thesis is to identify the potentials of nudging as a managerial method. The focus is on employees who have no basic apprenticeship in the area in which they operate. The work consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part establishes a common understanding of central terms and creates a uniform basis as well as connecting points. Some forms of nudging, which come into question for the purpose of leadership, are presented. The following practical part tries to combine the insights described in the first part and illustrate them with some examples.

Denna studie bygger på en analys om religionsfrihetens gränser och om konfessionell skola går att rättfärdiga utifrån de mänskliga rättigheterna. Syftet med studien har varit att problematisera religiösa friskolor som vilar på konfessionell grund, i förhållande till de mänskliga rättigheterna och barnkonventionen i Sverige. Studien har undersökt barnets autonomi i relation till paternalismen för att granska spänningen som finns mellan dessa två parter. Fokuset ligger på barnets autonomi och artikel 14 från barnkonventionen, även artikel 18 från den allmänna deklarationen av de mänskliga rättigheterna har tolkats för att applicera dessa på den konfessionella skolan. Begreppen som har identifierats är barnets autonomi, paternalism, religionsfrihet och de mänskliga rättigheterna. För att sedan ha applicerat dessa på artikel 14 samt 18 och analyserat till att resultatet blir en mängd olika faktorer som antingen rättfärdigar eller inte. Detta på grund av att barnkonventionen ännu är i process och behöver tolkas för att tillämpas i samhället, men också svår tolkat för spänningen som finns mellan dessa rättigheter. Artiklarna säger att föräldrarna har rätt till att fostra barnet in till en egen religiös övertygelse samtidigt som barnet själv får bestämma sin egen tro. Föräldrarnas paternalistiska agerade kan utgå från en agenda att vilja fostra barnet till ens egen övertygelse och detta strider mot barnkonventionen. Barnet har rättigheten till att tro på sin egen övertygelse som barnet själv kan resonera fram till. Detta för att barn under 18 år kan vara autonoma och det ligger snarare på föräldrarna att kunna se det. En viktig aspekt har också för denna studie grundat sig i att den konfessionella skolar är olika uppbyggda beroende på skola. Det avgör också om det sker en spänning mellan de mänskliga rättigheterna eller inte.

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Genetic medicine is an emerging area of healthcare which constantly raises novel ethical challenges in the clinical realm due to its capacity to reveal information that has deeply personal meaning. Genetic tests can reveal more than is strictly essential for immediate medical care because they can diagnose conditions that cannot be cured, treated or effectively managed. The diagnosis of a genetic condition in one individual can have repercussions throughout an extended family, and genetic knowledge has created innovative, technologically driven, reproductive options. For clients of genetic counselling, moral choice does not readily result from uncluttered logic or easy personal preference, nor does it involve the application of sterile principles and laws, but is a much richer process involving personal history and culture, as well as reflection upon personal values, current resources and projected life goals. For these reasons, I question the validity of the exclusive use of a narrow version of Principlism, as it is commonly operationalised, for the medical sub-specialty of clinical genetics. Its heavy emphasis on individual autonomy, which has become synonymous with clinical medicine, does not take into account the fact that most genetic tests have little or no immediate clinical utility, or that genetic medicine is primarily about the way in which genetic conditions pass through families, and management of recurrence risks by choice of reproductive options. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to develop and explore a broader contextual moral framework, which is better suited to deliberation about complex ethical dilemmas in clinical genetics, than the current dominant approach which tends to follow a restrictive and non-inclusive application of Principlism. To achieve this aim, I have started with a review of relevant history and socio-political forces that have shaped the current status of the genetic medicine, and examined the evolution of current attitudes that underpin recognition, analysis and management of the ethical challenges in genetic medicine. I have analysed the manner in which Principlism and other normative theories are employed by bioethicists and clinicians in response to ethical dilemmas, and presented an alternative approach which employs a broader contextual ethical framework. I have devised an approach which attends to the importance of both current social opinion, and the tradition of evidence-based medicine, with reference to selected traditions in philosophical analysis. vi In conclusion, I advocate attention to concrete circumstances, which includes recognition of historical development, which has shaped current medical and wider social values, beliefs, norms and attitudes political context, including critical analysis of relevant political motivations social context, particularly situational power structures, trust relationships and relational obligations personal values, resources and experiences of the stakeholder(s) the range of realistically available options for the stakeholder(s) the impact of economic limits, which might be institutional and / or personal And, to achieve this objective of building a ‘thick’ ethical discourse, I propose a series of questions, which can be readily utilised by genetic and non-genetic health professionals as well as other members of society to work towards resolutions that represent a balance of fairness, economic responsibility with scarce resources, and socially acceptability. This approach appropriately attends to the relational and communicative aspects of moral dilemmas in clinical genetics, and is likely to yield more meaningful (and less likely paternalistic) conclusions, which would be of greater value to our morally pluralist society.

<p>The health care formulation of the principle of autonomy can be expressed as follows; ‘you shall not treat a patient without the informed consent of the patient, or his or her lawfulsurrogate, except in narrowly defined emergencies’. The principle of beneficence refers to a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. In heath care, the good or benefit in question is the restoration of the health of the patient. In fulfilling this obligation of beneficence, the physician sometimes intentionally overrides the patient’s preferences or actions for the purpose of benefiting the patient. This is called paternalism. It therefore amounts to a violation of the principle of autonomy and hence there arises a tension or conflict between autonomy and beneficence.</p><p>The principle of autonomy claims to be pre-eminent to the principle of beneficence and vice versa. Both have their arguments as well as their limitations. However, there is the need for at least weak paternalism for the mentally ill patients because of their diminished autonomy. But in the case of the temporarily mentally ill patient whose autonomy is both restored and diminished following the periodic and intermittent occurrence of his or her mental illness, there is a need to go deeper to find justification for paternalistic intervention.</p><p>Both act and rule utilitarianism will find justification for paternalism in this case because the consequence of the action will be greater good for both the patient and the society. Kantianism will give it support from the point of view that the intention is to restore the autonomy of the patient by not using him or her as a means but as and end in himself or herself. Beauchamp and Childress will equally throw their weight behind the justification since prima facie obligations could be overridden in a conflict situation and since restricting a short term autonomy to protect and advance long term autonomy will appeal to common morality.</p>