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Background: HIV and AIDS is a severe infectious disease. The first cases of AIDS were recorded amongst homosexual men in the United States. The disease has been found in more than 200 countries. There is a stigma surrounding the disease and patients are still being exposed to discrimination and indignity. Bad interactions between patients and healthcare personnel (HCP) caused concern and the patients avoided care to great extent. Aim: The aim was to increase the understanding of HIV and AIDS patients' experiences of the encounters with HCP in a medical context. Method: The method was grounded in analysis of qualitative research and was used to create an oversight of a specific phenomenon. Systematic searches in PubMed and Cinahl along with unsystematic searches resulted in 11 qualitative articles. The articles was analyzed and resulted in three main and six under themes. Results: The result indicated that the patients experienced both positive but mainly negative experiences. The experiences that was described was attributes among the HCP, actions in the meetings and feelings among the patients. The attitude towards the patients failed in healthcare situations and was uttered through discrimination and indignity. Confidentiality was breached and patients were denied care. Couclusion: The stigmatatism was widely figured in the healtcare system and had its core in the lack of knowledge about the disease. It is of fundamental importancy to increase the knowledge about the disease, for both HCP and the public.

Bakgrund: Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska skapa förståelse för vilken inverkan enurinkateter kan ha på personers liv för att kunna ge en så god omvårdnad som möjligt.Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka patienters erfarenheter av att leva med enurinkateter. Metod: Studien har gjorts genom en strukturerad litteraturstudie med ensystematisk sökning. En analys enligt Fribergs anvisningar utfördes på åtta kvalitativaartiklar. Resultat: Fyra teman identifierades utifrån olika aspekter av hur patientererfor att leva med en urinkateter: Möjligheter och begränsningar i det vardagliga livet,Att inte ha tillräcklig kunskap, Rädsla och obehag samt Självuppfattning ochrelationer med andra. Något som framkom tydligt var betydelsen av hur patienterupplevde introduktionen av katetern och hur det sedan påverkade resten av livet medden. Implikation: För sjuksköterskor är det viktigt att tänka på att patienterna skallleva med katetern i hela livet. För vidare forskning kan det vara intressant att forskakring hur patienterna hanterar svårigheter som uppkommer och hur sjuksköterskankan informera, stödja och förbereda patienterna inför ett liv med katetern. / Background: It is important for nurses to create understanding about the impact aurinary catheter can have on people’s lives to be able to provide as good care aspossible. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of patients livingwith a urinary catheter. Method: The study was conducted through a structuredliterature review with a systematic search. An analysis according to Friberg’sinstructions was performed, based on eight qualitative articles. Results: Four themeswere identified based on different aspects of how patients experienced their lives witha urinary catheter: Possibilities and limitations in everyday life, Not having sufficientknowledge, Fear and discomfort as well as Self-image and relationships with others.Something that became clear was the importance of the patients’ experiencesregarding the introduction of the catheter and how that effected the rest of thepatients’ lives with it. Implication: For nurses, it is important to remember that thepatients must live with the catheter for the rest of their lives. For further research, itmay be interesting to research how patients deal with the problems that arise and hownurses can inform, support and prepare the patients for a life with the catheter.

Bakgrund: När livet på grund av sjukdom börjar närma sig slutet och döden är nära, kan patienten befinna sig i en situation då ett besked ges att botande behandling kommer avslutas. Den fortsatta vården kommer istället riktas mot symtomlindring och att få en värdig sista tid i livet. Övergången från vardagen till palliativ vård kan ses som en hälso- och sjukvårdsrelaterad transition som påverkar patientens livsvärld. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelse av övergången från vardagen till palliativ vård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där induktiv design användes. Tio artiklar med kvalitativ analys inkluderades. Med hjälp av Fribergs femstegsmodell har artiklarna granskats, bearbetats och analyserats. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer att patienter i övergången från vardagen till palliativ vård upplever känslor av ovisshet och förlust. Stöd i övergången påverkar patienters upplevelser av hopp och värdighet. Resultatet visar också att introduktion till palliativ vård tidigt i sjukdomsförloppet påverkar känslan av trygghet och värdighet. Resultatet presenteras i fem teman, Ovisshet, Förlust, Hopp, Stöd samt Värdighet. Slutsats: Patienter upplever osäkerhet och ovisshet i övergången från vardagen till palliativ vård. Tidig introduktion till palliativ vård och därmed stöd från sjuksköterskan och närstående i transitionen skapar trygghet och värdighet. / Background: When life due to illness is approaching the end and death is near, often the patient is informed that curative treatment must be discontinued and that care instead focus on symptom relief and to get a worthy last time in life. The transition from everyday life to palliative care can be seen as a health-related transition that affects the patient's life-world.Purpose: To describe patients' experience of the transition from everyday life to palliative care. Method: A literature overview with inductive design has been conducted. Ten articles with qualitative analysis were included. With the help of Friberg's five-step model, the articles have been reviewed, processed and analyzed. Result: The result shows that patients in the transition from everyday life to the palliative care experience feelings of uncertainty and loss. Support in the transition affect patients' experiences of hope and dignity. The result also shows that early introduction to palliative care affects the sense of safety and dignity. The results presented in five themes, Uncertainty, Loss, Hope, Support and Dignity. Conclusion: Patients experiencing insecurity and uncertainty in the transition from everyday life to palliative care. Early introduction to palliative care with support from nurses and relatives in the transition creates security and dignity.

Background: When an individual is cared for in a hospital, which is a new and unknown environment, this can create feelings of uncertainty and insecurity for some. Insecurity can lead to a feeling of pressure and makes the caring more difficult. This can therefore worsen the recovery for the patient. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate the patient's perceived experience of safety at hospital. Method: A literature based study was done based on ten qualitative articles among men- and women at hospital. Result: The study showed that the feeling of safety could be experienced when the patient felt confirmed, the patient feels involved in their own care and when nursing staff cares for the patient. To felt safe is also found in how patients perceive their environment through the hospital's physical and social environment. The result of the articles were presented in two main themes; the meaning of the caring relationship and presence of others. Conclusion: There was several factors that contribute to the feeling of safety for the patient in hospital care. Patients’ feelings of safety can be experienced by acts such as to be confirmed by the care giving staff, the patient's opportunity to be involved and when the patient feels cared about. / Examensarbetet har för avsikt att belysa patienters upplevda erfarenhet av trygghet vid sjukhusvård. Trygghet är ett filosofiskt begrepp med olika innebörder och upplevs olika från individ till individ. Trygghet kan delas in i både inre och yttre trygghet där den inre tryggheten skapas av positiva minnen från barndomen såsom minnen från en vacker sommardag. Inre trygghet kan också skapas i vuxen ålder av positiva erfarenheter såsom bli väl bemött och omhändertagen under sjukhusvården. Yttre trygghet kan ses såsom miljön patienten har runt sig. Detta examensarbete benämner det som den sociala och fysiska miljön. Den sociala miljön skapas av närvaro av närstående, andra patienter och vårdpersonal. Den fysiska miljön handlar om hur sjukhusmiljön är utformad och påverkar den sociala miljön. Resultatet från de tio vetenskapliga artiklarna inkluderade i examensarbetet visar att upplevelse av trygghet är associerad med upplevelsen av vårdrelationen och relationen till andra signifikanta personer. Det framkommer att upplevelse av trygghet påverkas av graden av delaktighet i vården, relationen till personalen och närstående samt den fysiska vårdmiljön.

<p>One third of all Swedish people will suffer in cancer. Pain is a common symptom in cancer patients. The pain is subjective and includes several dimensions. The dimensions of pain are the physical, psychological, social and spiritual. This is a literature review and the aim with this study was to identify the pain experience in patients with cancer receiving palliative care. Nineteen articles were analysed. The result shows that the physical pain was experienced as chronicle or episodic pain.</p><p>Psychological pain included fear, distress and anxiety. Social pain was a result of loss of relationships and ability to take part of activities. Spiritual pain was expressed as feelings of meaningless, hopelessness and fear for the future. Different kinds of dimensions cooperate with each other. They can strengthen each other and one dimension of pain can lead to another. The articles that have been analysed focus on several dimension of pain. To be able to relieve the pain and other symptoms, the nurse needs to have a holistic view of patients and to be aware of how all dimensions of pain that is expressed by the patient.</p>

One third of all Swedish people will suffer in cancer. Pain is a common symptom in cancer patients. The pain is subjective and includes several dimensions. The dimensions of pain are the physical, psychological, social and spiritual. This is a literature review and the aim with this study was to identify the pain experience in patients with cancer receiving palliative care. Nineteen articles were analysed. The result shows that the physical pain was experienced as chronicle or episodic pain. Psychological pain included fear, distress and anxiety. Social pain was a result of loss of relationships and ability to take part of activities. Spiritual pain was expressed as feelings of meaningless, hopelessness and fear for the future. Different kinds of dimensions cooperate with each other. They can strengthen each other and one dimension of pain can lead to another. The articles that have been analysed focus on several dimension of pain. To be able to relieve the pain and other symptoms, the nurse needs to have a holistic view of patients and to be aware of how all dimensions of pain that is expressed by the patient.

Background: Cancer-related pain is a major problem worldwide. Studies indicate that patients do not get an adequate pain relief. This creates a large suffering and results in major problems for the patient and their families. In order to minimize this kind of suffering caregivers need to understand how cancer-related pain is experienced by these patients, what it does to them and how it impacts their daily life.   Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients´ experience of living with cancer-related pain. Method: The method used for this study was a qualitative literature study. Nine articles from 2002 to 2012 and from five different countries were analyzed. Results: The results of this study are presented in four main themes and ten subthemes. The main themes were: A feeling of powerlessness; Fears that limit; A change in daily life and Seeking for meaning and an end to the suffering. All themes and subthemes give a description of patients´ experience of living with cancer-related pain. Conclusion: It is a great suffering to have cancer and it is even a greater suffering experiencing pain on a daily basis. Despite this, some patients still could see their situation as something positive and wellbeing was created. The nurses’ role in this kind of situations is essential in order to understand what the patient is experiencing, how it impacts on the patient and its life and how wellbeing can be formed.

Bakgrund: Stroke är den tredje vanligaste dödsorsaken i Sverige och konsekvenser av sjukdomsförloppet är individuellt, vilket kräver evidensbaserad kunskap kring omvårdnaden och den medicinska diagnosen. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka patienters upplevelser av omvårdnaden efter insjuknandet i stroke. Metod: Litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats. 14 artiklar valdes utifrån databassökningar i CINAHL och PubMed, och dessa kvalitetsgranskades utifrån en modifierad granskningsmall från Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering (SBU). Genom analys av insamlade data utvecklades gemensamma kategorier som utgjorde grunden för arbetets resultat. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier framträdde ur de samlade resultaten, ”Stressfylld miljö och oprofessionellt bemötande”, ”Otillräckligt stöd och avsaknad av social kontakt” samt ”Bristande information och kunskap”. Ur huvudkategorierna framkommer vad patienter som insjuknat i stroke anser är viktigt för en god omvårdnad. Resultatet påvisar även att patienter upplever brister i olika aspekter i omvårdnaden vilket påverkar deras sjukhusvistelse negativt och leder till at förtroendet för sjukvården minskar. Konklusion: Studierna sammanställdes och tre bidragande faktorer framträdde och resulterade i en sämre upplevelse av omvårdnad hos patienter som insjuknat i stroke. Studierna har påvisat brist på information, kunskap och tid bland sjuksköterskorna på sjukhuset och detta i sin tur är bidragande faktorer till flera brister i omvårdnaden i dag. / Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in Sweden and the consequences following the disease is individual which demands evidence-based knowledge of the nursing process as well as the medical diagnosis. Aim: The purpose of this study is to explore patients’ experiences of nursing after falling ill in stroke. Method: A literature review with a qualitative approach. 14 articles were selected from the two databases CINAHL and PubMed, and these articles went through a thorough quality control with a modified template from Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering (SBU). Through analyzing the collected data mutual categories emerged and created a foundation for the findings. Findings: Three main categories appeared from the results; “stress-filled environment and unprofessional behavior “lack of support and social contact” and “Lack of information and knowledge”. The main categories show that patients’ who have fallen ill in stroke express a lack of several factors in the healthcare which results in mistrust towards the healthcare in general. Conclusion: Through a compilation of studies, three contributing factors appeared to negatively affect the nursing experience for patients’ who had fallen ill in stroke. The studies showed a lack of information, knowledge and time by nurses at the hospital.

Bakgrund: Under år 2016 upptäcktes 64 000 maligna tumörer i Sverige. Cancer uppstår när det blir en rubbning i celldelningen och cellerna börjar dela sig okontrollerat. När det inte finns någon chans att en kurativ behandling skulle lyckas går man in i en palliativ behandling. Denna fokuserar på symtomlindring och stöd till både patientenoch närstående. Det är viktigt för sjuksköterskan att vara medveten om hur patienter med obotlig cancer upplever sin situation för att kunna ge en så god omvårdnad som möjligt. Syfte: Att beskriva vuxna personers upplevelser av att leva med obotlig cancer samt beskriva vilka datainsamlingsmetoder som använts i de valda artiklarna. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie som inkluderade tolv vetenskapliga artiklar, varav nio artiklar av kvalitativ ansats och tre av kvantitativ ansats. Sökningarna skedde i PubMed och Cinahl. De valda artiklarna analyserades sedan objektivt. Huvudresultat: Trötthet var ett av de vanligaste upplevda symtomen hos terminalt sjuka cancerpatienter. Rädsla för framtiden samt rädsla inför döden var vanligt upplevda känslor. Känsla av hopp ansågs viktig, likaså relationen till nära och kära. Kontakten med sjukvården kunde upplevas som frustrerande, dock beskrev många att de var tacksamma över den hjälp de fick. Slutsats: Att leva med en obotlig cancer påverkar personerna i både den fysiska, psykiska, sociala och existentiella delen av livet. En rädsla inför framtiden och döden beskrevs. För att minska personens lidande är det viktigt att vården fungerar och att sjuksköterskan kan bemöta den drabbade på dennes nivå. / Background: In 2016, 64,000 malignant tumors were discovered in Sweden. Cancer occurs when there is an abnormal cell growth and the cells start to divide uncontrollably. When there is no chance that a curative treatment would succeed the palliative treatment takes place. It focuses on symptom relief and support for both the patient and his/her relatives. It is important for the nurse to be aware of how patients with incurable cancer experience their situation in order to provide as good care as possible. Aim: To describe adult experiences of living with incurable cancer as well as to describe the data collection methods used in the selected articles. Method: A descriptive literature study, which included twelve scientific articles. Nine articles of qualitative approach, and three of quantitative approach. The searches took place in PubMed and Cinahl. The selected articles were then objectively analyzed. Key Findings: Fatigue was one of the most commonly experienced symptoms in terminally ill cancer patients. Fear of the future as well as fear of death were common feelings. Feeling of hope was considered important, as well as the relationship to loved ones. The contact with health care could be perceived as frustrating, however, many described that they were grateful for the help they received. Conclusion: Living with an incurable cancer affects the people in both the physical, mental, social and existential part of life. A fear of the future and death is described. In order to reduce the person's suffering it is important that the health care works and that the nurse can respond to the patient at his level.