Code switching involves the interplay of two languages and as well as serving linguistic functions, it has social and psychological implications. In the context of English language teaching, these psychological implications reveal themselves as teachers’ thought processes. While the nature of code switching in language classrooms has been widely studies, as yet little if any attention has been paid to the relationship between such switching and the beliefs of the teachers involved. This study is designed to respond this gap in current research. In the study, I worked with five student teachers undertaking their teaching practicum at a private school in Turkey, aiming to investigate their thinking in relation to code switching in their classrooms by using the analysis of classroom interactions, individual interviews and stimulated recall interviews. The first step of the research involved video recording lessons taught by the five student teachers within the framework of their university Teaching Practice course. This was followed by individual interviews with the student teachers focusing on their views of code switching during their teaching experience and their general views about language teaching. The last stage involved stimulated recall interviews with the student teachers based on selected extracts from their lessons chosen after an analysis of spoken interaction in their classes. The data were then analysed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that code switching is more than merely a linguistic matter; it is also indicative of a number of other dimensions including how teachers define themselves professionally, teacher beliefs, teacher identity, affective factors influencing teachers, and their relationships with supervisors. This study suggests that code switching could usefully be included as a topic in teacher education programmes and in supervisor/mentor training.

The Ruby-Humboldt Range in Northeastern Nevada exposes the deepest crust in the western portion of the Sevier Hinterland. The product of unique brittle and ductile accommodations, this block of lower crustal rock is a window into the processes of continental thickening and extension. The structure of the northern tip of the Ruby-Humboldt Range core complex is dominated by a large recumbent fold nappe with a southward closeure cored by Paleoproterozoic-Archean gneissic complexes with complex interdigitated field relationships that record polyphase continental metamorphism. Amphibolite-grade metapelitic rocks within the core and Winchell Lake nappe record a wide range of zircon age dates of metamorphic events the oldest of which at ~2.5 Ga is recorded in adjacent orthogneiss as a crystallization age. At least two younger metamorphic events are recorded within this orthogneiss, most significantly at 1.7-1.8 Ga, an event previously unpublished for this region that links it to Wyoming province activity in addition to inherited component of detrital cores up to 3.7 Ga in age that is among the oldest ages reported in Nevada. The youngest overprint of cretaceous metamorphic overgrowth ranges fro 60-90 Ma in age based on zircon rims in the aforementioned units as well as three garnet amphibolites that intrude the core of the nappe and are interpreted to be metabasic bodies.

The introduction of regional language bilingual education in France dates back to the late 1960s in the private education system and to the 1980s in the public system. Before this time the extensive use of regional languages was forbidden in French schools, which served as ‘local centres for the gallicisation of France’ (Blackwood 2008, 28). France began to pursue a French-only language policy from the time of the 1789 Revolution, with Jacobin ideology proposing that to be French, one must speak French. Thus began the shaping of France into a nation-state. As the result of the official language policy that imposed French in all public domains, as well as extra-linguistic factors such as the Industrial Revolution and the two World Wars, a significant language shift occurred in France during the twentieth century, as an increasing number of parents chose not to pass on their regional language to the next generation. In light of the decline in intergenerational transmission of the regional languages, Judge (2007, 233) concludes that ‘in the short term, everything depends on education in the [regional languages]’. This thesis analyses the development of language policy in bilingual education programmes in Alsace; Spolsky’s tripartite language policy model (2004), which focuses on language management, language practices and language beliefs, will be employed. In spite of the efforts of the State to impose the French language, in Alsace the traditionally non-standard spoken regional language variety, Alsatian, continued to be used widely until the mid-twentieth century. Whilst Alsatian has been spoken, the traditional language of writing and reference has been standard German. Today Alsace is a region of north eastern France, but it has existed under the political control of Germany for prolonged periods of time in the past, changing hands between the two countries five times between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. Since the mid-twentieth century a significant language shift away from Alsatian has occurred in the region, with estimates that over 90% spoke the language variety in 1946 in comparison with only 43% of the population in 2012 (OLCA 2012a). Regional language bilingual education programmes were introduced in Alsace in the early 1990s in the private and public education systems. In both systems the language-in-education policy supported has primarily promoted the learning of and through French and standard German. The case study that forms the central part of the thesis seeks to examine current language policy in practice. It will analyse the place of Alsatian in the modern regional language bilingual classroom and examine the language beliefs of the key actors in the bilingual education programmes (namely parents, teachers and policy-makers at regional level). Finally, it will discuss what this means for efforts to reverse the language shift in twenty-first-century Alsace.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Geología / Geólogo / El plutón Caleu se ubica en la parte más oriental y joven del Batolito Costero de Chile central (~33ºC), entre las regiones Metropolitana y de Valparaíso, posee un registro único del magmatismo generado a estas latitudes en el clímax del rifting del Cretácico Superior. Corresponde principalmente a un cuerpo compuesto por cuatro franjas de orientación N-S, de composiciones dioríticas a monzograníticas, y con más de ~1000 m de exposiciones verticales en sus partes mediales. Sus zonas litológicas corresponden a: Zona Gabrodiorítica (GDZ), Zona Granodiorítica (GZ), Zona Cuarzo-Monzodiorítica (QMDZ), y Zona Monzogranítica (MGZ). En el presente estudio se utilizó geoquímica y geocronología U-Pb de circones de cada una de las zonas litológicas, junto con determinaciones de geoquímica en roca total para descifrar la etapa tardimagmática del plutón Caleu. Los resultados arrojaron edades 208Pb/235U de 99.7±1.0 (2σ; MSWD = 2.2), 96.8±1.1 (2σ; MSWD = 3.1), 96.8±1.0 (2σ; MSWD = 3.5) y 94.7±0.7 (2σ; MSWD = 0.95) evidenciando un leve decremento de edades de muestras huéspedes básicas a más ácidas, correspondiente a un desarrollo prolongado de la etapa tardimagmática del plutón Caleu. Temperaturas de cristalización de circón (calculadas a partir del termómetro de titanio en circón), muestran dispersiones entre 680 y 850ºC, sin correlaciones claras con su edad. Por otro lado, la geoquímica de circones y de roca total de las partes superiores del plutón (extraídos de QMDZ) evidencian enriquecimiento y dispersión anómalo en sus concentraciones de REE. Basado en un enfoque numérico según modelación termodinámica con el software MELTS, los fundidos que generaron circón (en las unidades GDZ, GZ y QMDZ) fueron altamente cristalinos (66-89% volumétrico de cristales), y se asemejan a MGZ en composiciones, estas ventanas de cristalinidad definen un sistema mush en donde la eficiencia de extracción de líquidos residuales es óptima. Por otro lado se estima que los fundidos que generaron circones en MGZ corresponden a una generación temprana (~32% vol. de cristales), reflejando fraccionamiento de sólidos (posiblemente circón, apatito, hornblenda y/o titanita). Tomando en consideración las evidencias geocronológicas, geotermométricas y composicionales, se propone un mecanismo de advección de líquidos desde su reservorio a través de un sistema magmático altamente cristalino, capaz de dar explicación al desarrollo prolongado y geoquímicamente críptico de la etapa tardimagmática del plutón Caleu.

Thesis advisor: J. Christopher Hepburn / The Nashoba terrane of SE New England is one of three peri-Gondwanan tectonic blocks caught between Laurentia and Gondwana during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean in the early to mid- Paleozoic. U-Pb analyses (LA-ICP-MS) were carried out on zircon suites from the meta-sedimentary rocks of the Nashoba terrane. The youngest detrital zircons in the meta-sedimentary rocks of the Nashoba terrane are Ordovician in age. There is no significant difference in age between meta-sedimentary units of the Nashoba terrane across the Assabet River Fault Zone, a major fault zone that bisects the NT in a SE and a NW par. Zircon in meta-sedimentary rocks in the Marlboro Fm., the oldest unit of the Nashoba terrane, is rare, which may reflect the basaltic nature of the source material, and is commonly metamict. The Marlboro Fm. contained the oldest detrital grain of all the analyzed samples, with a core of ~3.3 Ga and rim of ~2.6 Ga indicating that it was sourced from Archaen crustal material. Detrital zircons from the Nashoba terrane show a complete age record between the Paleoproterozoic and Paleozoic that strongly supports a provenance from the Oaxiqua margin of Amazonia. The detrital zircon suite of the Nashoba terrane is distinct from both Avalonia and the Merrimack belt; however, they resemble zircon suites from Ganderia. This study proposes that the Nashoba terrane of Massachusetts correlates with the passive trailing edge of Ganderia. Finally, metamorphic zircon analyses of the terrane show that the Nashoba terrane experienced a peak in hydrothermal fluid infiltration during the Neoacadian orogeny. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

No presente trabalho, os recursos hídricos da faixa costeira Recife-João Pessoa, na área estudada, são enfocados como pertencentes a um sistema hidrológico natural constituído por dois subsistemas fortemente inter-relacionados, representados por água superficial e água subterrânea. Cada subsistema coexiste com seus atributos - quantidade e qualidade da água. Esses atributos, embora não constituam subsistemas, se interligam por relações de causa e efeito. Desta maneira, existe uma relação direta entre a quantidade e a qaulidade de um corpo de água (aqüífero, riacho, reservatório de acumulação, rio ou estuário), de modo que a um aumento de água escoada corresponderá um aumento (melhoria) em sua qualidade. De maneira análoga, qualquer modificação hidrológica provocada no sistema, por uma intervenção antrópica que afete a quantidade de água também afetará a qualidade desta. E, pelo fato dos dois subsistemas interagirem, ocorrerá uma reação de impactos secundários, em cadeia, dentro do sistema. Tais impactos poderão prejudicar os usuários dos recursos d\'água. Por isso, uma falha técnica na gestão de um dos subsistemas resultará em um uso ineficiente do sistema como um todo. Uso e gestão do recurso água ineficientes poderão ser evitados se as entidades gestoras tiveram a visão de todo sistema para, então, gerí-lo de maneira que produza os máximos benefícios (ou mínimos problemas) e não para minimizar problemas de um único subsistema ou grupo de usuários desse recurso. Tirando proveito dessa fenomenologia, propôs-se, como solução para proteger o recurso água como ineficiência de seu uso, um modelo conceitual baseado em dois princípios fundamentais: (1) as entidades gestoras desse recurso deverão estar conscientes tanto das interações que ocorrerão entre os subsistemas quanto dos impactos decorrentes de suas ações de gestão; (2) as referidas entidades deverão dispor de métodos para identificar, selecionar e ) implementar suas ações de gestão, considerando as necessidades e o bem-estar de todos os usuários. Esta concepção avançada dee proteção dos recursos hídricos da faixa costeira Recife-João Pessoa, na área estudada, requer que as entidades gestoras dos referidos recursos estejam providas de todas as condições técnicas, institucionais e legais necessárias à manutenção de um ponto de vista como este e, ainda, que estejam dotadas de auto-suficiência financeira para gerir todos os subsistemas dentro de modelo tal como o ora proposto, ou seja, dentro de um modelo harmônico e hidrologicamente equilibrado. / In the present work, the water resources of the coastal strip Recife-João Pessoa, in the studied area, are focalized as belonging to a natural hydrological system composed of two strongly inter-related subsystems represented by surface water and ground water. Each subsystem coexists with two attributes-quantity and quality water. Those attributes, although they do not constitute subsystems, they are inter-linked by cause and effect relation. Thus, there is a direct relation between quantity and quality of water body (aquifer, stream, accumulation reservoir, river or estuary), so that an increase in flowing water quantity corresponds to an increase (improvement) in its quality. Similarly, any hydrological modification caused in the system by human intervention, wich would affect the water quantity, will also affect its quality and, by virtue of the interation of the two subsystems, there will occur in the system a chain reaction impacts. Such impacts could harm the users of the water resource. Because of this, a mismanagement of one these subsystems will result in an inefficient use of the system as a whole. Inefficient use and management of the water resource can be avoided if the managing agencies have a vision of the whole system, managing it then in a fashion to produce maximum benefits (or minimum problems) and not to minimize problems of a sole subsystem or user\'s group of this resource. Taking advantage of this phenomenology, as a solution to protect the water resource against the inefficiency of its use, a conceptual model is proposed based on two fundamental principles: (1) the managing agencies of this resource ought to bear in mind not only the physical interactions which will occur between the subsystems but also the impacts stemming from their management; (2) the refered agencies ought to have at their disposal methods to identify, select and implement their management actions, taking into account the well-being of all the users. This advanced conception of protection of the water resources of the coastal strip Recife-João Pessoa, in the studied area, requires that managing agencies of the mentioned resources be provided with all technical, institutional and legal facilities which are necessary from a point of view similar to this and, furthermore, that they be endowed with financial self-sufficiency to manage all subsystems within a model lide the one proposed here, that is, within a harmonious and hydrologically equilibrated model.

This doctoral thesis is an investigation into the process of translation performed by “natural” translators in comparison to MA Translation Studies students, hereon after will be termed trainee translators. “natural” translators were defined following Harris and Sherwood understanding of “natural” translation as: “the translation done in everyday circumstances by people who have had no special training for it” (1978: 155). The research examines bilinguality and diglossia in the context of Kuwait and how these two factors influence the translation process. The research examines the participants’ working units as well as the most commonly used strategies in the translation of culture-specific items and in the translation of English passive voice into Arabic. The study also explores the cohorts’ perceptions of translation and of the role of the translator drawing from Tymoczko’s call to look beyond Western conceptualisations of translation. The study uses think-aloud protocols (TAPs) to monitor and understand the process of translation. Different levels of working translation units were identified among the cohorts which further highlights the importance of translator training. Trainee translators worked on larger segments, mixing different levels of translation units. On the other hand, natural translators worked primarily on smaller units, although some worked on larger units. In terms of strategies, the research explores how time restrictions and the observational method might influence the strategies applied in a translation task. In terms of strategies there were general similarities in the types used, trainee participants and “natural” participants used global and local strategies to complete the task within the time frame. The participants were observed to advocate for an active role of the translator in some instances, however, the authority of the text was also an important aspect that was taken into consideration during the task. This project aims to contribute to existing literature in process-oriented research by comparing the process of translation with that of “natural” translators to academically instructed translators. This research also sets out to make an empirical contribution to the research in translation from English to Arabic.

O cinturão Fíngoè é uma unidade tectônica do Supercontinente Gondwana Oeste composta por rochas supracrustais formadas há aproximadamente 1.33 Ga. Essas rochas são portadoras de mineralizações de Au, Cu, Zn, Pb e Fe. Com cerca de 150 km de comprimento, e orientado WSW-ENE, este cinturão estende-se desde o Monte Atchiza a oeste até cerca de 30 km para leste da vila de Fíngoè no norte de Moçambique e consiste de uma extensa variedade de rochas metassedimentares e metavulcânicas. O cinturão Fíngoè apresenta especialização metalogenética para Au e Cu, que já foram explotados no passado em diversos locais. Muitos destes registros estão associados com magnetita e malaquita. Atualmente trabalhos de prospecção e pesquisa mineral têm sido realizados pela empresa de mineração African Queen Mines Ltda, através do projeto denominado de King Solomons, localizado na parte central do mesmo. A geologia da área abrangida pelo prospecto Mankombiti, mostra uma predominância de rochas carbonáticas, granitos e gabros. As rochas carbonáticas são consideradas importantes na gênese de depósitos tipo skarn e depósitos de substituição de metais de base e Au devido à sua natureza fortemente reativa. Os dados geocronológicos realizados neste trabalho indicaram uma idade precisa para a rocha intrusiva granítica associada à mineralização de 1079,1 ± 8,2 Ma, que poderia ser a idade da formação do skarn e consequentemente desta mineralização. Entretanto a idade obtida para o processo de alteração hidrotermal que afetou o gabro, na ordem de 657 ± 36 Ma e a idade modelo Pb-Pb sugerida pelo modelo de Stacey e Kramers (1975) para a calcopirita da mineralização principal de 725 Ma, sugerem que a mineralização, do prospecto Mankombiti é neoproterozóica. Para melhor entendimento dos processos que estiveram envolvidos na formação deste depósito skarn, duas hipóteses são consideradas: (i) poderia ser admitida a presença de corpos graníticos intrusivos em 700 Ma, situados em profundidade, que não foram ainda caracterizados, como responsáveis pela fonte de calor necessária, (ii) pode ser admitida ocorrência de um evento distensional em 700 Ma que produziria um adelgaçamento da litosfera e a consequente ascensão da astenosfera, produzindo uma elevação do fluxo térmico gerando os fluidos mineralizantes necessários. / The Fíngoè belt is a tectonic unit of West Gondwana Supercontinent, comprised of supracrustal rocks formed at approximately 1.33 Ga. These rocks are carriers of Au, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe mineralization. With about 150 km long and oriented WSW- ENE, this belt extends from west of the Atchiza Mount to about 30 km east of the Fíngoè village in the north Mozambique, and consists of an extensive variety of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The Fíngoè metallogenic belt provides specialization for Au and Cu, which have been exploited in the past in various locations. Many of these records are associated with magnetite and malachite. Currently, the prospecting and mineral exploration have been conducted by the African Queen Mines Ltd mining company, through a project called the King Solomons, located in the central part of it. The geology of the studied area shows a predominance of carbonate rocks, granites and gabbros. The carbonate rocks are considered important in the genesis of the skarn deposits type and deposits of replacement for base metals and Au due to its highly reactive nature. The geochronological data performed in this work indicate a precise age of the 1079.1 ± 8.2 Ma for the intrusive granitic rock associated with mineralization, which could be interpreted as the age of the skarn and consequently of the mineralization. However the age obtained for the hydrothermal alteration that affected the gabbro at about 657 ± 36 Ma and the Pb-Pb model age suggested by the model of Stacey and Kramers (1975) for primary chalcopyrite mineralization at 725 Ma, suggesting that the mineralization of the Mankombiti prospectus was developed during the Neoproterozoic time. For understanding the processes that were involved in the skarn-type mineralization processes, two hypotheses are here considered: (i) could be admitted the presence of i ntrusive granitic rocks at 700 Ma, situated in depth, which have not yet been characterized, as responsible for the heat source required, (ii) may be admitted occurrence of an extensional event at 700 Ma to produce a thinning of the lithosphere and the uplift of the asthenosphere, producing high thermal flows generating the mineralization fluids.

This thesis employs multiple methodologies in order to explore Hungarian fiction in contemporary English translation as a distinct body of literature. It comprises three interrelated contributions: a bibliography, three case studies, and a translation. A bibliography of English translations of Hungarian novels published between 2000 and 2016 is presented in Appendix A, and Chapter 1 contains an overview of contemporary Hungarian-to-English fiction translation based on the bibliographic data, including a description of the assembly process. Chapters 2-4 focus more closely on a selection of these texts, tracing publication histories as well as target culture reception and interpreting translation shifts. Chapter 2 considers the language of Seiobo There Below by László Krasznahorkai (2013, tr. Ottilie Mulzet) in relation to the author’s vernacular oeuvre, and offers meta-artistic commentary on the target text. Chapter 3 investigates the concept of corporeal writing in Parallel Stories by Péter Nádas (2011, tr. Imre Goldstein), arguing that the organising principle of the source text is compromised in translation, which produces a fragmented work. Chapter 4 uncovers and categorises translation shifts in Journey by Moonlight by Antal Szerb (2002, tr. Len Rix) as an example of a recently translated Hungarian classic. Chapter 5 connects the analytical section of the thesis with the creative component that follows it. It departs from traditional academic discourse and uses a more reflective, lyrical mode of writing to explore the subjectivity of the translator and introduce the new text to its English-language readership. Finally, my English translation of the 1967 Hungarian novel Győzelmes Gábriel by György Méhes is presented under the title Gabriel the Victorious.

Nearing the end of my career as a secondary school Modern Languages (French/Spanish) teacher, I wanted to reflect on some of the problems I had encountered. The most obvious, I felt, was that male secondary school students persistently seemed to perform less well in this subject area than female students. This led me to investigate the social construction of gender, learner identity and the ideologies surrounding MFL. I did this by investigating the role of language and discourse in the construction of culture, identities and ideologies. The research paradigm is interpretivist and the design is case study, investigating the cultural meanings students construct in the context of MFL. The methodology combines classroom observations and interviews across student population samples in Key Stages 3 & 4. Findings show that MFL learning is a cultural activity, ideologically constructed in discourse. Secondly, findings show that a positive learner identity towards MFL contributes to a greater cultural involvement within the language, rather than solely to its external economic goals, and to an emerging MFL cultural identity. This learner cultural identity is more typically, although not exclusively associated with girls as an absolute since gender is seen as a social construction rather than a priori. Further findings also show that some socially constructed male identities tending towards ‘laddishness’ can disadvantage boys in MFL and the implications for this are for a wider discourse exploring notions of cultural diversity not only in MFL but also in personal identities.