The Saint-Urbain and Big Island rutile-bearing ilmenite Fe-Ti oxide deposits are located in the composite 450 km² Saint-Urbain anorthosite (1055-1046 Ma, U-Pb zircon) and in the Lac Allard intrusion (1057-1062 Ma, U-Pb zircon) of the 11,000 km² Havre-Saint Pierre anorthosite suite, respectively, in the Grenville Province of Eastern Canada. Slow cooling rates of 3-4°C/m.y. are estimated for both anorthosites, based on combined U-Pb zircon/rutile/apatite and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹ Ar biotite/plagioclase geochronology, and resulted from emplacement during the active Ottawan Orogeny. Slow cooling facilitated (1) diffusion of Zr from ilmenite and rutile, producing thin (10-100 microns) zircon rims on these minerals, and (2) formation of sapphirine via sub-so lidus reactions of the type: spinel + orthopyroxene + rutile ± corundum → sapphirine + ilmenite. New chemical and analytical methods were developed to determine the trace element concentrations and Hf isotopic compositions of Ti-based oxides. Rutile is a magmatic phase in the deposits with minimum crystallization temperatures of 781°C to 1016°C, calculated by Zr-in rutile thermometry. Ilmenite present in rutile-free samples has higher Xhem (hematite proportion in ilmenite), higher high field strength element concentrations (Xhem = 30-17; Nb = 16.1-30.5 ppm; Ta 1.28-1.70 ppm), and crystallized at higher temperatures than ilmenite with more fractionated compositions (Xhem = 21-11; Nb = 1.36-3.11 ppm; Ta = <0.18 ppm) from rutile-bearing rocks. The oxide deposits formed by density segregation and accumulation at the bottom of magma reservoirs, in conditions closed to oxygen, from magmas enriched in Fe and Ti. The initial ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷ Hf of rutile and ilmenite (Saint Urbain [SU] = 0.28219-0.28227, Big Island [BI] = 0.28218-0.28222), and the initial Pb isotopic ratios (e.g.²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴ Pb: SU = 17.134-17.164, BI = 17.012-17.036) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr (SU = 0.70399-0.70532, BI = 0.70412-0.70427) of plagioclase from the deposits overlap with the initial isotopic ratios of ilmenite and plagioclase from each host anorthosite, which indicates that they have common parent magmas and sources. The parent magmas were derived from a relatively depleted mantle reservoir that appears to be the primary source of all Grenvillian anorthosite massifs and existed for --600 m.y. along the margin of Laurentia during the Proterozoic.

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Pb-210 and Po-210, a parent-daughter pair, are particle-reactive radionuclides. Pb-210 tends to be associated with inorganic particles but Po-210 prefers organic particles. In the context of these characteristics the purpose of this study is to determine Po-210 and Pb-210 in the surface water plankton of the northern South China Sea (SCS) and the Luzon Strait (LS) areas in order to understand their temporal and spatial distributions and the extent of their radioactive disequilibrium. As the LS has provided a pathway for the exchange between the Kuroshio and the SCS waters, the study area has the characteristics of an open ocean and a marginal sea. The plankton Po-210 activities in the study area are about 10~400 dpm/g, but may reach 1200dpm/g in an El Nino year, the effect of which on Po-210 is not clear at present. The Po-210 in the plankton is mainly affected by the surface water Po-210 , biomass concentration, and the Po-210 in the surface water as well as plankton transported from other area(s). If the biomass concentration (as indicated by Chlorophyll-a) increases, the Po-210 in the plankton decreases, i.e. they are inversely correlated. Based on the planktonic Po-210 distribution, the Kuroshio water which has both high Po-210 and high Po-210-bearing plankton has evidently intruded into the northern SCS. The Pb-210 activities of in the plankton vary from 5 to 25dpm/g; the variation trend is similar to that of Po-210 but with much lower activity, resulting in a Po-210/Pb-210 ratio much greater than unity. Compared to the suspended particles, the plankton is highly enriched in Po-210 but it strongly repels Pb-210. Based on earlier studies and this one, the extent of Po-210 enrichment (as indicated by the Po-210/Pb-210 activity ratio) in various organisms increases sequentially from plankton to mussel, large swimmer and then to marine fish, i.e. the higher the level of organism in the food chain, the higher the ratio becomes. However, the Po-210 and Pb-210 activities per unit mass of these organisms are generally lower than those of plankton. Organisms of higher food-chain level may accumulate Po-210 in the digestive system, but part of it may be excreted. Po-210 accumulation does not occur in other parts of these organisms. In terms of adsorption, the plankton with greater surface area to volume ratio, can adsorb more Po-210 resulting in a higher specific activity, whereas large organisms with smaller surface area to volume ratio can adsorb less Po-210 yielding a lower specific activity. The enrichment of Po-210 in various organisms must have been achieved by absorption and adsorption with unknown proportion. Based on a simple box model calculation for the northern SCS water within the upper 100m layer, the excess Po-210 in the planktonic biomass can account for about 70% of the total deficit in this layer. But in the LS area, the excess and the deficit are balanced. This suggests that the Po-210 deficit in this surface water is due to absorption and adsorption by organisms as evidenced by their large Po-210 enrichment.

In this study, the surface acidity of Co and/or Pb doped SBA15 mesoporous catalysts were investigated by both diffuse reflectance fourier transform (DRIFT) infrared spectroscopy and transmission mode fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Pyridine was used to identify the Br&oslash / nsted and Lewis acid sites of the surface, at room temperature. From the DRIFT spectrum typical stretching vibrations of isolated terminal silanol (Si-OH) groups were observed for all the catalysts. These silanol group bands dissappeared after pyridine adsorption, indicating that these silanol groups are acidic and serve as chemical adsorption sites for pyridine. Pyridine adsorption on these catalysts revealed that while monometallic additions did not influence the overall acidity of SBA15, in the bimetallic system, characteristic bands due to pyridine adsorption on Co2+ ions were observed.

In order to understand the source, transport pathway and sink of settling particulates in the sea off northeast Taiwan, three moorings with six sediment traps (about 100 m and 300 m above bottom) were deployed on the northern slope of the Ilan ridge (T17S and T18S) and in the South Okinawa trough (T19S). The mooring deployed at T17S was lost due to a connecting ring which was rusted and broken. The duration of the mooring was 6 months (late November, 1999 to early May, 2000) with sampling intervals at 15 days each. When the moorings were recovered, seawater samples were collected for filtration near each station and a box core at T19S was also taken so that the settling particulates, suspended particulates and bottom sediments can be compared for their characteristics. The results show that higher apparent mass fluxes were observed in January, February and early April, 2000 at T18S. The apparent mass fluxes vary between 11 and 91 g/m2/d at T18S, and between 6 and 22 g/m2/d at T19S. The time-series variations of the Pb-210 activity are between 46 and 76 dpm/g at T18S, and between 79 and 122 dpm/g at T19S, the values of which are much higher than those of T18S. The temporal Po-210 variations range between 18 and 90 dpm/g at T18S, and from 65 to 193 dpm/g at T19S. The Po-210 activity and its variation are greater at T19S than at T18S. The 210Po/210Pb activity ratios are less than unity at about 0.8 at T18S, and greater than unity at about 1.3 at T19S. The total Po-210 activity in all water columns varies between 0.2 and 16 dpm/100kg while the total Pb-210 activity varies between 28 and 43 dpm/100kg. The mean total 210Po/210Pb activity ratio is about 0.3, indicating that Po-210 was easily scavenged and removed from water columns by particulate matter. The box core taken at T19S has Po-210 activity ranging from 54 to 121 dpm/g and Pb-210 activity from 51 to 90 dpm/g. The 210Po/210Pb activity ratio is greater than unity in the upper 6 cm, indicating an excess of Po-210 activity. Below 6 cm Po-210 and Pb-210 are nearly at equilibrium. The 210Po/210Pb activity ratios in the water columns observed after the first deployments were higher than those observed after the second deployments. However, the 210Po/210Pb activity ratios of the settling particulates collected from the first trap deployments were lower than those from the second trap deployments. These changes might be attributed to earthquakes which occurred mainly before the second mooring period. These earthquakes could have caused a large quantity of terrigenous particulates with higher 210Po/210Pb activity ratio to be transported out to the study area in addition to resuspended shelf and slope sediments. These settling particulates, being enriched in organic matter with higher activity ratio, could preferentially scavenge Po-210 from the water column, resulting in much higher 210Po/210Pb activity ratios.

The purposes of this study are to understand the variations of the particulate and dissolved Pb-210 and Po-210 in profiles in the South China Sea and to estimate the residence time of these nuclides through their extent of radioactive disequilibrium. The profiles of Pb-210 and Po-210 in particulate and dissolved phases were measured at four stations in the northern South China Sea (station B, C, D and F) and three in the Bashi Channel (stations W2, W3 and W5) from four Ocean Researcher I cruises (ORI-575, ORI-580, ORI-588 and ORI-606). At Station C two profiles were taken, one before and the other after a typhoon to see its effect, if any, during the ORI-588 cruise. As the associated Ra-226 profiles were not measured their relations to Pb-210 profiles are not available for discussion in this thesis. The mean suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration for each station is about 0.2 mg/kg with small deviations. Activities of Pb-210 and Po-210 in the northern South China Sea were all higher than those in the sea off NE Taiwan easured during the KEEP program. The dissolved Pb-210 profiles generally display a maximum around 15 to 25 dpm/100kg in the surface layer due to atmospheric input, and a minimum of about 5 to 15 dpm/100kg from 300 to 1000 m. The activities below 1000 m vary only slightly with a deep maximum as high as 20 dpm/100kg around 2000 to 3000 m, as seen at Station C. The particulate Pb-210 is around 3 to 5 dpm/100kg with small variation for the entire water column. The dissolved Po-210 profiles are somewhat similar to the dissolved Pb-210 profiles, but lower by about 5 to 10 dpm/100kg in activity. The mean residence time is about 0.76 year for total Po-210 in the entire water column, and 0.35 to 2.13 years for total Pb-210 in the mixed layer. At each station, Po-210 is deficient relative to Pb-210 in either the particulate or dissolved phase. The mean total Po-210/Pb-210 activity ratio is about 0.58, indicating that Po-210 is more effectively scavenged. It is imperative to understand the fate and pathway of the missing Po-210. Judging from its biophilic nature, Po-210 may have been absorbed or consumed by biomass and enriched in various tropic levels in the food chain, in addition to being scavenged and removed by sinking particles.

This study reports the first sediment trap mooring results obtained under the SIBEX program (South China Sea Integrated Biogeochemical Experiments). Two strings of sediment traps were deployed respectively at M1 located to the southwest of Taiwan, and M2 in the northern basin of the South China Sea (SCS). Box cores were also taken at several sites to the south of M2. The main purposes are to measure settling particulate fluxes at various depths for the studies of temporal and spatial variations of the particulate flux and 210Pb activity. The box cores were used to determine the sedimentation rates. These are to enhance our understanding of the characteristics of the particulate distribution and the roles the particulate matter plays in the biogeochemical processes in the SCS. Particulate fluxes measured from different depths at M1 and M2 generally increase with depth. In temporal variation, M1 has higher amplitudes than M2, with highest amplitudes at 948 m where highest flux (2025 mg/m2/d) was observed. The particulate flux at 948 m has higher values than at 248 m, probably due to lateral transport. At M2, the particulate flux at 240 m has higher values with greater amplitudes than at greater depths, i.e. 1240 m, 2240 m and 3240 m, where their particulate fluxes show a synchronous trend with small amplitudes in temporal variation. The time-averaged particulate flux for each trap ranges from 199 to 554 mg/m2/d, consistently higher than previous observations (76~104 mg/m2/d). However, our values are comparable to the mean particulate flux (280 mg/m2/d) estimated from terrigenous inputs. The apparent changes in particulate flux in the SCS over the past ten years warrants further investigations. The temporal variations of Pb-210 show a synchronous trend and a rapid increase with depth as observed at M1 and M2. This rapid increase of Pb-210 with depth reflects effective scavenging by sinking particulates although particulate concentrations are low. The loss on ignition (L.O.I.) at M1 and M2 was inversely correlated with Pb-210, indicating that Pb-210 was expelled from biogenic particulates or organic matter. The particulate fluxes around 240 m at M1 and M2 were generally positively correlated with the L.O.I., suggesting that the high particulate fluxes are probably contributed by biogenic particulates or organic matter. The sedimentation rates as determined from excess Pb-210 profiles range from 9.01~23.13 cm/100yr. These rapid sedimentation rates reflect the effect of mixing and additional sediments accumulated through lateral transport. The surface layers of these cores were subject to perturbation and mixing, based on the penetration depths of the excess Pb-210. The Pb-210 flux estimated from the inventory of excess Pb-210 in the sediments is much greater than that observed from the traps, suggesting that additional Pb-210 has been accumulated via lateral transport and slumping of nearby surface sediments. Based on the mean particulate flux observed, one may roughly estimate the corresponding sedimentation rate of about 10 cm/ka, which is an order of magnitude lower than those determined by the excess Pb-210 method. Because the upper layers of the sediments have been strongly disturbed and mixed with the additional sediments accumulated through lateral transport, the sedimentation rates as determined by the excess Pb-210 method are probably over-estimated by a factor of 10 to 20.

Taking as a starting point an interpretation of the television medium as an Ideological State Apparatus, in my thesis I examine how gender roles and sexual dissidence are constructed in Spanish and Catalan television series. I focus on a corpus of narrative materials through a perspective informed by theories elaborated by Anglo-Saxon scholars in gender studies and studies of sexual dissidence. In my first chapter, which focuses on the construction of gender roles in Catalan soap operas, I apply the analytical paradigms that Anglo-Saxon feminist scholars have elaborated for the content of soap operas and the viewing practices of their audiences to a corpus of material which has rarely been analysed through this perspective. In the second chapter, which focuses on the construction of sexual dissidence in Spanish and Catalan television series, I aim to challenge ‘essentialist’ paradigms which have so far dominated the examination of the construction of sexual dissidence in television series. Moreover, I query the pedagogical aspirations of public-funded television and the contradictions often involved in the application of this remit. My theoretical base encompasses the work of scholars as diverse as Christine Geraghty and Alberto Mira. Studies by Ricardo Llamas, Charlotte Brundson, and Dorothy Hobson, in particular, help me to articulate my comparative analysis of television content in Spanish and Catalan contexts. In conclusion, the aim of my thesis is to address the role performed by television in the construction of meanings which surround gender issues and sexual dissidence. This is a timely exercise because gender studies and studies of sexual dissidence are fairly recent fields in Spanish and Catalan academia and television has been largely disregarded, especially as far as the analysis of characters and storylines is concerned. My thesis aims to be a contribution to these fields in the Spanish and Catalan contexts.

This thesis argues that Satan is essentially a literary figure and that he is best understood in the context of narrative. This study furthermore establishes what the literary figure of Satan can contribute to the understanding of evil and how his portrayal has changed as we move into the 21st century. I suggest that the interdisciplinary reading of theology and literature offers the best approach to the character of Satan. The focus of the study lies on novels from the last 100 years, focusing on the implications of the historic, philosophical and theological changes in the late modern landscape on the figure of Satan. Underlying this study are three primary aspects: Firstly, the literary character of Satan raises the question of the nature of evil. Satan has long been cast as evil personified and this work tries to explore the relationship between the abstract concept of evil and the character of Satan: in an attempt to asses whether evil has a face. The literary figure of Satan can be seen as one approach to the abstract concept of evil that is a reality in human life but that cannot be understood in its being, only through expression. Secondly, the diabolical appears as part of any story; the powers of creation and destruction are connected. The figure of Satan is ambivalent and despite all its destructive elements, the character appears as the driving force behind the story. I want to show how Satan can be understood to be the facilitator of the story. Finally, any narrative is based on relation, and Satan is essentially a relational character. We can speak of a ‘mutual dependency’: Satan needs the human mind – we embody him, we give him his form, but equally are we in need of a scapegoat for all that is dark and undiscovered in us. The character of Satan is therefore personal and relational, best approached in the context of the story, with its inherent relationship between form and content.With this work, I am trying to establish a dialogue between theology and literature through the character of Satan, who transgresses boundaries and facilitates discussion, and therefore is by definition a truly interdisciplinary character. In my introduction I will examine the origins of the satanic figure in the theology of Christianity, starting with the Serpent in Genesis 3:1 and its development into a powerful character in myth and story. I also place the focus of this work on the inderdisciplinary reading of Satan, set against the conceptual approach of systematic theology. Part one of this work will shed some light on the dwelling place of the character, discussing the role of Satan as a symbol (of evil) and the difficulties connected to the definitions of Satan. Beginning with the Scriptures and then further elaborating the function of Satan in the story, I will focus on the relation between Satan and the text. Part two discusses six aspects of satanic characters in recent or contemporary novels, focusing on the function that the satanic image can contribute to the discussion of evil in the post-modern world. The novels chosen for this discussion are from 20th and 21st century European or North American writers and their reading is put into context with the Christian concept of Satan in the West. With The Wandering Jew by Stefan Heym, I look at Satan as the restless wanderer, discussing the concept of spiritual homelessness and alienation. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad approaches Satan as the shadow, taking into consideration the modern contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding of Satan. The discussion of Siegfried by Harry Mulisch centres upon the physical being or nature of Satan, from nothingness, to parasite, or historic figure. With Blood Meridian by Cormac McCarthy I will discuss the role of Satan in an apocalyptic context, focusing on the reversal of roles in an antinomian world. The discussion of The Testament of Gideon Mack by James Robertson and The Great Bagarozy by Helmut Krauser examines the attributes of a ‘domestic’ devil, with the focus of boredom and identity crisis. The Master and Margarita by Michail Bulgakov concludes with a discussion of the terms reality and fiction in the context of Satan. In the conclusion, I will bring together the thoughts of the previous chapters to suggest an image of Satan that finds its essence in the story, addressing the possibility of redemption for the satanic figure and at the same time, locating him in the realm of the excess. I will identify Satan as the Other and ascribe to him a necessary function in the context of the story.