Um dos aspectos que devem ser considerados no mercado de frutas frescas de pessegueiro é a qualidade de seus frutos. Considera-se a aparência como fator importante, sendo a coloração da epiderme relevante, pois se associa com a maturação e o sabor dos frutos. Uma das técnicas de manejo que visam melhorar a qualidade dos frutos é a poda verde, que tem como intuito principal de aumentar a penetração da luz no interior da copa e consequentemente favorecer a pigmentação, bem como, melhorar o sabor dos frutos. Porém, esta técnica pode apresentar resultados variáveis, de acordo com a época e a forma em que a mesma é realizada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de determinar o período e a forma de execução da poda verde para melhorar a qualidade dos frutos de pessegueiros. O trabalho foi conduzido em pomar comercial no município de Dois Vizinhos (PR), nos ciclos produtivos 2009/2010,2010/2011 e 2011/2012. Foi utilizados pêssegos dos cultivares Charme e Maciel. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (época da poda verde x técnica de manejo da poda verde), com 4 repetições, constituindo-se cada parcela de 2 plantas. As épocas de realização da poda verde foram na terceira, quarta e quinta semanas antes da colheita. As técnicas de manejo foram primeiro, baseadas na retirada dos ramos ladrões no interior e na base dos ramos, ramos quebrados e mal posicionados e, segundo no dobramento destes, permanecendo-os ligados a planta. A campo foi avaliado a capacidade produtiva das plantas e análises fisiológicas nos ciclos 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, e em laboratório foram analisadas as características físico-química e bioquímica dos frutos. Conclui se ao final deste trabalho que o uso da poda verde em plantas de pessegueiro Charme e Maciel a cinco e quatro semanas antes da colheita, com a técnica de corte e de dobramento dos ramos proporcionou melhorias na qualidade de seus frutos. / One of the aspects that it should be considered in the fresh fruit market peach is the fruit quality. The visual aspect is the most important factor, it being the skin color relevant because it is associated with the fruit maturation and flavor. One of cultural techniques to improve the fruit quality is summer pruning, which has as main purpose to increase light penetration within the canopy tree and consequently it to promote the pigmentation, as well as improvements in the fruit flavor. However, this technique can to present results variable according to the time and manner in which it was realized. The aim of this work was evaluate the time and management type for summer pruning to obtain peach quality. The work was carried out at commercial orchard from Dois Vizinhos city, Paraná State, Brazil, in 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 cycle. It was used Charme and Maciel peach varieties. The experimental design was completely randomized, in factorial 3. x 3 (summer pruning time x summer pruning management type), with 4 replications of two plants by plot. The summer pruning time were in the third, fourth and fifth week before harvest. First the cultural practices were realized removal vigorous vertical shoot inside and in the base of crown, break shoots and bad shoots position in the tree. The second in the bending shoots in the tree. The yield and physiology characteristics tree on orchard in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 cycle and fruit physical-chemical- biochemistry variables were evaluated on Plant Physiology Laboratory. It was concluded that the summer pruning use in Charme and Maciel peach tree during four and five weeks before harvest, with the pruning and beding shoot increased the fruit quality.

Orientador: Gabriela Alves Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T20:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Belluzzo_AnaSilviaFidelis_M.pdf: 543983 bytes, checksum: 4ba59a1be11189148a8bc2dab6c5609f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O pêssego é uma das frutas que vêm ganhando destaque na produção nacional. Dentre as principais variedades produzidas, a biuti é uma das mais cultivadas, sendo utilizada tanto para o consumo in natura quanto para a indústria. A indústria de processamento de pêssego encontra muita dificuldade na manutenção da qualidade de seus produtos devido às alterações orgnolépticas que ocorrem durante sua vida de prateleira. A principal causa dessas alterações são as enzimas peroxidase (PDO) e polifenoloxidase (PPO), as quais catalisam reações de escurecimento enzimático, causando também mudanças indesejáveis no sabor e textura dos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as características bioquímicas da PPO de pêssego biuti, propor um tratamento térmico eficiente para a inativação da PPO e quantificar os compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes do pêssego congelado, pêssego em calda e polpa de pêssego. A PPO apresentou atividade ótima a 20°C em pH 5,5. A enzima se mostr ou estável após 30 minutos de tratamento térmico na faixa de 15 a 40°C. Na fa ixa de pH 7,0 a 8,0 a atividade ainda se manteve a níveis de 70 a 90% de atividade. A ação dos inibidores mostrou que os mais eficientes foram: ácido ascórbico, metabissulfito de sódio, ß-mercaptoetanol e L-cisteína, inibindo aproximadamente 100% da enzima nas concentrações de 5,0 e 10,0 mM. No estudo da inativação enzimática, ácido ascórbico, ß-mercaptoetanol, metabissulfito de sódio e L-cisteína inativaram cerca de 100% da enzima nas concentrações de 0,001 e 0,005 M, quando incubados a 50°C. O método de planejamento experimental avaliou os efeitos das variáveis pH, temperatura e concentração de inibidor na atividade da PPO. Os resultados mostraram que a enzima é totalmente inativada nas condições de processo aplicadas na indústria de alimentos, o que pode indicar uma falha no tratamento térmico da indústria ou uma provável regeneração da PPO do pêssego biuti, já que as indústrias têm problemas com esta enzima durante a estocagem dos produtos. Para se obter a resposta, novos estudos devem ser realizados. Na determinação de fenóis totais, a fração que apresentou maior concentração desses compostos foi a polpa de pêssego, apresentando em média, 0,210 mg de ácido gálico / mL, assim como, maior índice de antioxidação, 2,10 / Abstract: The production of peach in the national market has been increasing lately. Among all the varieties produced, biuti has one of the greatest production, and can be used both for in the food industry and for in natura consume. There is a great difficulty in keeping the quality of the products processed in the peach industry due to the organoleptic changes that happen during shelf life. The main reason for these changes is the peroxidase (PDO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO), which are catalysts of enzymatic browning reactions, causing undesirable changes in food flavor and texture. The objectives of this work is study the biochemical characteristics of PPO in biuti peach, propose an efficient heat treatment for PPO inactivation and quantify the antioxidant and phenolic compounds in freezed peach, canned peach and peach pulp. PPO presented high activity at 20°C and pH 5.5. The enzyme is stable after 30 minutes of heat treatment between 15 and 40°C. From pH 7.0 to 8.0 the activity was kept betw een 70 and 90%. The most efficent inhibitors were: ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, ß-mercaptoethanol and L-cisteine, inhibiting almost 100% of the enzyme for 5.0 and 10,0 mM. The enzymatic inactivation study showed that ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, ß- mercaptoethanol and L-cisteine inactivate nearly 100% of the enzyme when used in concentrations of 0.001 and 0.005 M at 50°C. The effect of pH, temperature and inhibitor concentration on PPO activity was evaluated using experimental design. The results showed that the enzyme is completely inactivated in the process conditions used in the food industry, which can suggest some failure in the heat treatment or a possible regeneration of PPO in biuti peach, since industries have problems with this enzyme during the shelf life of these products. In order to obtain this answer, new studies must be conducted. The peach pulp was the fraction that presented the highest total phenol content, 0.210 mg of galic acid/mL, and the highest antioxidant status, 2.10 / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Myzus persicae (Sülzer), commonly known as green peach aphid (GPA), utilizes its slender stylet to penetrate the plant tissues intercellularly and consume copious amounts of photoassimilates present in the phloem sap causing extensive damage to host plants. The compatible interaction between GPA and Arabidopsis thaliana enabled us to characterize plant response to aphid infestation. Upon GPA infestation, Arabidopsis PAD4 (PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4) gene modulates premature leaf senescence, which is involved in the programmed degradation of cellular components and the export of nutrients out of the senescing leaf. Senescence mechanism is utilized by plants to limit aphid growth. In addition, PAD4 provides antixenosis (deters insect settling and feeding) and antibiosis (impair aphid fecundity) against GPA and adversely impact sieve element availability to GPA. Basal expression of PAD4 contributes to antibiosis, and the GPA-induced expression of PAD4 contributes to antixenosis. Mutation in the Arabidopsis stearoyl-ACP desaturase encoding SSI2 (suppressor of SALICYLIC ACID [SA] insensitivity2) gene that results in an accelerated cell death phenotype and dwarfing, also conferred heightened antibiosis to GPA. Results of this study indicate that PAD4 is required for the ssi2-mediated enhanced antibiosis to GPA. The PAD4 protein contains conserved Ser, Asp and His residues that form the catalytic triad of many α/β fold acyl hydrolases. Arabidopsis plants expressing mutant versions of PAD4 [PAD4(S118A) and PAD4(D178A)] supported higher numbers of GPA as compared to wild type (WT) plants in no-choice tests. Furthermore, Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) studies revealed that S118 residue in PAD4 is essential to limit GPA feeding from the sieve elements. However, the ability to deter insect settling in choice tests was not impacted by the PAD4(S118A) and PAD4(D178A) mutations, thus suggesting that PAD4s involvement in deterring insect settling and in antibiosis are determined by separate regions of PAD4. The MPL1 (MYZUS PERSICAE INDUCED LIPASE1) gene is another critical component of Arabidopsis defense against GPA. Like PAD4, MPL1 expression is induced in response to GPA infestation. However, MPL1 is required only for antibiosis and is not essential for antixenosis against GPA. EPG analysis suggests that the mpl1 mutant allele does not impact aphid feeding behavior. Since, MPL1 exhibits lipase activity, and ssi2 petiole exudates contain elevated levels of antibiosis, we propose that antibiosis to GPA requires a lipid(s), or a product thereof.

The effects of controlled atmosphere storage vs conventional refrigerated storage on the metabolism of Moorpark and Large Early Montgamet apricot and Elberta peach fruits were studied. The controlled atmospheres studied were 0.0 percent CO2-5.0 percent O2; 2.5 percent CO2-5.0 percent O2; 5.0 percent CO2-2.5 percent O2; 7.5 percent CO2-5.0 percent O2; as compared to conventional refrigerated storage. Nitrogen percent was assumed to be the difference between the total CO2 and O2 content minus 100. Fruits were periodically removed from the storage and analyzed for firmness, fleshy pericarp color, total pectins, pH, titratable acidity, total and free reducing sugars, tannins, organic acids, and amino acids. Controlled atmosphere storage had both beneficial and detrimenta1 effects on stored apricot and peach fruits. The general retardation of the respiration rate and consequent delay of the climateric rise due to controlled atmosphere are important in prolonging the storage life of the fruit. Apricot fruits stored in 2.5 to 5.0 percent CO2 and 2.5 to 5.0 percent O2 maintained superior quality for 15 to 30 days longer than did conventionally refrigerated fruit. Moorpark fruit could be stored longer than Large Early Montgamet fruit, mainly because of mesocarp browning in the latter variety of fruit. The results indicated that the storage life of Elberta peach fruits were not substantially increased in controlled atmosphere storage. Apricot fruit stored in controlled atmosphere treatments ripened at a reduced rate and produced less yellow pigments of the fleshy pericarp tissue than the conventional refrigerated fruit. There was a retardation of the de-greening processes of the fruit stored in CO2 concentrations higher than atmospheric air. It appeared that high concentrations of CO2 had an inhibitory effect on chlorophyll degradation. Succinic acid coupled with high tannin concentrations, induced by CO2, apparently caused browning of the mesocarp tissue of the fruit in controlled atmosphere storage at a more rapid rate than conventional refrigerated stored fruit. The organic and amino acids of peach and apricot fruits had a variable response to control atmosphere treatment. The organic acids, particularly malic acid, were reduced in concentration, while succinic acid accumulated. Succinic acid accumulation was dependent upon the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. It was suggested that CO2 had a toxic or inhibitory effect on the succinic oxidase enzyme system which resulted in succinic acid accumulation. The accumulated succinic acid, thereby, may have had a toxic effect on the mesocarp tissue of the fruit and caused part of the browning. Aspartic acid decreased in concentration under higher CO2 treat-ments, while alanine and glutamic acid increased. Total sugar concen-tration was generally not effected by controlled atmosphere storage. The metabolism of free reducing sugars in higher CO2 treatments was markedly reduced in the apricot fruit.The beneficial aspects of controlled atmosphere on stored fruit appeared to be the increased length of the storage period for apricot fruit, as well as a reduced rate of metabolism. The storage life of apricot fruit was extended 15 to 30 days in the appropriate atmosphere. The adverse effects of controlled atmosphere storage of apricot and peach fruit appeared to be: the inhibitory or toxic effect of CO2 on certain enzyme systems; the accumulation of certain metabolites, which may have been toxic to the fruit tissue; the increased rate of tissue browning, the inhibitory effect of CO2 on the de-greening and color development mechanisms.

The USA is the third major world producer of peaches but consumption has decreased over the last two decades. Consumers have cited mealy texture, fruit browning and lack of sweetness as some undesirable characteristics in peaches, which may be related to the decline. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effect of farm management practices on fruit quality. Physical parameters (color, firmness and size), volatiles and metabolite data was collected.Sensory evaluation indicated transitional organic peaches were liked the best and organically grown peaches were least liked. All the treatments were significantly different from each other and consumers preferred the aroma of conventionally grown peaches. Firmness and sugar content of the treatments were not different from each other. The total phenolic content was found to be significantly higher in transitional organic and organic peaches compared to conventional peaches. Transitional organic peaches were more liked and organic were least liked, but the nutritional values in organic peaches can be the point of interest for the consumers.

Conditions required for seed germination are different among species. Some seed of tropical and subtropical plants may germinate before the maturation of their fleshy fruit, e.g. papaya species, while seed from most deciduous trees have a period of after-ripening before germination. The after-ripening period, also referred to as rest or dormancy has also been observed in some vegetable crops and ornamental flowers.

M. S.

No description available.

Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey, and Rhizopus nigricans Erh., the causal organisms of brown rot and Rhizopus rot, respectively, have long been recognized as the two major causes of post-harvest rots on peach and nectarine fruits. Fruit losses of as much as 50% may occur during storage, transport, and marketing from these two diseases if effective fungicide treatments are not used. Application of fungicide suspensions as post-harvest dips have been reported to reduce losses from post-harvest rots considerably, however, more effective treatments are needed. Tests were made of three fungicides: benomyl [methyl-l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate], Topsin-M [dimethyl-4,4'-ophenelenebis (3-thioallophanate) , and Botran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroanaline) against the two post-harvest rot fungi, M. fructicola and R. nigricans, on peach and nectarine fruits and in vitro. Fruits were inoculated with an equal concentration of spores of both fungi, then treated, by dipping in the different fungicide suspensions at 0, 4, 8, and 12 hour intervals after inoculation. Three concentrations of benomyl or Topsin-M (300, 450, and 600 ~g/ml) were used in combination with corresponding concentrations of Botran (600" 900, and 1200 Ug/ml). Number of decayed fruits increased with time of treatment after inoculation up to 8 hours then leveled off. Lesion progression, however, was slower with all fungicide treatments as compared to those of the untreated check fruit. Percent of decayed fruit remained lower when treatments were applied within 4 hours after inoculation. Later application times were ineffective and fruits showed approximately the same level of infection as controls. Treated nectarines appeared to be more susceptible to the post harvest rots than peaches. This may be due to lower residues of the chemicals remaining on the smooth skinned fruit. Benomyl and Topsin-M were fungitoxic to M. fructicola in vitro but neither was effective against R. nigricans. Botran alone was fungistatic to both R. nigricans and M. fructicola, but often lost effectiveness after 96 hours. Combinations of benomyl plus Botran, or Topsin-M plus Botran, were fungitoxic to M. fructicola and fungistatic to R. nigricans. Botran alone and Botran in combination with benomyl or Topsin-M inhibited germination of M. fructicola and R. nigricans spores more effectively than benomyl or Topsin-M alone. There were no major significant differences in control provided by treatments containing benomyl or Topsin-M. Treatments using Botran with benomyl or Topsin-M did not effectively control post harvest rot when applied later than 4 hours after inoculation. In vitro tests, however, indicated either a synergistic or additive effect of the fungicide combinations against R. nigricans. / Master of Science

M.S.