Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of light on 'Norman' and 'Cresthaven' peach fruit quality characteristics. Of primary interest was the relationship between ground color and flesh firmness. Light levels were manipulated by use of shade cloth, reflective mulch, and aluminum foil. 'Norman' trees, with a randomly chosen half of the canopy covered with 73% shade cloth, had fruit with lower levels of red color, soluble solids concentration (SSC), specific leaf weight, and average photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) than did non-shaded trees. Foil-covered 'Cresthaven' fruit were larger, less firm, and had lower SSC than non-covered fruit. Covered fruit developed yellow but not red color. Position of the fruit within the canopy of the tree also affected fruit quality characteristics. Inside fruit on both 'Norman' and 'Cresthaven' trees were smaller and firmer, had lower SSC, and were less red than fruit from the canopy exterior. The position effect was probably due to the degree of light exposure and not to the distance from the roots. Fruit on the inside of the tree canopies received much lower average PPF than outside fruit. Relationships were evaluated between ground color and firmness for both cultivars. At a given hue angle, fruit developing in high-light environments were firmer than fruit from low-light environments for 'Cresthaven', but the opposite was true for 'Norman'. Therefore, canopy position or the light environment in the vicinity of the developing fruit does not consistently influence the relationship between hue angle on the non-blush side of the fruit, and flesh firmness. / Master of Science

CAPES / O pêssego [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] é uma das frutas de clima temperado mais produzidas no mundo e sendo apreciados tanto para o consumo in natura como para produção de doces, polpas e conservas. O emprego de técnicas culturais modernas e de cultivares de pessegueiro mais adaptados possibilitaram sua produção em condições edafoclimáticas marginais. O uso de porta-enxertos influencia diretamente as características vegetativas, produtivas, fenológicas e de qualidade dos frutos da cultivar-copa. No entanto, no Brasil a pesquisa de porta-enxertos para pessegueiro é recente, havendo pouca informação quanto a sua recomendação para as condições de cultivo brasileiras. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a compatibilidade de enxertia e a influência de porta-enxertos clonais no crescimento, fenologia, produção e qualidade de frutos no pessegueiro BRS Kampai. O experimento foi instalado em julho de 2014 no Pomar Experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Câmpus Pato Branco, sendo avaliado entre os anos de 2015 e 2017. Foram utilizadas plantas da cultivar BRS Kampai enxertadas sobre 19 porta-enxertos clonais do gênero Prunus. Como controle, foram utilizadas plantas de BRS Kampai combinadas com os porta-enxertos ‘Capdeboscq’ e ‘Okinawa’ e plantas de BRS Kampai Autoenraizadas (sem porta-enxerto) que, assim como todos os porta-enxertos também foram propagadas por estacas herbáceas sob nebulização intermitente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. Em campo foram avaliadas variáveis vegetativas, produtivas e fenológicas, e em laboratório as características físico-químicas dos frutos. Foi adotada a metodologia da frequência de superioridade para identificar os melhores tratamentos conforme a hipótese do trabalho. O uso de diferentes porta-enxertos influenciou a cultivar BRS Kampai no vigor vegetativo, fenologia, produção e qualidade de frutos. ‘Marianna 2624’ e ‘Mirabolano 29C’ são incompatíveis com a cultivar BRS Kampai e não podem ser utilizados como porta-enxertos de pessegueiro. Os tratamentos ‘Flordaguard’, ‘México Fila 1’, ‘Autoenraizado’ e ‘G x N.9’ induziram maior vigor à cultivar-copa, enquanto os porta-enxertos Tsukuba-1, Tsukuba-2, Tsukuba-3, Ishtara, I-67-52-4 e Cadaman, os menores vigores. O porta-enxerto ‘G x N.9’ apresentou o período de floração mais compacto. Conforme a frequência de superioridade, os quatro melhores porta-enxertos foram ‘Tsukuba-3’, ‘Tsukuba-1’, ‘Tsukuba-2’ e ‘Ishtara’. Os tratamentos ‘Capdeboscq’, ‘Okinawa’ e ‘Autoenraizado’ não tiveram bom desempenho segundo esta metodologia, juntamente com ‘Cadaman’ e ‘I-67-52-4’. A cultivar BRS Kampai autoenraizada apresentou elevado vigor. / The peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is one of the temperate fruit trees more produced in the world and its fruits are appreciated both for fresh consumption and production on jams, canning, juice and nectars. The use of modern cultivation techniques and peach cultivars and rootstocks more adapted allowed its production in unfavorable soil and climate conditions. The use of rootstocks influence directly the vegetative features, productive, phenological and the fruit quality of the scion cultivar. However, in Brazil the research for peach tree rootstock is recent, there is little information about their recommendation for Brazilian growing conditions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the graft compatibility and the influence of the clonal rootstocks in the growth, production and fruit quality of BRS Kampai peach tree. The experiment was installed in July 2014 at the Experimental Orchard of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco Campus, being evaluated between the years 2015 and 2016. Were used BRS Kampai cultivar grafted on 19 clonal rootstocks of the Prunus genus. As control, were used BRS Kampai plants combined with ‘Capdeboscq’ and ‘Okinawa’ rootstocks and BRS Kampai self-rooted plants (without rootstock) which, like all rootstocks, were also propagated by herbaceous cuttings under intermittent nebulisation. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with six replicates. In field variables vegetative, productive and phenological were evaluated and in the laboratory the physicochemical characteristics of fruits. The superiority frequency methodology was adopted to identify the best treatments according to the research hypothesis.The use of different rootstocks influenced the BRS Kampai cultivar on vegetative vigor, phenology, yield and fruit quality. 'Marianna 2624' and 'Mirabolano 29C' are incompatible with the BRS Kampai cultivar. The 'Flordaguard', 'Mexico Fila 1', 'Self-rooted' and 'G x N.9' rootstocks induced greater vigor in the scion cultivar, while the ‘Tsukuba-1’, ‘Tsukuba-2’, ‘Tsukuba-3’, ‘Ishtara’, ‘I-67-52-4’ and ‘Cadaman’ rootstocks the smallest vigor. The 'G x N.9' rootstock presented the most compact flowering period. According to the frequency of superiority the four best rootstocks were 'Tsukuba-3', 'Tsukuba-1', 'Tsukuba-2' and 'Ishtara'. 'Capdeboscq', 'Okinawa' and 'Self-rooted' treatments didn’t perform well under this methodology, along with 'Cadaman' and 'I-67-52-4'. The BRS Kampai cultivar self-rooted presented high vigor.

M. Tech. Agriculture / Brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa is the main pre and postharvest disease of peaches; it affects the shelf life and marketability of peaches. Increasing consumer concern regarding food safety makes it necessary to search for natural environmentally friendly alternative products for postharvest disease control. The objective of this study is to develop an environmentally friendly essential oil technology for the control of brown rot (M. laxa) in peaches at postharvest stage to replace the currently used synthetic fungicide (Iprodione)

在世界文學發展過程中，有一種顯而易見、又不容忽視的現象：即某一種典型意象，在不同主題的文學作品中反復出現；某一種表現手法，在不同時代的文學作品中被有意無意的再現。即使在一些經典性的文學作品中，深刻的思想、錯綜複雜的感情，總表現在有跡可循的模式或象徵符號中，成為人類深層的經驗圖式，隱含著超越時空的永恆價值。其實，這些主題早就存在於人類生活中甚至神話傳說，並成為文藝創作特別是文學意象和象徵的一個重要泉源。在中國文學作品中普遍可見的「桃」，就是這種象徵符號。它的花開在文學的莖脈中，它的果結在信仰的枝枒上，它的根更是深深扎進民俗的土壤□。它的繁衍，不僅是初民的食物來源之一，也是人們寄寓美好奇麗想像的對象；它的成長，不僅須經歷四時寒暑風雨，也經受了千年來變動不居的文化風暴。舉凡個人的愛情、婚姻、生子與壽夭，團體的禳災、辟邪、除禍與祝禱，這些眾所熟悉的象徵與作用，都是它一圈又一圈向外擴張、深深烙印在人類文化中的年輪。本研究即試圖從神話古籍以及中國少數民族創世傳說等神話材料著手，抽繹出初民在桃身上所寄託的無意識心理，並參驗相關文學作品為佐證，檢視桃意象在中國文學中的象徵文化意涵，以呈現其跨越時空持續存在的背後力量。 / In the development of world literature, there is one phenomenon that is apparent and cannot be ignored: certain typical imagery repeatedly appears in the literary works among various topics; certain way of expressing ideology has been intentionally or unintentionally re-used in the literary works at different times in the history. Even in some classic literary works, profound thoughts and intertwining and complicate emotions are always embedded in the traceable models or symbolic symbols. This approach has become an empirically mental imagery of humankind and implicitly carried the everlasting value that transcends time and space. In fact, these themes have long been existed in the lives of humankind even in the mythology and fables. They have also become very important sources of literary invention, especially in the literary imagery and symbolization. "Peach", commonly seen in Chinese literary works, is a symbol of this symbolization. It blooms on the stem of literature, is ripe on burgeon of belief, and deeply roots in the soil of folk customs. Its gradual increase in number is not only a source of food for ancient people, but also has become the object which people will relate their wishes and imagination to. Its growth not only needs to go through four seasons, cold, hot, wind and rain, but also it has to withstand the cultural storms that are constantly changing and unstable over thousands of years. These well-known symbolizations and effects such as personal affection, marriage, delivery, birthday and death, group's praying for eliminating catastrophe, driving off evils, avoiding disasters, and benison, are all its continuous extensions and they are deeply imprinted in the growth rings in the culture of humankind. This study attempts to start with studying the literature including mythological classic books and world creation legends among China's minority races to deduce the unconscious mentality associated with the peach that antiquity has put into. We will also use evidences in literary works as a supplemental proof and study the symbolic, cultural implication of peach imagery in Chinese literary works to reveal its continuously existent and sustaining strength behind that transcends time and space. Summaries of each chapter are as follows: Chapter 1, Introduction: Research Motivation, Scope and Methodologies It starts with the motivation and steps of this research. It also defines the research direction to help effectively accomplish the objectives of this research and provide a macroscopic view of this research. The method uses "Psychological Archetype" of Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) and "Literary Archetype" of Northrop Frye (1912-1991) as the base vision, and uses the literature as the primary research sources supplementing with the unearthed literature, i.e. a methodology of using multiple sources of evidences. By adopting this approach, we will identify and deduce the metaphorical role of "Peach Imagery" and explicate the profound meaning of "Peach Literature". Chapter 2, Primitive Thought and Plants Worshipping This chapter starts with the investigation of the thinking of antiquity's creation of ancient mythology to understand the principles of creating mythology and explicate the development of primitive thought (or myth thought). This will help capture the characteristics of primitive thought to facilitate the following research in the mythology and archetype. The "peach", the primary role in this research, is a holy tree second to hibiscus tree in China. Therefore, we will also investigate the consciousness of plants worshipping based on the views of ancient people's reliance on plants and the primitive thought of treating every thing to be a living being. At the same time, we zoom in the worshipping of holy trees in China to depict the origins of plant's holy and sacred imagery. Chapter 3, Deification and Mythology of Peach The creation of literary works is absolutely not an invention of any individual. Literary works should be studied in the context of entire scope of literature. The study in the literary history concludes that literature, as an organic entity, is rooted in the primitive culture: the model of initial literature must trace back to the religious ceremony, mythology and legend in ancient society. This chapter will mainly study the "peach" in the mythology. In Chinese mythology, though there is no mythology and legends centered around the peach, yet peach often shows up in activities or events associated with figures in the mythology and in some research as well. In this chapter, the author will base on a different angle of symbolization of symbols – use peach as the primary theme supplementing with figures in mythology or events – and use the method of reviewing mythology and archetype to re-investigate the mythological imagery of peach and to depict the cumulative and settling original imagery of peach in the mythology. Chapter 4, Displacement: Peach Imagery in the Poem and Literature Due to the attraction of Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Shangri-la", the "arcadia" becomes the pronoun of Chinese Utopia and has displayed strong strength of life in Chinese culture. It also deeply influences the consciousness and conducts of Chinese scholars. Though the topic of this chapter is "Peach Imagery in the Poem and Literature", the discussion will focus on the article of "Peach Blossom Shangri-la", supplementing with the literature related to "Peach Blossom Shangri-la", and continue to adopt the method of reviewing mythology and archetype to explore and reveal its implicit, inhibitive, and profound meaning. Chapter 5, Displacement: Peach Imagery in Fable and Drama Based on the angle of archetype review, the clue to induce the law of literary development and evolution is the "displacement" of the archetype. The original mythology and literature will be displaced into a new literary genre along with the progressing of the development in the society. Therefore, after investigating the origins of peach and mythology, and the "arcadia" imagery, this chapter will use more literary works – mainly focusing on novels, dramas (for example, "Journal to the West", "Peach Blossom Fan"), and fables (for example, the story of Emperor Wu of Han China and the story of Liu、Ruan) to reveal peach's model of mythology and its consciousness of archetype in the literary works, as well as how does it stimulate the collective unconsciousness: concern toward life. Chapter 6, Conclusion: Archetype of Life After investigating the symbolic implication of peach from mythology to literature, this chapter will draw conclusions of this research – using the symbolic implication of peach to depict humankind's resisting mentality against death. Even until nowadays, we still can see various cultures of symbolization appearing in the folklore events that use peach imagery. The common mentality behind may be explained as that humankind's strong denial against death over many generations and the unchanging longing for eternal life.

Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Peach and apricot shells are agricultural waste products. These waste products accumulate around canneries and food-processing plants in South Africa. No effort is being made to utilise these waste products. This study is the first part of the product development from these products i.e. peach shell activated carbon and apricot shell activated carbon. By producing activated carbon from peach and apricot shells the solid waste problem is addressed, but most of all a profit can be made. But why activated carbon? Activated carbons are unique and versatile adsorbent with a vast amount of adsorption applications. It can be produced via a simple oxidation reaction with steam and the nature of peach and apricot shells are such that it is expected that activated carbons with good adsorption properties can be produced from it. The single largest consumer of activated carbon in South Africa is the gold mining industry that uses imported coconut shell activated carbon for gold adsorption in the gold recovery process. Activated carbon is also used as water purification adsorbents. During this study activated carbons were produced in a fluidized bed reactor at various activation conditions: 700 - 900°C, 0.0425 - 0.0629 g steamlg char.min and 30 - 60 min. This was done in order to find the optimum activation conditions within the activation parameter range. The optimal activated carbons were defined as peach and apricot shell activated carbons that showed good microporous as well as mesoporous character. The optimal activated carbons produced are: peach shell activated at 875°C, 0.0533 g stearnlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon at 850°C, 0.0533 g steamlg char.min, 60min. The possible use of these optimal activated carbons and two other activated carbons produced (Peach shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char.min, 60min) were tested in gold recovery and water purification. The gold adsorption properties of peach and apricot shell activated carbons were found to be better than two commercial coconut shell activated carbons (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). No definite conclusions could, however, be drawn about the replacement of coconut shell activated carbon with peach or apricot shell activated carbon, because abrasion test work and thermal regeneration of the experimental carbons still have to be performed. The experimental activated carbons displayed good phenol adsorption characteristic, although further test work is required. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Perske- en appelkoospitte is landbouafvalprodukte. Hierdie afvalprodukte versamel rondom inmaakfabrieke en voedselververkingsaanlegte. Tans word daar geen poging in Suid-Afrika aangewend om hierdie afvalprodukte te benut nie. Hierdie studie is die eerste deel van die ontwikkeling van die produkte: Perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof. Deur geaktiveerde koolstof van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe te maak, word nie net 'n antwoord op die vastestofafvalsprobleem gevind nie, maar daar kan ook geld gemaak word. Hoekom geaktiveerde koolstof? Aktiveerde koolstowwe is veelsydige en unieke adsorbente met 'n groot verskeidenheid adsorpsie toepassings. Dit kan vervaardig word via 'n eenvoudige oksidasie reaksie met stoom en die aard van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe is sodanig, dat verwag kan word om geaktiveerde koolstowwe met goeie adsorpsie eienskappe daarvan te kry. Die grootste enkelverbruiker van geaktiveerde koolstof in Suid-Afrika is die goudmynbedryf, wat kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstof invoer om goud te herwin. Geaktiveerde koolstof word ook gebruik vir watersuiwering. Tydens hierdie studie IS geaktiveerde koolstowwe by verskillende aktiveeringskondisies in 'n gevloeïdiseerde bed vervaardig: 700 - 900oe, 0.0425 - 0.0629g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min en 30 - 60 mm. Die aktiveringskondisies is gevarieer om sodoende die optimale aktiveringskondisies binne die aktiveringsparameterreeks te kry. 'n Geaktiveerde koolstof is as optimaal geklassifiseer as dit 'n goeie mikro- sowel as mesostruktuur getoon het. Die optimaal geaktiveerde koolstowwe is: geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van perskepitdoppe by 875°e, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 mm en geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van appelkoospitdoppe by 850oe, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min. Die gebruik van die twee optimale geaktiveerde koolstowwe sowel as twee ander geaktiveerde koolstowwe (perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 900oe, 0.0425 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 min en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 850°C, 0.0533 g stoom/g gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min) is VIr goudadsorpsie en watersuiwering ondersoek. Die goudadsorpsie eienskappe van die perske-en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe was beter as die van twee kommersiële kokosneutdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). Daar kan egter geen definitiewe gevolgtrekkings gemaak word oor die vervanging van kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstowwe met dié van perske of appelkoospitdoppe nie, aangesien daar nog toetsresultate oor die slytweerstand en reaktiverings eienskappe van die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe uitstaande is. Die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe toon goeie adsorpie ten opsigte van fenol, maar verdere toetswerk is egter nodig.

No description available.

This study is an investigation of the negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 to make a peace in the Duchy of Teschen Silesia 1919-1920. It is concerned with the principle of self-determination as it was applied to Central Eastern Europe in the aftermath of World War I. Moreover, this investigation seeks to explain the fixing of boundary lines in the Duchy of Teschen in the light of the diplomacy of the Allied Powers on the one hand and Poland and Czechoslovakia on the other. This study is an attempt to portray the overall difficulty involved in making a peace in idealistic terms.

No Brasil, a palmeira pupunha tem a região amazônica como seu habitat natural. Os frutos dessa palmeira, assim como o palmito, fazem parte da dieta alimentar dos povos da região Norte. Portanto, diante da relevância de seu cultivo, os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram avaliar os níveis de desenvolvimento vegetativo da pupunheira sob diferentes fontes de adubação (orgânica (esterco bovino e esterco suíno) e mineral), em condição irrigada. Buscou-se com isso, obter qual situação que fornecerá melhores condições de desenvolvimento vegetativo em termos de: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, tamanho da folha (comprimento da raqui), espessura da raqui e por fim número de folhas. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, na fazenda Areão, pertencente à Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz ESALQ/USP, localizada no município de Piracicaba SP. Situada a uma altitude de 576 m acima do nível do mar cujas coordenadas geográficas são: 22° 42 30 latitude Sul e 47° 30 00 de longitude Oeste. O tipo de solo existente na área experimental é classificado como Terra Roxa Estruturada (Alfisolo), série Luiz de Queiroz, apresentando declividade média de 5%. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x4 com tratamentos dispostos em faixas totalizando 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Cada tratamento continha aproximadamente 175 plantas. Dispostas no espaçamento de 2 m entre linhas de plantio e 1 m entre as plantas. As covas tinham em torno de 0,3 m de profundidade. O sistema de irrigação empregado foi a microaspersão. No tratamento com adubação mineral, foram aplicados: 31,2 g de uréia, 181,46 g de super fosfato simples e 11,6 g de KCl por planta. Para aplicação do adubo orgânico (esterco bovino e suíno), tomou-se como base o o elemento fósforo (essencial para desenvolvimento de raízes), no caso de esterco suíno correspondeu a 8,54 kg planta-1 e no caso do esterco bovino correspondeu a 21,34 kg planta-1. As respostas da pupunheira aos tratamentos foram avaliados a cada 2 meses, a partir do plantio, mediante medições do desenvolvimento da cultura em todas as plantas úteis de cada parcela considerando-se as características conforme recomendações de Clement e Bovi (2000). Os itens avaliados foram: diâmetro do caule da planta (medido na região do colo da planta, aproximadamente de 10 a 15 cm acima do solo, com paquímetro); altura da planta (medida da base do tronco ao ponto de inserção da folha mais nova totalmente aberta, início da flecha); número de perfilhos por planta (feito por uma contagem simples). Assim que se iniciaram as avaliações foram analisadas planta a planta, num total de aproximadamente 700 palmeiras pupunha. As avaliações se estenderam durante o mês de julho/2010 a agosto/2011. De uma maneira geral, diante dos resultados obtidos, o tratamento que obteve melhor desenvolvimento foi o tratamento com aplicação de esterco suíno, em pelo menos 4 dos 5 itens avaliados (altura de planta, comprimento da raqui, diâmetro do caule e espessura da raqui). Pode-se dizer também que tanto a adubação mineral quanto o esterco bovino deram boas respostas dentro do experimento. / In Brazil, the peach palm has the Amazon region its natural habitat. The palm fruits and palm hearts, is part of the people diet of the North region of Brazil. Therefore, given the importance of its growth, the main objective of this research were to evaluate the levels of vegetative development of peach palm under different sources of fertilizer (organic (cattle manure and swine manure) and mineral) under irrigated condition. So, was looked to get which situation will provide optimum conditions for plant growth in terms of: plant height, stem diameter, leaf size (length of rachis), rachis thickness and finally the leaves number. The experiment was carried out at the experimental site of the Department of Biosystems Engineering, on a farm belonged to the College of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - ESALQ / USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Located at an elevation of 576 m above sea level whose geographical coordinates are: 22 ° 42 \'30 \"South latitude and 47 ° 30\' 00\" west longitude. The soil type at the experimental area is classified as Structured Terra Roxa (alfisols) series Luiz de Queiroz, with an average slope of 5%. The adopted statistical design was in randomized blocks, in factorial scheme 4x4 with treatments arranged in strips totaling 4 treatments and 4 repetitions. Each treatment had 175 plants. Arranged in the spacing of 2 m between tree rows and 1 m between plants. The pits were around 0.3 m deep. The irrigation system was the microsprinkler. In the treatment with mineral fertilizer were applied: 31.2 g urea, 181.46 g of simple super phosphate and 11.6 g of KCl per plant. For the application organic fertilizer (swine and cattle manure) was followed by the element phosphorus (essential for root development) the sample of swine manure corresponds to 8.54 kg plant-1. In case of cattle manure sample corresponding to 21.34 kg plant-1. Responses of peach treatments were evaluated every 2 months from planting, through measurements of the development of the crop in all useful plants of each plot considering the characteristics as recommended by Clement and Bovi (2000). The items evaluated were: plant stem diameter (measured in the neck region of the plant, about 10 to 15 cm above the ground, with caliper), plant height (measured from the base of the trunk to the point of insertion of the youngest leaf fully open, beginning of the arrow), number of tillers per plant (made by a simple counting). Once started the evaluations were analyzed plant to plant, totaling approximately 700 peach palm. The evaluations were extended during the month of July/2010 to August /2011. In general, considering the results obtained, the treatment that had the best development was the treatment of swine manure application on at least four of the five items evaluated (plant height, spinal length, diameter and thickness of the spinal ). Both mineral fertilizer and the manure gave positive responses within the experiment.

Avaliar a sensibilidade de sementes de pupunha à dessecação, por meio do teste de raios X e do teste de emergência de plântulas, determinando-se os níveis crítico e letal de tolerância à dessecação, foi o objetivo deste estudo. A perda de água das sementes foi monitorada e os tratamentos constituídos pela tentativa de decréscimo de 3% do teor de água do anterior, a partir do inicial (testemunha), até o mínimo de 11%; assim, o número de tratamentos teve relação direta com o teor de água inicial das sementes e cada tratamento foi representado por quatro repetições de 50 sementes. Após a secagem, as sementes foram radiografadas, determinados os espaços internos vazios e submetidas ao teste de emergência de plântulas em areia. As sementes de pupunha ao atingirem 36,4% de teor de água, durante o processo de secagem, têm o seu potencial fisiológico afetado negativamente (teor de água crítico) e, com o avanço do processo de secagem a partir de 12,2% ocorre a morte das sementes. O teste de raios X é eficaz na avaliação da morfologia interna das sementes durante a secagem. À medida que aumenta o espaço interno vazio diminui o potencial fisiológico das sementes e acima de 30% não ocorre a emergência de plântulas. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensibility of peach-palm seeds to desiccation and determine the critical and lethal levels for tolerating desiccation by using X-ray and seedling emergence tests. Water loss from the seeds was monitored and the treatments consisted of progressive 3% reductions in water content commencing with the control values until a minimum of 11% was reached; therefore, the number of treatments was directly related to the initial seed water content and each treatment was represented by four replications of 50 seeds. After drying, the seeds were X-rayed, the internal empty spaces determined and the seeds submitted to a seedling emergence test in sand. Peach-palm seeds dried to 36,4% of moisture content have reduction on physiological potential (critical level for tolerance desiccation); increased drying after 12.2% results in seed mortality. The X-ray test is effective in internal morphology evaluation of the peach-palm seeds as drying increased. As the internal empty space increases in the seeds, the physiological potential decreases; there is no seedling emergence when the internal empty space is greater than 30%.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de diversos tratamentos térmicos sobre a incidência de lanosidade em pêssegos ‘Dourado-2’ armazenados a 0oC. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, os tratamentos térmicos foram realizados na forma de condicionamento térmico antes da refrigeração, com os frutos sendo expostos a 50oC/1h e 2h; a 38oC/24h e a 20oC/48h, e através do aquecimento intermitente durante o armazenamento refrigerado com frutos aquecidos a cada cinco dias a 25oC/24h e 48h e a 15oC/24h e 48h; frutos aquecidos a cada dez dias a 15oC e 25oC/48h e a 38oC/24h. No segundo experimento, os melhores tratamentos foram repetidos: condicionamento térmico antes da refrigeração, com os frutos sendo expostos a 50oC/2h e a 20oC/48h, e aquecimento intermitente durante o armazenamento refrigerado com frutos aquecidos a cada cinco dias a 25oC/24h e a cada dez dias a 25oC/48h. Após 30 dias de armazenamento e mais 3 dias de comercialização simulada, foram determinados os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre a qualidade do fruto: incidência de lanosidade, podridões, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, teor de vitamina C, coloração, firmeza da polpa. Além disso, foi realizada análise sensorial no primeiro experimento, e determinação da taxa respiratória e de liberação de etileno no segundo. Foi observado que, de modo geral, o aquecimento intermitente se mostrou mais eficaz do que o condicionamento térmico no que se refere ao controle da lanosidade, com exceção do aquecimento a cada 5 dias a 250C/48h, onde observou-se elevada incidência de podridões. O aquecimento intermitente com ciclos de 5 ou 10 dias e o condicionamento térmico a 20oC/48h podem ser utilizados para reduzir a incidência de lanosidade em pêssegos ‘Dourado-2’ armazenados durante 30 dias a 0oC. / The present research was carried out with the objective to verify the effect of heat treatments on the incidence of woolliness in ‘Dourado-2’ peaches cold stored at 0oC. Two experiments were carried out. In the first, heat treatments were applied as conditioning temperature (50oC/1h and 2h; 38oC/24h and 20oC/48h) and as intermittent warming during cold storage. In these treatments fruit were warmed each five days at 25oC/24h and 48h, and at 15oC/24h and 48h, and each ten days at 15oC e 25oC/48h and at 38oC/24h. In the second experiment, the best four treatments (plus control treatment) from first experiment were replicated: conditioning at 50oC/2h and 20oC/48h, and intermittent warming each five days at 25oC/24h and each ten days at 25oC/48h. After 30 days of storage at 0oC (plus 3 days at room temperature) the effect of treatments on fruit quality was evaluated. The variables evaluated were: incidence of woolliness and decay, soluble solids content, acidity, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), skin color and firmness. Besides, sensorial analysis was evaluated in the first experiment and the respiratory rate and ethylene production in the second experiment. In general, the intermittent warming was more efficient than conditioning in relation incidence of woolliness, with exception to the intermittent warming each five days at 25oC/48h that have presented high incidence of decay. The intermittent warming with cycles of five or 10 days and the conditioning temperature at 20oC/48h can be used to reduce incidence of woolliness in ‘Dourado-2’ peaches cold stored at 0oC during 30 days.