Os endoparasitas têm demonstrado resistência aos principais anti-helmínticos. Por isso é necessário investigar estratégias sustentáveis, sendo uma das alternativas a utilização de plantas leguminosas (Fabaceae) no controle de nematóides. Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade anti-helmíntica de 17 extratos de plantas no teste de inibição da eclodibilidade dos ovos, teste de inibição de desembainhamento de larvas de Haemonchus contortus e o teste de motilidade do Caenorhabditis elegans, in vitro. As duas melhores plantas foram levadas para teste in vivo (Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo e Caesalpinia echinata). Os extratos foram feitos a partir das folhas de Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo, Caesalpinia echinata, Cajanus cajan, Calopogonium velutinum, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosema pubencens cv Cardillo, Cratylia mollis, Dipteryx alata, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala cv Cunningham, Leucaena pulverulenta, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Neonotonia wighiti cv Cianova, Noenotonia wighiti cv Tinaroo, Piptadenia colubrina, Stylosanthes guianensis e Styzolobium aterrimun, as quais foram coletadas no campo agrostológico do Instituto de Zootecnia em Nova Odessa/SP. Seus princípios ativos foram extraídos em solução de acetona:água 70:30, solvente retirado por rotaevaporação, seguido por lavagem com diclorometano e liofilizado. Os resultados obtidos para o TIEO, TIDL e para o TMCE foram baseados na concentração letal de 50% (CL50), maior concentração testada 50 mg/mL e a menor 0,0975 mg/mL nos TIEO e TIDL, e TMCE a maior foi 50 mg/mL e a menor 0,039 mg/mL. Em ordem da maior para menor eficácia no TIEO foram para o extrato de P. colubrina (0,10 mg/mL), extrato de C. echinata (0,17 mg/mL) e extrato M. caesalpiniaefolia (0,53 mg/mL). Os resultados do TIDL em ordem da maior para menor eficácia foram para o extrato de S. guianensis (0,51 mg/mL), extrato de A. pintoi cv Amarillo (1,04 mg/mL) e extrato de C. echinata (1,25 mg/mL). O resultado obtido com maior eficiência na CL50 do TMCE foi o extrato de C. echinata (0,49 mg/mL), o extrato de M. caesalpiniaefolia (1,03 mg/mL), extrato de Dipteryx alata (1,50 mg/mL) e extrato de P. colubrina (1,56 mg/mL). Para o experimento in vivo utilizou-se 30 ovinos, PV médio de 32 kg (+/- 0,59), mestiços Dorper/Santa Inês, machos, não castrados. Animais foram divididos em três tratamentos: A. pintoi (A), C. echinata (B) e controle (C) infectados sem tratamento, cada tratamento continha 10 animais. Animais dos tratamentos A e B foram tratados com 10 g da planta moída juntamente no concentrado. Foram colhidos sangue e fezes para análises. Final do experimento os animais foram abatidos e abomaso lavado para a recuperação dos H. contortus. O tratamento A obteve resultado significativo de OPG (1015) quando comparado com OPG dos tratamentos B (1244) e C (1537). O comprimento dos nematóides machos (A = 1,24 cm; B = 1,31 e C = 1,35) e fêmeas (A = 1,83 cm; B = 1,91 e C = 1,97) encontrados em cada tratamento teve diferença significativa, sendo a quantidade de nematóides do tratamento A menores. Conclui-se que o experimento com a planta A. pintoi foi que propiciou redução no OPG e comprimento dos nematóides sugerindo ação anti-helmíntica com potencial de uso no controle sustentável desta verminose / Endoparasites have demonstrated resistance to the main anthelmintics found in the Market and new sustainable strategies are needed to control them. This work aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of 17 extracts of taniniferous plants that belongs to the Fabaceae family by in vitro egg hatch test (EHT), larval exsheathment test (LET) with Haemonchus contortus and larval motility test (LMT) with Caenorhabditis elegans. Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo and Caesalpinia echinata. Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo, Caesalpinia echinata, Cajanus cajan, Calopogonium velutinum, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosema pubencens cv Cardillo, Cratylia mollis, Dipteryx alata, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala cv Cunningham, Leucaena pulverulenta, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Neonotonia wighiti cv Cianova, Noenotonia wighiti cv Tinaroo, Piptadenia colubrina, Stylosanthes guianensis and Styzolobium aterrimun were collected from Agrostological field from Instituto de Zootecnia (Nova Odessa/SP). The phytochemicals were extracted by maceration in acetone:water (70:30). The acetone was rotoevaporated and the aqueous extract was cleared with dicloromethane. The remaining extract was liofilized and kept frozen until the use in vitro tests. EHT, LET were performed with doses ranging from 50 mg/mL to 0.0975 mg/mL and LMT with doses ranging from 50 mg/mL to 0.039 mg/mL. LC50 were calculated to compare efficacies. The extracts P. colubrina (0.1 mg/mL), C. echinata (0.17 mg/mL) and M. caesalpiniaefolia (0.53 mg/mL) presented the best results in EHT. L. pulverulenta, C. cajan, C. mollis and S. aterrimun were not effective at the higher dose in EHT (50 mg/mL). In the LET the extracts of S. guianensis (0.51mg/mL), A. pintoi cv Amarillo (1.04 mg/mL) and C. echinata (1.25 mg/mL) had the best results. In LMT, the extracts of C. echinata (0.49 mg/mL), M. caesalpiniaefolia (1.03 mg/mL), D. alata (1.5 mg/mL) and P. colubrina (1.56 mg/mL) had the best results. A. pintoi and C. echinata were chosen to be tested in vivo. In order to evaluate the plants over lambs infected with parasites, 30 lambs with average body weight of 32 kg (+/- 0,59 kg), Dorper x Santa Ines, male and not castrated were divided equaly in 3 treatments: (A) A. pintoi 10 g/day, (B) C. echinata 10 g/day and (C) control. The plants were grinded and mixed with concentrate and offered during all experiment. Blood and feces were collected for analysis. At the end of experimental period, animals were slaughtered and H. contortus were recovered from abomasum for counts, measurements and evaluation of female fertility (count of eggs). Treatment (A) with A. pintoi had lower FEC (1015) when compared with (B) C. echinata with FEC of 1244 and (C) Control with FEC of 1537 (P<0.05). The length of male worms (A = 1,24 cm; B = 1,31 cm e C = 1,35 cm) and female (A = 1,83 cm; B = 1,91 cm e C = 1,97 cm) presented differences (P<0.05), as the (A) group present smaller length. It was concluded that A. pintoi cv Amarillo reduced FEC and the size of the worms suggesting potencial anthelmintic effect in the sustainable control of parasites

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-10T13:48:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima da Silva.pdf: 302537 bytes, checksum: 7c6d2b448ec2b8c92bc437c2f3c61538 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T13:48:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima da Silva.pdf: 302537 bytes, checksum: 7c6d2b448ec2b8c92bc437c2f3c61538 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Is legume used in the world with a high percentage of comestible oil and protein and in Brazil is cropped in different soil and climatic conditions. Due to its adaptability to tropical conditions and with high economic value peanut is very important for typically small, family based properties involved in food production in the Northeastern Brazilian. With the objective to evaluate the effectiveness of peanut inoculation with selected strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. bacteria it was carried out a field experiment in not irrigated conditions, in a soil located at the Itapirema Experimental Station (IPA), tropical rainforest zone of Pernambuco state. The experiment was conducted in a factorial 2 x10, in randomized block design, with four replicates. Were used two peanut cultivars (BR 1 and BRS Havana) comparing 8 peanut strains, including the controls treatments with N fertilization as ammonium sulphate (200 kg N ha-1) and without nitrogen fertilizers. In the periods of flowering and grain maturity plants were collected (6 per plot) for evaluation of nitrogen fixation (dry nodules biomass, dry plant biomass, total N in shoots and relative efficiency of strains). At the final of the experiment were determined the following components of plant productivity: dry biomass of 100 grains(g); dry biomass of 100 pods (g); grain and pod yields (kg ha-1). Nitrogen fertilization increased dry biomass and total N accumulation in shoots in the period of grain maturation (p≤ 0,05). The relative efficiency of the strains was greater on cultivar BRS Havana. Bradyrhizobium spp. inoculation showed no significant difference (p≤0,05) to the others treatments in reference to dry biomass of nodules. It was not observed significant difference between treatments on grain and pod yields. In the soil used the rhizobia native from soil was so effective than rhizobia applied by inoculation and they supply nitrogen to attend the N demand by peanut cropped inthe used Brazilian rainforest soil. / O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é uma oleaginosa consumida mundialmente. No Brasil é cultivada nas mais diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Devido sua boa adaptabilidade às condições tropicais e por ser uma cultura de valor econômico, o amendoim pode ter um papel importante para a capitalização de pequenos agricultores na região Nordeste. Com o objetivo de avaliar a efetividade da inoculação com Bradyrhizobium spp. em solo da Zona de Mata de Pernambuco na cultura do amendoim, foi realizado um experimento no campo, em condições de sequeiro, na Estação Experimental de Itapirema (IPA), Goiana, Pernambuco. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, no arranjo fatorial 2 X 10. Foram usadas duas cultivares de amendoim (BR 1 e BRS Havana) e 10 tratamentos como fontes de nitrogênio, 8 tratamentos com inoculação com estirpes de Bradyrhizobium; 1 tratamento sem inoculação e com fertilizante nitrogenado, aplicado na forma de Sulfato de amônio (200 kg ha-1 de N); e 1tratamento sem inoculação e sem fertilizante com N. Nos períodos de florescimento e de maturação dos frutos 6 plantas por parcela foram coletadas ao acaso, para avaliação da fixação biológica do nitrogênio (biomassa seca de nódulos, biomassa seca da parte aérea, N total acumulado na parte aérea e eficiência relativa dasestirpes). No final do ciclo foram determinados: biomassa seca de 100 grãos (g);biomassa seca de 100 vagens (g), rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1) e rendimento de vagens (kg ha-1). Houve diferença significativa (p≤ 0,05) para acúmulo de biomassa seca e de N da parte aérea no período de maturação dos frutos, onde o tratamento com N fertilizante foi superior aos demais. A eficiência das estirpes foi mais acentuada na cultivar BRS Havana. Não houve diferença significativa (p≤ 0,05) entre os tratamentos para biomassa seca dos nódulos e para o rendimento de vagens e de grãos. Nas condições em que o experimento foi desenvolvido a população rizobiana nativa foi eficiente no suprimento de nitrogênio para atender a demanda deste nutriente pela cultura do amendoim.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T14:07:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Michelle Barros Pantoja.pdf: 1641953 bytes, checksum: 3ccb5972f0e3ceb3779eebd3c7ee502f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T14:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michelle Barros Pantoja.pdf: 1641953 bytes, checksum: 3ccb5972f0e3ceb3779eebd3c7ee502f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an oleaginous plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, native to South America. Its kernels are widely used as a food source and the production of oil. The main producing countries are China, India and the United States, which occupy the 1st, 2nd and 3rd places, respectively, in the ranking of world production. Brazil occupies the 17th position, in which the State of São Paulo stands out with 95% of total production of the country. The peanut is infected by several virus species, which limit the development of the crop in different parts of the world. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of virus in peanut plants in 10 counties of the State of São Paulo. Thirty-five samples (s) from 18 fields (f) were analyzed from Santa Adélia (3f/6s), Lusitânia (1f/1s), Jaboticabal (3f/6s), Itápolis e Pindorama (1f/2s, each), Tupã (4f/8s), Rancharia e Marília (1f/2s, each), Guaimbê (2f/4s) and Guarantã (1f/2s). The maintenance of the virus isolates was done in peanut plants graft inoculated. The isolates were submitted to biological, serological e molecular analyses. For host range study, Lactuca sativa, Capisicum annuum, C. annuum var. 679, C. annuum var. Ikeda, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiniana tabacum, N. benthamiana, N. rustica, N. glutinosa, Physalis floridana and Solanum sculentum were mechanically inoculated and the symptoms analyzed. Based on Dot-ELISA results, the presence of the tospoviruses Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) (16s), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) (6s) and do Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (3s) was detected. The comparison of the sequence obtained in the RT-PCR test with those deposited in the GenBank, revealed the occurrence of the GRSV. Furthermore, the metagenomic analysis showed the presence of the GRSV, as well as, the potyvirus Peanut motlle virus (PeMoV), both with complete genome. / O amendoim (Arachis hypogaeae L.) é uma oleaginosa pertencente à família Fabaceae, originária da América do Sul. Seus grãos são muito utilizados como fonte de alimento e na produção de óleo. Os principais países produtores são China, Índia e Estados Unidos, que ocupam o 1°, 2° e 3º lugar, respectivamente. O Brasil situa-se na 17ª posição, tendo o Estado de São Paulo contribuído com 95% da produção total do país. O amendoim é hospedeiro de um grande número de espécies de vírus, que limitam o desenvolvimento da cultura em diferentes partes do mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a presença de vírus em plantas de amendoim oriundas de 10 municípios paulistas, sendo analisadas amostras (am) de campos (cam) de Santa Adélia (3cam/6am), Lusitânia (1cam/1am), Jaboticabal (3cam/6am), Itápolis e Pindorama (1cam/2am, cada), Tupã (4cam/8am), Rancharia e Marília (1cam/2am, cada), Guaimbê (2cam/4am) e Guarantã (1cam/2am). Plantas de amendoim foram usadas para manutenção dos isolados virais, empregando-se transmissão sucessivas por meio de enxertias. Os isolados foram submetidos a análises biológicas em gama de hospedeiros, sorológicas pelo método Dot-ELISA e moleculares por RT-PCR e metagenômica. Os hospedeiros indicadores testado foram: Lactuca sativa, Capisicum annuum, C. annuum var. 679, C. annuum var. Ikeda, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiniana tabacum, N. benthamiana, N. rustica, N. glutinosa, Physalis floridana e Solanum sculentum. Com base nos resultados do teste Dot-ELISA foi detectada a presença dos tospovírus Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) (16am), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) (6am) e do Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (3am). Ao ser comparado os resultados obtidos no sequenciamento (Macrogen) do fragmento obtido no teste RT-PCR, com as sequências disponíveis no GenBank, ficou comprovada ocorrência do GRSV. Por outro lado, a análise metagenômica confirmou a presença do GRSV e detectou o potyvírus Peanut motlle virus PeMoV), ambos com genoma completo.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-19T12:41:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Aparecida Santos Andrade.pdf: 805896 bytes, checksum: 242a0326d253f9df2e617dcf1ca55863 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T12:41:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Aparecida Santos Andrade.pdf: 805896 bytes, checksum: 242a0326d253f9df2e617dcf1ca55863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The intercropping is an alternative to ensure the income of farmers and reduce agricultural losses, besides bringing benefits to crops with lower occurrence of diseases and pests, providing better utilization and enrichment agroecosystem. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of plant population on peanut inoculation and intercropping system with cactus on growth, biomass and productivity of groundnut and palm development after planting forage and crop residues incorporation of peanuts. The treatments consisted of different populations of peanuts (one, two and three rows of peanuts from a space of two meters of cactus), with and without inoculation, analyzed in split plot scheme (3 x 2), totaling six treatments in randomized block design with four replications. The variables evaluated were survival percentage initial and final plant height, number of branches, weight of shoot and root, number of nodules, nodule dry weight, number of pods per plant, total biomass and pods yield characteristics of peanut pods and height, length, width and thickness of the cactus pear after harvest peanuts. The largest population of plants in many lines of peanut intercropped with cactus promotes greater total biomass and productivity and does not change the height, number of branch, shoot dry weight, and root nodules, number of pods with two, three four seed and leaf number. The inoculant application did not cause an increase in productivity, biomass and growth of peanuts. Inoculation peanut population associated with lower peanut provides greater uniformity in length with a grain leguminous, while the greatest width occurs when it is cultivated with two rows of peanut inoculant. Treatment with two lines inoculation provided greater uniformity in the length of pods with three seeds and widths of these pods were more influenced by three lines without inoculant. Pods with four grains present uniformity in length with the analysis classes of treatments with the highest population of peanuts. The intercropping with peanut cactus did not influence the height and length of cladodes of plants, but the greater thickness was observed in cladodes harvested forage cactus planted with two rows of peanuts. / O consórcio é uma alternativa para assegurar a renda do produtor rural e reduzir as perdas agrícolas, além de trazer benefícios para as culturas com menor ocorrência de doenças e pragas, proporcionando melhor aproveitamento e enriquecimento do agroecosistema. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da população de plantas de amendoim em sistema de inoculação e consorciado com a palma forrageira sobre o crescimento, produtividade e biomassa do amendoim e o desenvolvimento da palma forrageira após o plantio e a incorporação dos restos culturais do amendoim. Os tratamentos corresponderam a diferentes populações de amendoim (uma, duas e três linhas de amendoim entre um espaço de dois metros da palma forrageira), com e sem inoculante, analisados em esquema de parcelas subdividida (3 x 2), perfazendo seis tratamentos, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem de sobrevivência inicial e final, altura de plantas, número de ramificações, peso da parte aérea e raiz, número de nódulos, peso seco dos nódulos, número de vagens por planta, produção de biomassa total e produtividade de vagens, caracteristicas das vagens de amendoim e altura, comprimento, largura e espessura da palma forrageira após a colheita do amendoim. A maior população de plantas em número de linhas de amendoim consorciado com a palma forrageira promove maior produção de biomassa total e produtividade e não altera a altura, número de ramificação, massa seca da parte aérea, raiz e nódulos, número de vagens com duas, três e quatro sementes e número de folhas. A aplicação de inoculante não ocasionou incremento para a produtividade, biomassa e o crescimento de plantas de amendoim. A inoculação do amendoim associada a menores populações de amendoim proporciona maior uniformidade de comprimento de vagem com um grão, enquanto que a maior largura ocorre quando é cultivado com duas linhas de amendoim com inoculante. Tratamento de duas linhas com inoculação proporcionou maior uniformidade no comprimento de vagens com três grãos e as larguras dessas vagens foram mais influenciada por três linhas sem inoculante. Vagens com quatro grãos apresentam maior uniformidade de comprimento com as classes verificadas de tratamentos com maior população de amendoim. O consórcio do amendoim com palma forrageira não influenciou a altura e o comprimento dos cladódios de plantas, mas a maior espessura foi observada em cladódios colhidos de palma forrageira cultivada com duas linhas de amendoim.

Os objetivos foram: identificar a microbiota fúngica e a ocorrência de aflatoxinas em cultivar de amendoim, identificar a microbiota fúngica do solo e correlacionar os resultados obtidos com os níveis de atividade de água encontrados. As amostras (solo e amendoim) foram provenientes de: Jaboticabal, Rosália, Tupã e Cafelândia (SP). A microbiota fúngica do solo revelou que o fungo do gênero Penicillium foi o mais frequente (52,1 %) nas quatro regiões durante as duas coletas (após a emergência das plantas e duas semanas antes do arranquio). Dentro do gênero Aspergillus, A. flavus foi a espécie mais frequente (13,5 %). A microbiota fúngica dos grãos e das cascas, das quatro regiões, nas duas coletas (duas semanas antes do arranquio e após o arranquio), demonstrou maior frequência de isolamento do fungo do gênero Fusarium (70,2 %). Do gênero Aspergillus, a espécie A. flavus foi a mais frequente (9,8 %). A análise de aflatoxinas revelou a presença de aflatoxinas em 5 % das amostras de grãos analisadas. Nas cascas, 13,75 % das amostras apresentaram contaminação por aflatoxinas. / The objectives were: to identify the mycoflora and the occurrence of aflatoxins in a peanut variety, identify the soil mycoflora and compare the acquired results with the levels of water activity found. The samples (peanut and soil) were collected from: Jaboticabal, Rosália, Tupã and Cafelândia (SP/Brazil). The mycoflora of the soil revealed that the genus Penicillium was the most frequent (52.1 %) in the four regions during the two trials (after the emergence of the plants and two weeks before the uprooting). Within the genus Aspergillus, A. flavus was the most frequent specie (13.5 %). The mycoflora of the kernels and peanut hulls, from the four regions in the two trials (two weeks before the uprooting and after the uprooting), demonstrated greater frequency of isolation of the genus Fusarium (70.2 %). Within the genus Aspergillus, A. flavus was the most frequent specie (9.8 %). The analysis of aflatoxins revealed the presence of aflatoxins in 5 % of the kernels samples analyzed. In peanut hulls, 13.75 % of the samples presented aflatoxin contamination.

O amendoim é uma cultura de grande importância econômica que apresenta facilidade na sua condução e é cultivada em diversas regiões do Brasil como também no exterior. Portanto, objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa verificar a influência de ambientes protegido de cultivo e aplicações, via fertirrigação, de íons cálcio e potássio, sobre a cultura do amendoim, em dois ciclos distintos. O experimento foi instalado no posto agrometeorológico da ESALQ/USP, do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, e dividido em dois ciclos vegetativos, onde foram utilizados doze lisímetros, preenchidos com solo Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. Foram considerados sobre os lisímetros três ambientes: a céu aberto e utilizando filmes plásticos (75 e 150 micrometros de espessura). Cada ambiente foi constituído por 4 lisímetros. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas separadamente, a saber: ambientes protegidos diferenciados pela espessura do filme plástico; ambiente a céu aberto. Para o manejo da irrigação a fertirrigação foi determinada em função do período das aplicações e do turno de rega. As variáveis climáticas foram coletadas por data logger (Hobbo) (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, temperatura do ponto de orvalho, densidade de fluxo radiante) e precipitação pluvial. Foram avaliados os parâmetros altura da planta e diâmetro do caule. Os parâmetros de pós-colheita avaliados foram produção, produtividade, número de vagens e umidade do grão. Foram determinadas as concentrações dos íons Ca++ e K+ e o potencial hidrogeniônico (pH). Pôde-se concluir que o íon potássio apresentou, no ciclo mais seco, uma baixa mobilidade no solo para os três ambientes estudados e o íon cálcio também apresentou baixa mobilidade no solo para os três ambientes, porém, para os dois ciclos da cultura. Dos três ambientes avaliados, o mais indicado para o cultivo do amendoim foi o instalado a céu aberto, no ciclo mais chuvoso da cultura. Em termos de ambiente protegido, o mais indicado para o cultivo e condução da cultura foi o de 75 µm. Os parâmetros vegetativos altura da planta e diâmetro de caule obtiveram resultados expressivos somente no primeiro ciclo da cultura nos três ambientes avaliados. Entre os ambientes protegidos, no qual foi instalado o filme plástico de 75 µm, para obtenção de uma boa produtividade no primeiro ciclo da cultura, deve ser aplicada uma faixa média de temperatura de ponto de orvalho de 20,1 0C; no ambiente a céu aberto, a faixa média de temperatura de ponto de orvalho deve estar em torno de 20,79 0C para obtenção de uma boa produtividade no ciclo mais chuvoso, ao passo que uma temperatura média de 6,22 0C no ciclo mais seco torna-se um fator limitante a não realização do plantio. A melhor época para o cultivo e condução do amendoim, seja num ambiente a céu aberto como num ambiente protegido, é a denominada amendoim das águas, compreendida geralmente entre setembro ou outubro até fevereiro do próximo ano. A concentração para uma aplicação ideal dos nutrientes estudados foi a de 100% da demanda requerida pela cultura, no período normal de cultivo do amendoim (ciclo chuvoso), considerando o fator pós-colheita. / The peanut is a crop of great economic importance that is easy to grow and is cultivated in several areas of Brazil and the world. The aim was to verify the influence of different environments and applications of calcium and potassium ions by fertigation on the peanut crop. The research was carried out at ESALQ/USP, of Biosystems Engineering Department. This was divided in two vegetative cycles, in which twelve lysimeters were used and filled with an Arenic Abruptic Paleudult soil. The treatments considered for the lysimeters was three solar environments of open sky and using two thicknesses of plastic films (75 and 150 micrometers of thickness). Each environment was replicated by 4 lysimeters. Irrigation management for the fertigation was determined as a function of the period of applications and the interval of irrigation. Climatic variables were collected by data logger (Hobo) (air temperature, air humidity, dew point temperature, density of radiant flow and precipitation. Crop height and stem diameter were evaluated as growth parameters. The parameters after harvest were total yield, number of nuts, and kernel moisture. Calcium and Potassium concentrations were also obtained as well as hydrogenionic potential. It was determine that the potassium ion presented in driest cycle with low mobility in soil for the three studied environments and the calcium ion also had low mobility in soil for the three environments for both cycles of the crop. Of the three evaluated environments, the best for tillage of peanut was that installed to open sky in the rainiest cycle of the crop. When considering the two protected environments, the best for tillage and growth of the crop was that of 75 µm. The vegetative parameters, plant height and stem diameter, only obtained expressive results in first cycle of the crop in the three evaluated environments. For protected environments, in which plastic film of 75 µm was installed, a good yield in first cycle of the crop required a medium value of dew point temperature of 20.1 oC, in the environment to open sky, the medium value of dew point temperature should be around 20.79 oC for obtaining of a good yield in the rainiest cycle. A medium temperature of 6.22 oC in the driest cycle becomes a limiting factor to the non development of the crop. The best time for tillage and growth of peanut in an environment to open sky and in a protected environment, is denominated \"waters peanut\", generally occurred between September or October through February of the following year. An ideal application of nutrients was 100% of the demand required by the crop, in normal period of peanuts tillage (raining cycle) considering factor after harvest.

<p>While drug-loaded biodegradable polymer microparticles have found many therapeutic applications, bulk manufacturing methods produce heterogeneous populations of particles. A more highly controlled manufacturing method may provide the ability improve the microparticle characteristics such as the drug release profile. Microfluidic droplet-makers manipulate liquids on the scale of tens of microns and can produce highly regular and controlled emulsions. However, microfluidic droplet manufacturing is not typically designed for clinical translation and the chemicals used are often not biocompatible.</p><p>I developed a two-chip PDMS-based microfluidic device that can manufacture PLGA microparticle loaded with hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. I characterized protein-loaded microparticles made using this device and compared them with bulk-generated microparticles. The microfluidics-generated microparticles had similar release curves and encapsulation efficiencies as bulk-generated microparticles but a much narrower size distribution. I generated peanut protein-loaded microparticles with this device and tested them in a mouse model of peanut allergy, improving the particles as the project evolved to have a higher loading level and lower burst release. The microparticles improved the safety and efficacy of an immunotherapy protocol. I also encapsulated hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs for a brain cancer model.</p> / Dissertation

Actualmente las personas se encuentran modificando sus hábitos de consumo, la tendencia alimenticia indica que el cuidado de las personas predomina para preservar la salud y belleza. Sin embargo, muy pocas personas conocen sobre marcas y que alimento son los adecuados para ingerir cuando uno se alimenta saludablemente. El nicho que representa para la empresa este mercado siempre encuentra los mismos productos en los puntos de venta o los mismos complementos alimenticios para los alimentos de media mañana o media tarde. Nutsfit ingresa al mercado de alimentos saludables como una propuesta variada que las personas que mantienen este estilo de vida se atrevan a consumir y conviertan a la marca como parte de su vida alimenticia. La mantequilla de maní que se oferta al mercado es a consecuencia que el público objetivo lo pidió. Se realizó un estudio de mercado encuestando a personas con el perfil adecuado para conocer sus gustos, preferencias y descubrir carencias que presentan. Ante ello, se empezó hacer pruebas de campo o degustaciones con distingos ingredientes para conocer la percepción de las personas sobre el producto piloto. Se elaboraron hipótesis e indicadores de éxito donde se mantuvieron solo 5 productos en oferta al mercado. NutsFit en una empresa que se ocupa en brindar productos de calidad y de buen sabor, predominando el estilo de vida saludable bajo la presentación de las mejores mantequillas de maní. / Currently people are changing their consumption habits, the food trend indicates that caring for people predominates to preserve health and beauty. However, very few people know about brands and what food they are suitable for when they eat healthy. The niche that this market represents for the company always finds the same products at the points of sale or the same food supplements for mid-morning or mid-afternoon food. Nutsfit enters the health food market as a varied proposal that people who maintain this lifestyle dare to consume and convert the brand as part of their food life. The peanut butter that is offered to the market is a consequence that the target audience requested. A market study was carried out surveying people with the appropriate profile to know their tastes, preferences and discover the deficiencies they present. Given this, field tests or tastings began with different ingredients to know people's perception of the pilot product. Hypotheses and success indicators were developed where only 5 products on offer to the market were maintained. NutsFit in a company that deals in providing quality products and good taste, predominantly healthy lifestyle under the presentation of the best peanut butters. / Trabajo de investigación

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture in Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017. / Butternut squash (Cucurbita pepo) is highly susceptible to root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides were being researched and developed for use in various crop farming systems for managing nematode numbers. However, the two products when not properly quantified are highly phytotoxic to crops. The Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dosage (CARD) computer based model was adopted to compute the Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP), which is a non-phytotoxic concentration. The objective of the study, therefore, was to determine whether the MCSP values of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on squash under greenhouse, microplot and field conditions exist. Seedling were raised in 25-cm plastic bags filled with loam, pasteurised sand and Hygromix 2:1:1 (v/v) in the greenhouse , raised in 25-cm pots with pasteurised sand and loam 3:1 (v/v) on the microplot, and raised under field with Hutton sandy loam (65% sand, 30% clay and 5% silt). After establishment each plant was inoculated with 5 000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita. Treatments comprised 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32% concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides with ten replicates. For greenhouse, treatments comprised 0.0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8% concentration of both Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide with 10 replicates. For micro-plot and for field experiment treatments comprised 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2 and 38.4% of both Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL with nine replicates. In all experiments, treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with ten replicates. In the greenhouse, Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had highly significant effects on dry fruit mass and significant on fruit number, but had no effect other plant variables recorded. xxii Treatments contributed 51 to 71% in total treatment variation (TTV) of dry fruit mass and fruit number, respectively. However, at higher concentrations the same phytonematicide decreased fruit number by 66 to 137% and dry fruit mass by 6 to 14%. In the greenhouse, MCSP value for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide was 2.83% of which the overall Σk was 3 units. Plant variables and increasing concentration of phytonematicide exhibited quadratic relations. In microplot, Nemarioc-AL was highly significant for dry shoot mass and dry fruit mass with treatment contribution of 15 to 63% in TTV. At lower concentrations Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide increased dry shoot mass by 5%. However, with increasing concentrations dry shoot mass decreased from 7 to 30%. Phytonematicide increased dry shoot mass from 41 to 81% and decreased root galls from 3 to 73%. In microplot, MCSP value was 11.85%, with the Σk zero. Plant variables and increasing concentration of phytonematicide exhibited quadratic relations. In field experiment, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide treatment effect were not significant on any plant variables. In conclusion, the MCSP and Σk values appear to be location-specific since they were not similar in various locations.

Thesis (M. Agric. (Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Damage and significant losses of potato cultivar due to Meloidogyne incognita has become a serious challenge, after the withdrawal of synthetic chemical nematicides due to their environment-unfriendliness. Various alternatives have been investigated each with a wide range of drawbacks. Most phytonematicides were highly phytotoxic to crops, while their effects on nematode suppression were highly variable. The use of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide at pre- and post-emergence would help in determining the level that is effective in supressing M. incognita without being phytotoxic. The objective of this study was to determine whether Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide could serve as pre- and post-emergent phytonematicide without inducing phytotoxicity while suppressing population densities of M. incognita. For achieving this objective, treatments, namely, 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 g of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide, were arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with 7 replicates. Potato seed tubers were sown into 20 cm pots, Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide placed above the tubers and covered with soil, after initiation of treatments 5 000 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita per plant were inoculated. For post-emergent, treatments, replications and design were the same as in pre-emergent. Potato seed tubers were sown and inoculated with 5000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita per plant after 100% emergence. Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide were applied 7 days after inoculation. Trials were conducted in autumn (February-April) 2017 (Experiment 1) and repeated in autumn 2018 (Experiment 2). Plant growth variables and selected nutrient elements were collected and analysed using the Curve Fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) model and lines of best fit, respectively. In pre-emergent application, Experiment 1, MCSP was established at 1.95 g, with the overall xii sensitivity (∑k) being equal to zero. Therefore, in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, all nutrient elements to increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide exhibited negative quadratic relations. In both Experiments, nematode variables over increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide on potato exhibited negative quadratic relations, except in Experiment 1, where J2 in roots exhibited positive quadratic relations, with models ranging between 72 to 99%. In post emergent, Experiment 1, MCSP was established at 1.57 g, with the overall sensitivity (∑k) being equal to 2. In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, nutrient elements over increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide exhibited positive and negative quadratic relations, with models ranging from 89 to 97%. In Experiment 1, nematode variables over increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide exhibited negative quadratic relations, with models ranging between 92 and 98%. Positive and negative relations suggested that the product stimulated and inhibited plant growth or accumulation of selected essential nutrient elements, respectively. Increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide had stimulated certain plant variables and inhibited population densities of M. incognita in pre- and post emergent application; therefore, this product was suitable for use as pre- and post emergent in management of nematodes on the test crop.