121 |
Processo de produção e purificação do biodiesel de amendoim / Production and purification process of peanut biodieselPereira, Fernanda de Araújo 30 August 2015 (has links)
The concern about fossil fuel reserves depletion, pollution due to extensive use of
conventional fuels and stricter standards for emission are the forces that drive research on alternative fuels. Amongst these are the biodiesel in which the use of vegetable oils has become an attractive to replace diesel from petroleum because of its physico-chemical characteristics and no toxic emissions. This work aimed to study the effect of diferente variables on conversion of peanut oil to biodiesel; determine the influence of temperature and pH in the purification process in order to optimize the amount of water used and study the thermodynamic equilibrium of the system biodiesel-glycerine-alcohol (decreasing the production of effluents). The process of production and purification of peanut biodiesel obtained by transesterification was studied. In this reaction was used sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a basic catalyst, anhydrous ethanol and peanut crude oil (non-degummed) in a pilot production unit. In the purification process was used sulphuric acid diluted in distilled water and drying agent (magnesium sulphate). A 22 factorial design was performed to determine the influence of chemical variables on the amount of water required for thepurification. The variables for the production process were: temperature (30o, 70oC), stirring speed (150 rpm, 350 rpm), molar ratio oil/alcohol (1:4 and 1:10), amount of catalyst (0,5% and 1,5%) and reaction time (0,5 h, 2 h). For the purification process the variables analysed were: temperature (30o and 70oC) and pH (2 and 5). For the study of the system´s thermodynamic equilibrium was used purified biodiesel, jacketed glass reactor with circulating water, titration with biodiesel and glycerine. The evaluation parameter for the production process is the conversion to biodiesel determined by gaseous chromatography and for the purification process were the amount of water utilized and the determination of the
influence of the temperature on the system´s thermodynamic equilibrium. The conversion to biodiesel varied between total saponification to a conversion of 87%. In the purification was observed that the effect of the pH variable could be ignored and the effect of the temperature and the interaction of the temperature and pH can be considered. The thermodynamic equilibrium of the system biodiesel/glycerine/alcohol and the tie lines did not have its behaviour influenced by the different temperatures, not influencing the miscibility of the mixture. / A preocupação com o esgotamento das reservas de combustíveis fósseis, a poluição devido ao grande uso de combustíveis convencionais e as normas rigorosas em relação às emissões são as forças que impulsionam as pesquisas com combustíveis alternativos. Dentre estes, temos o biodiesel no qual o uso de óleos vegetais tem se tornado uma alternativa atrativa em substituição ao diesel do petróleo devido às suas características físico-químicas e emissões não tóxicas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos estudar o efeito de diferentes variáveis na conversão do óleo de amendoim a biodiesel; determinar a influência da temperatura e do pH no processo de purificação, a fim de otimizar a quantidade de água utilizada e, estudar o equilíbrio termodinâmico do sistema biodiesel-glicerina-álcool (diminuindo a produção de efluentes). Foi estudado o processo de produção e purificação do biodiesel de amendoim, obtido através da reação de transesterificação. Nessa reação foi utilizado hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) como catalisador básico, etanol anidro e óleo de amendoim bruto (não-degomado) em uma unidade piloto de produção. No processo de purificação foi utilizado ácido sulfúrico diluído em água destilada e agente dessecante (sulfato de magnésio). Um planejamento fatorial 2² foi realizado a fim de se determinar a influência das variáveis químicas na quantidade de água requerida para a purificação. As variáveis para o processo de produção foram: temperatura (30° e 70°C), velocidade de agitação (150 rpm e 350 rpm), razão molar óleo/álcool (1:4 e 1:10), quantidade de catalisador em massa (0,5% e 1,5%) e tempo de reação (0,5 h e 2 h). Para o processo de purificação foram analisadas as variáveis: temperatura (30° e 70°C) e pH (2 e 5). Para o estudo do equilíbrio termodinâmico foi utilizado o biodiesel purificado, reator de vidro com camisa de circulação de água, titulação com glicerina e biodiesel. O parâmetro de avaliação para a produção é o rendimento em biodiesel determinado por cromatografia gasosa e para o processo de purificação, a quantidade de água utilizada e a determinação da influência da temperatura no equilíbrio termodinâmico do sistema. A conversão a biodiesel variou de total saponificação até uma conversão de 87%. Na purificação, foi observado que o efeito da variável pH pode ser desprezado e o efeito da temperatura e da interação dessas duas variáveis pode ser considerado. O equilíbrio termodinâmico do sistema biodiesel/glicerina/álcool e suas tie lines não sofreram influência de comportamento nas diferentes temperaturas estudadas, não influenciando na miscibilidade da mistura.
|
122 |
Avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa do biodiesel obtido do óleo de amendoim (Harachis hypogaea) durante armazenamento / Evaluation of the oxidative stability of biodiesel from peanut (Harachis hypogaea) during storage.Pinto, Luzenir Monteiro 01 August 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
ArquivoTotalLUZENIR.pdf: 2216176 bytes, checksum: 97f820cc4de1973cce92f6fbba0157c1 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Biodiesel, mixture of alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, is oxidized during storage, due to the degradation of the unsaturated esters when in contact with oxygen from atmosphere or due to changes of temperature and humidity. In peanut biodiesel, oleic and linoleic esters represent more than 80 % of the total ester amount determining the biodiesel quality. In this work, ethylic and methylic biodiesels were stored for 12 months of storage in oven at 43 oC and their oxidative stability were evaluated by physic-chemical analysis, established by the ANP standard: acidity index, kinematic viscosity at 40 oC, specific mass, oxidation stability at 110 oC. During the five months of storage, values of acidity index, viscosity, specific mass and humidity were in agreement to the limits established by the standard. After that, biodiesels presented different behaviors. The methylic biodiesel had higher values of acidity index, viscosity, humidity than ethylic one, indicating that a higher degradation occurred. Preliminary essays related to the oxidative stability of peanut biodiesel containing the antioxidants: -tocoferol, terc-butil hidroquinona (TBHQ) and green tea ethanolic extract (GTEE) were done, using Rancimat and PDSC. The antioxidant addition improved the oxidative stability of peanut biodiesel. The efficiency order of the antioxidants was TBHQ > EECV > -tocoferol. / O Biodiesel, mistura de alquil ésteres de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa, sofre durante armazenamento oxidação, devido à degradação dos ésteres insaturados, quando em contato com com oxigênio atmosférico ou mudanças de temperaturas e umidade. No biodiesel de amendoim, o oleato e o linoleato representam mais de 80% do total de éteres, sendo os principais determinantes da sua qualidade. Neste trabalho, biodieseis metílico e etílico foram armazenados durante 12 meses em estufa a 43 oC, e a sua estabilidade oxidativa foi avaliada por meio de ensaios físico-quimicos, , estabelecidos pela norma da ANP: Índice de acidez, viscosidade cinemática a 40 oC, massa específica, estabilidade a oxidação a 110 oC. Foi observado que nos cincos primeiros meses de estocagem as amostras mantiveram seus valores de índices de acidez, viscosidade, densidade e umidade concordante ao estabelecidos pela norma. Após cinco meses de armazenamento os biodieseis apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados. O biodiesel metílico aumentou seus valores de índice de acidez, viscosidade, umidade em relação ao etílico, mostrando que o seu processo de degradação foi mais pronunciado. Também foram verificados ensaios preliminares sobre a estabilidade oxidativa do biodiesel de amendoim aditivado com os antioxidantes: alfa-tocoferol, terc-butilhidroquinona (TBHQ) e extrato etanólico de chá verde (EECV) usando as técnicas rancimat e PDSC. A adição dos antioxidantes melhorou a estabilidade oxidativa do biodiesel de amendoim. A ordem de eficiência dos antioxidantes foram TBHQ > EECV > alfa-tocoferol.
|
123 |
Uso de rejeito da indústria leiteira na produção de amendoim consorciado com palma forrageiraSILVA, Abraão Cícero da 17 February 2014 (has links)
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-14T15:24:15Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Abraao Cicero da Silva.pdf: 884457 bytes, checksum: 65d3b800c92efb9e8a4cb5f9c92941de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-14T15:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Abraao Cicero da Silva.pdf: 884457 bytes, checksum: 65d3b800c92efb9e8a4cb5f9c92941de (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / The cactus pear is a culture of long cycle, which require the producer to find alternative source of income and can be a viable practice the consortium. The present study aimed to determine the appropriate dose of dairy waste to meet the nutritional needs of the peanut variety BR1 and determine the best population in peanut intercropped with forage cactus. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in the municipality of Garanhuns. In two stages, where the first was to determine the best dose of the milk residue able to meet the nutritional needs of peanuts. And a treatment fertilization (PK chemistry with) the doses of milk residue (0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 m3 ha-1) treatments were used. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications and six treatments, five doses of milk residue and a treatment containing P and K. The yield of groundnut was higher in the dose of 10 m3 ha-1. The second step was to determine the best population of peanut intercropped with being fertilized with the dose of milk residue determined in the previous step cactus pear. The treatments were T1 = Single Cultivation of cactus pear , T2 = Growing a single line of peanuts per plot, T3 = 2 Growing Single peanut lines per plot, T4 = 3 Growing Single peanut lines per plot, T5 = Palma 1 row intercropped with forage peanut, T6 = forage Palma intercropped with 2 rows of peanuts, T7 = forage Palma intercropped with 3 rows of peanuts. The characteristics evaluated were: shoot height, stem number, stem diameter, diameter of the main root diameter of pods, number of days for early flowering, number of gynophores not throw the soil, total biomass, number of pods, peanut production in the bark, productivity grain. In cactus pear were assessed the number of cladodes, length, width and diameter of the cladodes, plant height, yield and percentage of dry mass. The dose of 5.8 m3 ha-1 was efficient on the agronomic characteristics of peanut. The best production was obtained for the cultivated peanut with 225,000.00 plants per acre. The intercropping system does not impair the initial development of cactus in early do. The efficient use of land was efficient regardless of intercropping population. / A palma forrageira é uma cultura de ciclo longo, o que exigem do produtor encontrar outra fonte alternativa de renda e uma pratica viável pode ser o consórcio. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a dose de resíduo lácteo apropriada para suprir as necessidades nutricionais do amendoim,variedade BR1 e determinar a melhor população de amendoim a ser consorciado com palma forrageira. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo no município de Garanhuns. Em duas etapas, em que a primeira consistiu em determinar qual a melhor dose do resíduo lácteo capaz de suprir as necessidades nutricionais do amendoim. Foram utilizados doses de resíduo lácteo (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10m3 ha-1) e uma testemunha adicional adubação (química com PK). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições e seis tratamentos, sendo cinco doses de resíduo lácteo e uma testemunha adicional contendo P e K. A produtividade de amendoim foi maior para a dose de 10 m3 ha-1. A segunda etapa consistiu em determinar qual a melhor população de amendoim a ser consorciada com a palma forrageira adubada com a dose de resíduo lácteo determinada na etapa anterior. Os tratamentos foram T1 = Cultivo solteiro da palma forrageira, T2 = Cultivo solteiro de uma linha de amendoim por parcela, T3 = Cultivo solteiro de 2 linhas de amendoim por parcela, T4 = Cultivo solteiro de 3 linhas de amendoim por parcela, T5 = Palma forrageira consorciada com 1 linha de amendoim, T6 = Palma forrageira consorciada com 2 linhas de amendoim, T7 = Palma forrageira consorciada com 3 linhas de amendoim. As características avaliadas foram: altura da parte aérea, número de haste, diâmetro do caule, diâmetro da raiz principal, diâmetro das vagens, número de dias para o início do florescimento, número de ginóforos que não atiram o solo, biomassa total, número de vagens, produtividade do amendoim na casca, Produtividade de grão. Na palma forrageira foram avaliados o número de cladódios, comprimento, largura e diâmetro dos cladódios, altura das plantas, produtividade e percentual de massa seca. A dose de 5,8 m3 ha-1 foi eficiente sobre as características agronômica do amendoim. A melhor produção foi obtida para o amendoim cultivado com 225.000 plantas por hectares. O sistema de consórcio não prejudicou o desenvolvimento inicial da palma forrageira na faze iniciais. O uso eficiente da terra foi eficiente independente da população consorciada.
|
124 |
Extração mecanica de oleos de amendoim e de girassol para produção de biodiesel via catalise basica / Mechanical expelling of peanut and sunflower oils to biodiesel production by basic catalystPighinelli, Anna Leticia Montenegro Turtelli 16 February 2007 (has links)
Orientadores: Kil Jin Park, Antonio Jose Silva Maciel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T19:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Pighinelli_AnnaLeticiaMontenegroTurtelli_M.pdf: 1008857 bytes, checksum: 645adb76848448e5ec10c976d564395f (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O biodiesel é um combustível produzido a partir de triacilglicerídios encontrados na natureza, como óleos vegetais e gorduras animais. Tem ocupado posição de destaque no Brasil, principalmente após a criação de uma lei que autoriza sua mistura ao diesel. Todo o destaque dado ao novo combustível exige um estudo completo de toda sua cadeia produtiva, a qual compreende desde a parte agrícola, com fornecimento e processamento das matérias-primas (grãos oleaginosos) até a parte química via reações de transesterificação. A prensagem mecânica de grãos oleaginosos é uma alternativa viável para pequenas comunidades de agricultores e sua eficiência depende das condições iniciais da matéria-prima, como sua temperatura e teor de umidade. A transesterificação, embora seja uma reação química simples, pode ser otimizada, em função das condições experimentais como razão molar entre triacilglicerídios e álcool, concentração de catalisador e temperatura da reação. Neste trabalho, os grãos de amendoim e de girassol foram prensados, conforme condições experimentais estabelecidas. Os óleos brutos obtidos foram caracterizados e utilizados na transesterificação metílica com hidróxido de potássio. Para a extração mecânica de óleo de amendoim, as condições ótimas situam-se próximas dos maiores valores de temperatura e teor de umidadedos grãos, sendo essas duas variáveis significativas para nível de confiança adotado (95%). Para os grãos de girassol, as condições ótimas de prensagem situam-se próximas dos menores valores de temperatura e teor de umidade. Nesse caso, as variáveis significativas foram o teor de umidade e a interação temperatura e teor de umidade. Na transesterificação do óleo de amendoim, a única variável significativa foi a razão molar, com melhores rendimentos na nregião de maior razão molar. Para o girassol, a concentração de catalisador foi a única variável significativa e as condições ótimas estão na região de menor concentração de catalisador / Abstract: Biodiesel is a fuel produced from triglycerides found in nature, like vegetable oils and animal fats. It has occupied an important position in Brazil, especially after the creation of a law that authorizes its mixture in diesel. All the focus gave to this new fuel demands a complete study of all productive chain, that comprehend from agriculture sector, by raw-material (oilseeds) supplying and processing to chemical sector by means of transesterification reactions. The mechanical expelling of oilseeds is a viable alternative to small agriculture communities and its efficient depends on raw-materials initial conditions, like grain temperature and moisture content. Transesterification reaction, even so its simplicity, can be optimized by experimental conditions like molar ratio between triglycerides and alcohol, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. In this work, peanuts and sunflower grains were expelled, in experimental established conditions. The unpurified oils obtained were characterized and used in methylic transesterification with potassium hydroxide. For peanut screw pressing, optimal conditions were near the highest temperature and moisture content values, being this two variables significantly to 95% of confidence. For sunflower grains, optimal conditions were near the lowest temperature and moisture content values. In this case, variables significantly were moisture content and interaction between temperature and moisture content. In peanut oil?s transesterification reaction, the unique variable significantly was molar ratio and the best results were found to highest values of molar ratio. For sunflower's oil transesterification, with catalyst concentration as single variable significantly, optimal conditions were found to lowest catalyst concentration / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
|
125 |
Estudo da extração mecanica e da transesterificação etilica de oleos vegetais / Study of mechanical expeller and ethanolic transesterification of vegetable oilsPighinelli, Anna Leticia Montenegro Turtelli 02 December 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Kil Jin Park / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:46:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Pighinelli_AnnaLeticiaMontenegroTurtelli_D.pdf: 8212491 bytes, checksum: c617ef5189c9c2de0d834c9e3aadfc78 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de biodiesel em rota etílica à partir de quatro matérias-primas. A primeira etapa do trabalho foi avaliar o processo de prensagem para extração de óleo de amendoim em casca, algodão com línter e girassol. Para isso foi utilizado um planejamento experimental, avaliando a influência da temperatura (25 a 110oC) e teor de umidade (4 a 13,95%) dos grãos e da rotação da prensa (85 a 119rpm), no rendimento em óleo bruto e também na qualidade do óleo para ser utilizado como matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel. Para a extração do óleo de amendoim, a melhor condição obtida foi para a faixa de rotação entre 80 e 90rpm, temperatura entre 40 e 50oC e teor de umidade entre 8 e 12%, com 95,74% de óleo removido. Na prensagem do algodão, o melhor rendimento foi de 75,38% em óleo bruto, para rotação de 85rpm, teor de umidade de 9% e temperatura do grão entre 110 e 120oC. O maior rendimento em óleo bruto de girassol, 68,38%, para rotação da prensa entre 100 e 115rpm, temperatura do grão entre 25 e 30oC e teor de umidade próximo de 7%. A etapa seguinte foi a de transesterificação dos óleos brutos filtrados em laboratório, avaliando a influência da razão molar etanol:óleo e da concentração de catalisador metilato de sódio, no rendimento em biodiesel bruto. Para o biodiesel bruto de amendoim, o maior rendimento alcançado foi de 96,82% para razão molar de 9:1 e 3% de catalisador. A produção de biodiesel de algodão foi prejudicada pela alta acidez do óleo, que inviabilizou a reação química nas condições experimentais previstas neste trabalho. A transesterificação etílica do óleo de girassol apresentou rendimento máximo de 98,39% em biodiesel bruto para razão molar de 9:1 e 3% de catalisador. O óleo refinado de soja também foi utilizado, apresentando rendimento máximo em biodiesel bruto de 97,08% para razão molar de 15:1 e 3% de catalisador. Os pontos críticos obtidos em laboratório foram utilizados na transesterificação em reator piloto e o biodiesel produzido foi purificado por lavagem com água acidificada, sílica e por destilação, avaliando a qualidade do produto final conforme legislação da ANP. A destilação foi o melhor método de purificação para todas as amostras de biodiesel. Dentre as oleaginosas aqui estudadas, pode-se afirmar que o girassol foi a melhor para produção de biodiesel, apresentando um bom desempenho durante a prensagem, com bom rendimento em óleo, facilidade na transesterificação e na purificação. O cultivo do girassol contribui para o melhoramento do solo e a torta resultante da prensagem é rica em proteínas, com possibilidade de comercialização / Abstract: The present work had as aim to evaluate biodiesel production using ethanol and four types of raw materials. In the first part of the study, the oil expression of hole peanut grain, cottonseed and sunflower was evaluated. A experimental design with two variables was used to estimate the influence of the independent variables: grain temperature (25 to 110oC), grain moisture content (4 to 13.95%) and expeller rotation (85 to 119rpm) on the crude oil and oil quality for its use in biodiesel production. The best condition for peanut oil expeller was: rotation from 80 to 90rpm, grain temperature from 40 to 50oC and grain moisture content from 8 to 12%, with a maximum oil recovered of 95.74%. For cottonseed oil expeller, the best oil yield was 75.38%, for 85rpm of expeller rotation, 9% of grain moisture content and grain temperature ranged from 110 to 120oC. Sunflower crude oil best results, 68.38%, was achieved for rotation ranged from 100 to 115rpm, grain temperature from 25 to 30oC and moisture content around 7%. The follow study was the transesterification of crude oils, evaluating the influence of molar ratio ethanol:oil and catalyst concentration sodium methylate, on the unpurified biodiesel yield. The higher unpurified peanut biodiesel yield was 96.82% using molar ratio of 9:1 and 3% of catalyst. Cottonseed biodiesel production was affected by oil high acid value so the chemical reaction not occurs in the experimental conditions provided in this work. Sunflower oil ethanolysis had the higher yield of 98.39% for a molar ratio of 9:1 with 3% of sodium methylate. Refined soybean oil was also used in biodiesel production; the maximum biodiesel yield was 97.08% for a molar ratio of 15:1 and 3% of catalyst. Critical experimental conditions obtained in laboratory scale were applied in small reactor and the biodiesel produced was purified with acid water, silica and distillation. All biodiesel samples had quality aspects evaluated concerning Brazilian legislation. Distillation was the best purification method for all biodiesel types. Amongst all oilseeds evaluated, sunflower had the best performance in all studies: oil expeller, oil yield, biodiesel production and biodiesel purification. Sunflower cultivation contributes for soil improvement and the cake resulting from oil expeller has a higher protein level and has market value / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
|
126 |
Seletividade do amendoim-forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Krap. & Greg.) a herbicidas.Chacon, Simone de Freitas 07 October 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Simone Shacon.pdf: 2204413 bytes, checksum: 9df178e93b67c06c5a2ef88d2517a68d (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010-10-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to study the tolerance of forage peanut at different herbicides in the edapho-climatic conditions of the city of Manaus-AM. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Western Amazon, located on km 29 highway AM 010, Manaus-AM, from May to October 2009, in greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized (5x6) with one additional treatment (control), with four replications in randomized block design (RBD). We applied six different doses of herbicides: Recommended Dose (RD), 25% DR (D1), 50% DR (D2), 75% DR (D3) and 125% DR (D4), plus additional treatment - control (D0 ). Stolons were used (20 cm) of forager peanut, cultivar Amarillo, planted in polyethylene bags containing 6.0 kg of capoeira forest humus substrate. Herbicide application was performed 70 days after planting (DAP), with a pressurized backpack sprayer at CO2. Visual assessments of tolerance (phytotoxicity) of the peanut plants (A. pintoi.) were examined in 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after herbicide application (DAA). For the evaluation of dry matter, was held the cutting of the plants at 110 days after planting (DAP) and its parts were separated in leaves, stems and roots. We removed a leaf of each plant to measure the specific leaf area (SLA). For processing the data we used SAS software, we did analyse of variance to test the differences between herbicides and the variables and regression analysis of doses of herbicides. Fomesafen treatment showed higher weight of dry matter of leaves (9.82 g plant-1) standing out from other herbicides. The A. pintoi was more tolerant to herbicides fomesafen with 6.57%of phytotoxicity, followed by bentazon (6.28%), and fluazifop-p-butyl (6.13%). The sulfentrazone showed the highest percentages of phytotoxicity (15.2%), resulting in a greater number of plants with leaf spots, necrosis and curling of leaves. The Arachis pintoi was tolerant to the herbicides fomesafen, bentazon and fluazifop-p-butyl, thus being the more suitable herbicides for the maintenance of A.pintoi / O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a tolerância do amendoim forrageiro a diferentes herbicidas nas condições edafoclimáticas de Manaus-AM. O experimento foi instalado na Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, localizada no km 29 da estrada AM 010, Manaus- AM, no período de Maio a Outubro de 2009, em condições de casa-de-vegetação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi Fatorial de (5x6) mais um tratamento adicional (testemunha), com 4 repetições em blocos casualizados (DBC). Foram aplicadas cinco doses de seis herbicidas: Dose Recomendada (DR); 25% DR (D1); 50% DR (D2); 75% DR (D3) e 125% DR (D4), mais o tratamento adicional testemunha (D0). Foram utilizadas estolões (de 20 cm de comprimento) de amendoim forrageiro do cultivar Amarillo, plantadas em sacos de polietileno contendo 6,0 kg de substrato de terriço de capoeira. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada aos 70 dias após o plantio (DAP), com pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2. As avaliações visuais de tolerância (fitotoxicidade) das plantas de amendoim forrageiro (A. pintoi.) foram feitas aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA), Para a avaliação da matéria seca, realizou-se o corte das plantas aos 110 dias após o plantio (DAP) e suas partes separadas em folhas, caule e raiz. Destacou-se também uma folha de cada planta para a mensuração da área foliar específica (AFE). Para o processamento dos dados foi utilizado o software SAS, foi realizada análise de variância para testar as diferenças entre herbicidas e as variáveis e as análises de regressão das doses dos herbicidas. O tratamento com fomesafen apresentou maior peso de matéria seca das folhas (9,82 g planta-1) destacando-se dos demais herbicidas. O A. pintoi mostrou-se mais tolerante aos herbicidas fomesafen com 6,57% de fitotoxicidade, seguido de bentazon (6,28%), e fluazifop-p-butil (6,13%). O sulfentrazone apresentou as maiores percentagens de fitotoxicidade (15,2%), acarretando em maior número de plantas com manchas foliares, necrose e encarquilhamento das folhas. O Arachis pintoi foi tolerante aos herbicidas fomesafen, bentazon e fluazifop-p-butil, portanto, sendo os herbicidas mais indicados para a manutenção do A.pintoi
|
127 |
Over-Expression, Purification And Preliminary Characterization Of Non-Structural Protein NSs From Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus-Tomato Isolate (PBNV-To)Bhushan, Lokesh 04 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
|
128 |
Zusammenhang zwischen der Glykierung und dem allergenen Potential von Karotte (Daucus carota L.) und Erdnuss (Arachis hypogaea L.)Wellner, Anne 01 March 2013 (has links)
Schätzungsweise 1 – 2 % der europäischen Bevölkerung reagieren allergisch auf bestimmte Lebensmittel. Die verantwortlichen Allergene sind meist Proteine und können während der Lebensmittelverarbeitung, vor allem infolge thermischer Prozesse, erheblich modifiziert werden. Daraus kann sowohl eine Senkung als auch eine Erhöhung des allergenen Potentials resultieren. Insbesondere die Entstehung von sog. „Neoepitopen“ in der Folge der Maillard-Reaktion ist bereits diskutiert worden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Glykierung und dem allergenen Potential von Lebensmitteln, im Speziellen von Karotten und Erdnüssen, untersucht.
Die Karottenallergie ist in der europäischen Bevölkerung relativ häufig. Etwa 23 – 25 % aller Nahrungsmittelallergiker leiden an dieser meist pollenassoziierten Allergie. Es ist bekannt, dass das allergene Potential von Karotten durch Hitzebehandlung, infolge der irreversiblen Denaturierung des Hauptallergens Dau c 1, stark gesenkt wird. Daher stellte sich die Frage, ob bestimmte Maillard-Reaktionsprodukte (MRP) als Indikatoren für die Senkung des allergenen Potentials infolge der Hitzebehandlung geeignet sind.
Da zum Ausmaß der Maillard-Reaktion in hitzebehandelten Karotten bisher kaum Daten vorlagen, wurden zunächst Untersuchungen zu relevanten Glykierungsprodukten und zur resultierenden Aminosäuremodifizierung durchgeführt. In verschiedenen Handelsproben (Säfte, Breie, Konserven und getrocknete Karotten) waren neben Fru-Lys die Amadori-Produkte (AP) zahlreicher Aminosäuren, wie Fru-Ala und Fru-GABA nachweisbar. Als Produkte der fortgeschrittenen Phase der Maillard-Reaktion (advanced glycation endproducts, AGEs) wurden erstmals Pyrralin, Carboxymethyllysin (CML) und Pentosidin detektiert. Die resultierenden Aminosäure-modifizierungen waren in Produkten mit hohem Wasseranteil (Säfte, Breie sowie Konserven) mit bis zu 5 % gering. Dagegen zeigten getrocknete Karotten sehr hohe Derivatisierungsgrade (z. B. Lysin bis 58 %). Dabei war besonders die frühe Phase der Glykierung von Bedeutung, während die fortgeschrittene Phase kaum eine Rolle spielte.
Das AP Fru-Lys bzw. dessen Hydrolyseprodukt Furosin gilt zwar als anerkannter Erhitzungsmarker für Lebensmittel, erwies sich aber in Karottenprodukten aufgrund von schnell stagnierenden Gehalten nur als bedingt geeignet. Insbesondere FM-GABA zeigte eine wesentlich bessere Korrelation mit der Intensität der Hitzebehandlung. Zudem korrelierte der Anstieg dieses AP gut mit der Senkung des Gehaltes an IgE-reaktivem Dau c 1. Damit ist FM-GABA ein geeigneter Parameter sowohl für die Hitzebehandlung von Karotten als auch für die damit verbundene Senkung des allergenen Potentials.
Die Erdnussallergie gewinnt mit dem ansteigenden Verzehr von Erdnüssen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Diese Allergie zeichnet sich durch eine mitunter sehr schwere Symptomatik aus, so dass Erdnüsse hinsichtlich lebensbedrohender und letal verlaufender Nahrungsmittel-allergien an erster Stelle stehen. Bereits der Verzehr kleinster Mengen an Erdnuss, selbst Hautkontakt oder Inhalation können eine allergische Reaktion auslösen. Die Hauptallergene der Erdnuss, Ara h 1 und Ara h 2, sind bekanntermaßen stabil und behalten ihr allergenes Potential während der Hitzebehandlung bei. Dennoch besteht die Vermutung, dass die Zubereitung von Erdnüssen deren Allergenität maßgeblich beeinflusst. Daher wurde der Einfluss des Röstens bereits untersucht, jedoch sind die erhaltenen Ergebnisse bisher sehr widersprüchlich. Während in einigen Studien keine Unterschiede zwischen rohen und gerösteten Erdnüssen beobachtet wurden, berichteten andere Autoren von einer 90-fachen Erhöhung des IgE-Bindungsvermögens infolge der Röstung, die mit der Bildung von Neoepitopen durch die Maillard-Reaktion in Verbindung gebracht wurde. Aus diesem Grund wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Einfluss der Röstung und insbesondere der Glykierung auf das allergene Potential von Erdnüssen untersucht.
Da bisher kaum Daten zu MRP-Gehalten in Erdnüssen vorlagen, wurden zunächst verschiedene handelsübliche Proben (ungeröstete und geröstete Erdnüsse, Erdnussbutter und Erdnussflips) auf ihre Gehalte an Glykierungsprodukten und die resultierende Aminosäure-modifizierung untersucht. Dabei wurde erstmals das AP Fru-Lys und die AGEs Pyrralin und CML identifiziert und quantifiziert. Definierte Erhitzungsexperimente zeigten, dass während der Röstung von Erdnüssen insbesondere Pyrralin in hohen Mengen gebildet wird. Während in erhitzten Lebensmitteln üblicherweise Fru-Lys das dominierende MRP darstellt, trug Pyrralin in gerösteten Erdnüssen in vergleichbarem oder höherem Maße zur Lysinmodifizierung bei als das AP. Aufgrund der stetigen Zunahme ist Pyrralin als Erhitzungsparameter in Erdnüssen wesentlich besser geeignet als das Hydrolyseprodukt Furosin, dessen Gehalt schnell ein Plateau erreichte.
Durch die Röstung von Erdnüssen wurden hohe Lysinmodifizierungen bis zu 55 % erreicht, die jedoch nur zu einem Zehntel durch die gemessenen MRP erklärbar waren. Da zahlreiche andere Aminosäuren ebenfalls deutliche Abnahmen zeigten, müssen andere Reaktionen neben der Maillard-Reaktion einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Aminosäurederivatisierung leisten. Aufgrund des hohen Gehaltes an ungesättigten Fettsäuren liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass es sich um Reaktionen mit Lipidperoxidationsprodukten handeln könnte.
Der Einfluss der Röstung auf das allergene Potential der Erdnüsse wurde anhand des Antikörperbindungsvermögens bewertet. Dabei zeigten die Proteinextrakte roher und gerösteter Erdnüsse keine Unterschiede in der IgE-Reaktivität. Jedoch sind aufgrund der schlechten Extrahierbarkeit gerösteter Erdnussproteine keine Rückschlüsse auf das allergene Potential der gesamten Erdnüsse möglich. Vor allem das Allergen Ara h 1 bildete zunächst Di- und Trimere, unter drastischeren Bedingungen kam es zur weiteren Aggregation und damit zur Unlöslichkeit. Analog wurde auch die Löslichkeit aller anderen Erdnussproteine deutlich reduziert. Folglich konnten insbesondere stark modifizierte, aggregierte Proteine mit der verwendeten Extraktionsmethode nicht erfasst werden. Mittels Immunoblot wurde gezeigt, dass das IgE-Bindungsvermögen des Ara h 1 bei der Röstung nicht verändert wurde, solange das Allergen noch löslich war. Aussagen zum allergenen Potential des aggregierten Proteins waren noch nicht möglich. Hingegen wurden deutliche Hinweise auf die Erhöhung der IgE-Reaktivität des Ara h 2 infolge der Röstung erhalten.
Um den Einfluss der Maillard-Reaktion im Einzelnen auf die beiden Hauptallergene der Erdnuss, Ara h 1 und Ara h 2, untersuchen zu können, wurden diese Allergene aus rohen Erdnüssen isoliert und unter röstungsrelevanten Bedingungen glykiert. Durch diese Modifizierung wurde deren Antikörperbindungsvermögen jedoch nicht beeinflusst. Folglich liegen keine Hinweise auf die Bildung von Neoepitopen im Zuge der Maillard-Reaktion vor. Die beobachtete Erhöhung der IgE-Reaktivität des Ara h 2 infolge der Röstung ist daher auf andere Reaktionen, vermutlich mit Produkten der Lipidperoxidation, zurückzuführen.
Die Grundvoraussetzung für eine allergische Reaktion ist, dass die verantwortlichen Epitope die gastrointestinale Verdauung überstehen und intakt aufgenommen werden. Durch thermische Behandlung und die daraus resultierende Umfaltung sowie kovalente Modifizierung kann die Verdauungsresistenz erheblich beeinflusst werden. Daher wurde mit Hilfe einer simulierten gastrointestinalen Verdauung der Einfluss der Röstung von Erdnüssen sowie der Glykierung von Ara h 1 und Ara h 2 auf die Verdaubarkeit der Allergene untersucht. Diese orientierenden Verdauungsstudien gaben Hinweise auf eine erhöhte Verdauungsresistenz der Proteinaggregate in gerösteten Erdnüssen. Durch Glykierung der Allergene Ara h 1 und Ara h 2 wurde hingegen keine Veränderung der Verdaubarkeit erreicht. Für die hohe Proteolyseresistenz der Proteine in gerösteten Erdnüssen sind offenbar wiederum Reaktionen mit peroxidierten Erdnusslipiden verantwortlich.
|
129 |
High-Density Polyethylene/Peanut Shell BiocompositesLondoño Ceballos, Mauricio 05 1900 (has links)
A recent trend in the development of renewable and biodegradable materials has led to the development of composites from renewal sources such as natural fibers. This agricultural activity generates a large amount of waste in the form of peanut shells. The motivation for this research is based on the utilization of peanut shells as a viable source for the manufacture of biocomposites. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a plastic largely used in the industry due to its durability, high strength to density ratio, and thermal stability. This research focuses in the mechanical and thermal properties of HDPE/peanut shell composites of different qualities and compositions. The samples obtained were subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical tensile strength tests. TO prepare the samples for analysis, the peanut shells were separated into different mesh sizes and then mixed with HDPE at different concentrations. The results showed that samples with fiber size number 10 exhibited superior strength modulus of 1.65 GPa versus results for HDPE alone at 1.32 GPa. The analysis from the previous experiments helped to determine that the fiber size number 10 at 5%wt. ratio in HDPE provides the most optimal mechanical and thermal results. From tensile tests the highest modulus of elasticity of 1.33 GPa was achieved from the samples of peanut shells size number 10 in HDPE at 20%wt. ratio, while the results for HDPE alone were only of 0.8 GPa. The results proved the hypothesis that the addition of peanut shells to HDPE enhances both the thermal and mechanical properties of the composite.
|
130 |
Mid-Infrared Spectral Characterization of Aflatoxin Contamination in PeanutsKaya Celiker, Hande 18 October 2012 (has links)
Contamination of peanuts by secondary metabolites of certain fungi, namely aflatoxins present a great health hazard when exposed either at low levels for prolonged times (carcinogenic) or at high levels at once (poisonous). It is important to develop an accurate and rapid measurement technique to trace the aflatoxin and/or source fungi presence in peanuts. Thus, current research focused on development of vibrational spectroscopy based methods for detection and separation of contaminated peanut samples.
Aflatoxin incidence, as a chemical contaminant in peanut paste samples, was investigated, in terms of spectral characteristics using FTIR-ATR. The effects of spectral pre-processing steps such as mean-centering, smoothing the 1st derivative and normalizing were studied. Logarithmic method was the best normalization technique describing the exponentially distributed spectral data. Spectral windows giving the best correlation with respect to increasing aflatoxin amount led to selection of fat associated spectral bands. Using the multivariate analysis tools, structural contributions of aflatoxins in peanut matrix were detected. The best region was decided as 3028-2752, 1800-1707, 1584-1424, and 1408-1127 cm-1 giving correlation coefficient for calibration (R2C), root mean square error for calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP) of 98.6%, 7.66ppb and 19.5ppb, respectively. Applying the constructed partial least squares model, 95% of the samples were correctly classified while the percentage of false negative and false positive identifications were 16% and 0%, respectively.
Aspergillus species of section Flavi and the black fungi, A. niger are the most common colonists of peanuts in nature and the majority of the aflatoxin producing strains are from section Flavi. Seed colonization by selected Aspergillus spp. was investigated by following the chemical alterations as a function of fungal growth by means of spectral readouts. FTIR-ATR was utilized to correlate spectral characteristics to mold density, and to separate Aspergillus at section, species and strain levels, threshold mold density values were established. Even far before the organoleptic quality changes became visually observable (~10,000 mold counts), FTIR distinguished the species of same section. Besides, the analogous secondary metabolites produced increased the similarity within the spectra even their spectral contributions were mostly masked by bulk peanut medium; and led to grouping of species producing the same mycotoxins together.
Aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were further studied for measurement capability of FTIR-ATR system in discriminating the toxic streams from just moldy and clean samples. Owing to increased similarity within the collected spectral data due to aflatoxin presence, clean samples (having aflatoxin level lower than 20 ppb, n=44), only moldy samples (having aflatoxin level lower than 300 ppb, n=28) and toxic samples (having aflatoxin level between 300-1200 ppb, n=23) were separated into appropriate classes (with a 100% classification accuracy).
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a non-invasive technique and offers many advantages over more traditional ATR system, specifically, for in-field measurements. Even though the sample throughput time is longer compared to ATR measurements, intact seeds can be directly loaded into sample compartment for analysis. Compared to ATR, PAS is more sensitive to high moisture in samples, which in our case was not a problem since peanuts have water content less than 10%. The spectral ranges between: 3600-2750, 1800-1480, 1200-900 cm-1 were assigned as the key bands and full separation between Aspergillus spp. infected and healthy peanuts was obtained. However, PAS was not sensitive as ATR either in species level classification of Aspergillus invasion or toxic-moldy level separation. When run for separation of aflatoxigenic versus non-aflatoxigenic batches of samples, 7 out of 54 contaminated samples were misclassified but all healthy peanuts were correctly identified (15 healthy/ 69 total peanut pods).
This study explored the possibility of using vibrational spectroscopy as a tool to understand chemical changes in peanuts and peanut products to Aspergillus invasion or aflatoxin contamination. The overall results of current study proved the potential of FTIR, equipped with either ATR or PAS, in identification, quantification and classification at varying levels of mold density and aflatoxin concentration. These results can be used to develop quality control laboratory methods or in field sorting devices. / Ph. D.
|
Page generated in 0.0511 seconds