Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2000. Graduate Programme in Sociology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 357-369). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ59144.

Authoritarian China provides a unique context to explore resistance strategies. For one thing, it is alert to both institutionalized resistance and non-institutionalized one. For another, China is different from traditional authoritarian state due to the change of state legitimacy. It now gains support from the public by economic performance rather than ideology control, making it tolerant of resistance claiming for economic requests. Previous literatures have discovered different types of peasant resistance. However, they fail to highlight the diversity in peasant resistance that different types co-exist. Furthermore, prior studies seldom focus on analyzing the rationale behind peasant behaviors. This thesis examines the state–society relationship by exploring peasant resistance to land conflicts in rural China. Trust in the state is an important intermediate variable that shapes peasant responses to state policy. Through 4 months of ethnographic fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with 45 land-lost peasants in 2 villages, the study finds an interplay between peasant trust and behavior toward state policy. More specifically, the way people trust the central government leads to different resistance strategies. This study uncovers four types of trust in the central government and shows how they lead to specific social actions in terms of intention and capacity: Justice Bao (morally good intention and large capacity), Judge (legally just and large capacity), Clay Bodhisattva (good intention and small capacity), Monster (bad intention and large capacity). Accordingly, peasants develop four types of behavioral patterns based on the trust types: state-dependent and norm-based, state-dependent and policy-based, self-dependent and policy-based, self-dependent and norm-based. It also investigates the opposite process of how those actions lead to a reshaping of trust in the state. In other words, this study places the evolution of trust in a cyclic lifetime learning model where trust shapes behavior and is in turn reshaped by the consequences of those behaviors. This study contributes to the existing literature in three main aspects. Firstly, it identifies that peasant trust in the central government is diverse rather than monolithic as found by current literatures. Secondly, it displays the connection between trust in the state and corresponding behavioral patterns towards the state policy. Thirdly, it enriches the current literature on trust by indicating that trust evolves in a lifetime learning process. It on one hand influences peasants’ behavioral patterns; on the other is reshaped by the consequences of behaviors. / published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis--University of Wisconsin. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 934-965).

A presente Tese de Doutorado intitulada O educativo na experiência do Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas: Resistência, Enfrentamento e Libertação discute educação a partir dos movimentos populares, em especial, do Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas (MMC). A pesquisa é fruto de experiência vivida e estudos sobre mulheres camponesas. Dessa forma, utilizou-se o materialismo histórico dialético enquanto método que busca pensar as relações entre as experiências práticas e a tomada de consciência, gerando novos modos de vida, em meio às contradições e resistências ao modelo capitalista de produção e à cultura patriarcal, construindo formas alternativas de viver. Assim, a metodologia é orientada pela pesquisa participante com elementos da pesquisa-ação. Os instrumentos utilizados se deram com observações participantes ou militantes, registradas no Diário de Campo, e entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito mulheres camponesas que desenvolvem experiências agroecológicas nos estados de Santa Catariana e da Bahia, sendo estas entrevistas gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. Para o delineamento da tese, foram utilizadas ainda, fontes documentais, como cartilhas, relatórios e panfletos escritos pelo MMC, além dos referenciais teóricos e metodológicos. As categorias analíticas se encontram no decorrer do texto: o campesinato, a experiência, a cultura, a resistência, o enfrentamento, o feminismo camponês e popular e o educativo. A pesquisa realizada revelou que as mulheres camponesas constroem alternativas para sair de uma situação de exploração capitalista, consolidada no campo através do agronegócio, e, ao fazer isso, também buscam sair da opressão causada pelo sistema patriarcal revelada nas relações de gênero desiguais. Com a tomada de consciência de que vivem nessa situação, as camponesas partem para uma reflexão pessoal e coletiva sobre a necessidade de construir formas de autonomia e libertação, assumindo-se como protagonistas de uma história de luta, organização e formação, através do feminismo camponês e popular. Trabalha-se sobre cultura, no sentido de compreender que as camponesas constroem uma cultura a partir de suas vivências de mulheres, incluindo seus aprendizados nas lutas enquanto camponesas. A partir de sua experiência, as mulheres camponesas constroem outras formas de viver na sociedade, resistindo e enfrentando o sistema capitalista e patriarcal. Com suas produções agroecológicas mostram que há outras formas de estar e de viver no mundo e no campo, para além do que é ditado pelo agronegócio, experienciando outras relações com a terra, com a natureza, com as pessoas e com todos os seres vivos. Com isso, demonstram que a agroecologia pode também ser considerada como um modo de vida. Mostra-se, na resistência e enfrentamento em meio às contradições vivenciadas, que há um processo pedagógico-cultural, portanto educativo e gerador de culturas, no qual as mulheres aprendem e ensinam, simultaneamente, a produção do viver no envolvimento com o Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas. Por fim, evidencia-se a tese de que “as experiências de resistência e de enfrentamento das mulheres camponesas do MMC, diante do sistema capitalista e patriarcal, para além de serem constituidoras de novos aprendizados, indicam também, as possibilidades de construir outros modos de vida”. / The present doctoral dissertation untitled The educative in the experience of the Rural Women's Movement: resistance, confrontation and release discusses education since the popular movement mainly the Peasant Women Movement (MMC). The research arises from the lived experience and preview studies about peasant women. Thus, it was utilized the historical dialectical materialism as method that searches to think the relationship between practical experience and the awareness taken, generating new ways of life in the midst of contradictions and resistance to the capitalist model of production and the patriarchal culture, building then alternative forms of living. The methodology is oriented by the participant research with elements of research–action. The utilized instruments were participant or militant observation, notes in the field diary and semi structured interview with eight peasant women that develop agro ecologic experiences, in the states of Santa Catarina and Bahia, being the interviews recorded and then transcript. The layout of the doctoral dissertation counted on document sources such as didactic books, reports and folders written by MMC, besides theoretical and methodological references. The analytical categories are found in the text: peasantry, experience, culture, resistance, confronting, popular peasant feminism and education. The research revealed that the peasant women build alternatives to quit an exploring capitalist situation consolidated in the countryside through the agro business and doing that, also search to leave off the oppression caused by the patriarchal system revealed in the unequal gender relationship. Taking awareness of the lived situation, the peasant women reach a personal and collective reflection about the necessity to build autonomy and freedom, assuming themselves as protagonists of their history of struggle, organization and formation through the peasant and popular feminism. Culture is seen in order to comprehend that the peasant produce culture since their experiences of women including their learning in the struggle as peasants. Since their lived experience, the peasant women build other ways of living in society, resisting and confronting the capitalist and patriarchal system. Their agro ecologic productions demonstrate that there are other ways to be and to live in the world and in the countryside, besides what is established by the agro business, having other relationship with the land, the nature, the people and every living being. Along with that, they demonstrate that the agro ecology may also be considered as a way of living. And it is shown in the resistance and confronts in the midst of living contradictions that there is a cultural and pedagogical process, therefore educational and generator of culture, in which the women learn and teach simultaneously the production of living involved with Peasant Women Movement. Finally, it is highlighted the thesis that “the experiences of resistance and confront of peasant women from MMC, since the capitalist and patriarchal system, besides constitute new learning indicate possibilities to build other ways of living as well.

A presente Tese de Doutorado intitulada O educativo na experiência do Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas: Resistência, Enfrentamento e Libertação discute educação a partir dos movimentos populares, em especial, do Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas (MMC). A pesquisa é fruto de experiência vivida e estudos sobre mulheres camponesas. Dessa forma, utilizou-se o materialismo histórico dialético enquanto método que busca pensar as relações entre as experiências práticas e a tomada de consciência, gerando novos modos de vida, em meio às contradições e resistências ao modelo capitalista de produção e à cultura patriarcal, construindo formas alternativas de viver. Assim, a metodologia é orientada pela pesquisa participante com elementos da pesquisa-ação. Os instrumentos utilizados se deram com observações participantes ou militantes, registradas no Diário de Campo, e entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito mulheres camponesas que desenvolvem experiências agroecológicas nos estados de Santa Catariana e da Bahia, sendo estas entrevistas gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. Para o delineamento da tese, foram utilizadas ainda, fontes documentais, como cartilhas, relatórios e panfletos escritos pelo MMC, além dos referenciais teóricos e metodológicos. As categorias analíticas se encontram no decorrer do texto: o campesinato, a experiência, a cultura, a resistência, o enfrentamento, o feminismo camponês e popular e o educativo. A pesquisa realizada revelou que as mulheres camponesas constroem alternativas para sair de uma situação de exploração capitalista, consolidada no campo através do agronegócio, e, ao fazer isso, também buscam sair da opressão causada pelo sistema patriarcal revelada nas relações de gênero desiguais. Com a tomada de consciência de que vivem nessa situação, as camponesas partem para uma reflexão pessoal e coletiva sobre a necessidade de construir formas de autonomia e libertação, assumindo-se como protagonistas de uma história de luta, organização e formação, através do feminismo camponês e popular. Trabalha-se sobre cultura, no sentido de compreender que as camponesas constroem uma cultura a partir de suas vivências de mulheres, incluindo seus aprendizados nas lutas enquanto camponesas. A partir de sua experiência, as mulheres camponesas constroem outras formas de viver na sociedade, resistindo e enfrentando o sistema capitalista e patriarcal. Com suas produções agroecológicas mostram que há outras formas de estar e de viver no mundo e no campo, para além do que é ditado pelo agronegócio, experienciando outras relações com a terra, com a natureza, com as pessoas e com todos os seres vivos. Com isso, demonstram que a agroecologia pode também ser considerada como um modo de vida. Mostra-se, na resistência e enfrentamento em meio às contradições vivenciadas, que há um processo pedagógico-cultural, portanto educativo e gerador de culturas, no qual as mulheres aprendem e ensinam, simultaneamente, a produção do viver no envolvimento com o Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas. Por fim, evidencia-se a tese de que “as experiências de resistência e de enfrentamento das mulheres camponesas do MMC, diante do sistema capitalista e patriarcal, para além de serem constituidoras de novos aprendizados, indicam também, as possibilidades de construir outros modos de vida”. / The present doctoral dissertation untitled The educative in the experience of the Rural Women's Movement: resistance, confrontation and release discusses education since the popular movement mainly the Peasant Women Movement (MMC). The research arises from the lived experience and preview studies about peasant women. Thus, it was utilized the historical dialectical materialism as method that searches to think the relationship between practical experience and the awareness taken, generating new ways of life in the midst of contradictions and resistance to the capitalist model of production and the patriarchal culture, building then alternative forms of living. The methodology is oriented by the participant research with elements of research–action. The utilized instruments were participant or militant observation, notes in the field diary and semi structured interview with eight peasant women that develop agro ecologic experiences, in the states of Santa Catarina and Bahia, being the interviews recorded and then transcript. The layout of the doctoral dissertation counted on document sources such as didactic books, reports and folders written by MMC, besides theoretical and methodological references. The analytical categories are found in the text: peasantry, experience, culture, resistance, confronting, popular peasant feminism and education. The research revealed that the peasant women build alternatives to quit an exploring capitalist situation consolidated in the countryside through the agro business and doing that, also search to leave off the oppression caused by the patriarchal system revealed in the unequal gender relationship. Taking awareness of the lived situation, the peasant women reach a personal and collective reflection about the necessity to build autonomy and freedom, assuming themselves as protagonists of their history of struggle, organization and formation through the peasant and popular feminism. Culture is seen in order to comprehend that the peasant produce culture since their experiences of women including their learning in the struggle as peasants. Since their lived experience, the peasant women build other ways of living in society, resisting and confronting the capitalist and patriarchal system. Their agro ecologic productions demonstrate that there are other ways to be and to live in the world and in the countryside, besides what is established by the agro business, having other relationship with the land, the nature, the people and every living being. Along with that, they demonstrate that the agro ecology may also be considered as a way of living. And it is shown in the resistance and confronts in the midst of living contradictions that there is a cultural and pedagogical process, therefore educational and generator of culture, in which the women learn and teach simultaneously the production of living involved with Peasant Women Movement. Finally, it is highlighted the thesis that “the experiences of resistance and confront of peasant women from MMC, since the capitalist and patriarchal system, besides constitute new learning indicate possibilities to build other ways of living as well.

ROSA, M. A. R. O banditismo social em regiões periféricas do Brasil e do México na segunda metade do século XIX: Antônio Silvino e Pancho Villa. 2008. Dissertação (Mestrado) PROLAM, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008. A partir da segunda metade do século XIX, a América latina é definitivamente incorporada ao sistema capitalista internacional na condição de apêndice do mercado mundial, então liderado pela Inglaterra, como produtora e fornecedora de produtos agrícolas. A consolidação dos princípios liberais defendidos pelas elites políticas das jovens nações americanas estabelece a necessidade da modernização dos setores econômicos internos. Paralelamente, a penetração do capitalismo acarreta profundas transformações sobre os setores sociais e as pressões e o ônus desse mecanismo incidem, em última instância, nas camadas pobres do campo e nas comunidades remanescentes de indígenas. Por intermédio da ação do Estado, inicia-se o processo de apropriação e expansão das terras potencialmente agricultáveis e as regiões outrora remotas e isoladas passam ser integradas à totalidade do território nacional. A desarticulação dos valores camponeses decorrentes desse processo provocou a reação das massas do campo e estimulou o crescimento do banditismo social. No presente trabalho, estabelecemos uma análise paralela, através da utilização do método comparativo, acerca desse processo no nordeste brasileiro e no norte do México, tomando como ponto de partida a ação de dois bandoleiros contemporâneos e atuantes em cada uma dessas áreas. As diferentes trajetórias que se estabelecem entre ambas as personagens, a partir de um determinado momento, revelam a interferência dos processos históricos distintos e particulares em cada país. / ROSA, M.A.R. The social banditism in peripherical areas of Brazil and Mexico on the second half of the XIX century: Antônio Silvino and Pancho Villa. 2008. Dissertation (Master) PROLAM, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008. Starting from the second half of the XIX century, Latin America is definitely incorporated to the international capitalist system under the condition of the appendix of the world market - which was then ruled by England - as the producer and supplier of agricultural products. The consolidation of the liberal principles defended by American young nations political elites establishes the modernization need of the internal economical sectors. At the same time, the penetration of the Capitalism brings about deep transformations on the social sectors and the pressure and the onus of this mechanism falls, as a last resort, upon the poor rural class in the remaining indigenous communities. By the means of the State action, it starts the process of appropriation and expansion of the potentially agriculturable lands and the regions which were remote and isolated in the past, become integrated to the totality of the national territory. The disconnection of the rural values resulted from this process caused the reaction of the peasant people and stimulated the growth of the social banditism. In this current work, we establish a parallel analysis, through the utilization of the comparative method, about this process in Brazilian Northeast and in the North of Mexico, considering as a starting point the action of two contemporary bandits who acted in each one of these areas. The different trajectories which get established between both characters, starting at a certain moment, reveal the interference of the particular and distinct historical processes in each country

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Contemporary capitalism is configured as a potential crisis of civilization, since it is causing serious imbalances in social, environmental and economic context, through concentration of natural resources, encouraging excessive consumption and consequently, increased environmental degradation. This paradigm leads us to a necessary discussion about the challenges to change ways of thinking and acting around the environmental issue. In this perspective, the indicators emerge as an important tool that allows measuring anthropogenic changes in a given system. This study aimed to assess the sustainability of the settlement Recreio, located in Quixeramobim city - CE, from the perception of the peasants, in order to identify enhancers and restrictive factors for its development. The methodology consisted of a fieldwork, with the completion of data collection through questionnaires, which allowed the evaluation of social, economic and environmental dimensions, turning them into quantitative variables. To scale soil quality participatory methodology proposed by Nicholls et al was used. (2004 ), in four areas( preserved, cultivated, degraded and fallow ). The results allowed an assessment of the sustainability looking for realizing multidimensional approach and found that the settlement is classified as potentially sustainable. Also revealed that the main potential factors in the development of the settlement were the system of water supply, lighting homes, participation in association and treatment of water for human consumption. Some restrictive factors such as garbage collection, education and participation in short courses were identified, these indicators require policies, more effective and definitive actions to that peasant families to achieve a better quality of life. It is possible to use this study as a methodological basis for further assessments in land reform areas. / O capitalismo contemporÃneo se configura como uma potencial crise da civilizaÃÃo, uma vez que vem ocasionando sÃrios desequilÃbrios de Ãmbito social, ambiental e econÃmico, atravÃs da concentraÃÃo dos recursos naturais, incentivo ao consumo desmedido e consequente, aumento da degradaÃÃo ambiental. Esse paradigma remete a uma necessÃria reflexÃo sobre os desafios para mudar as formas de pensar e agir em torno da questÃo ambiental. Nesta perspectiva, os indicadores de sustentabilidade surgem como uma importante ferramenta que permite medir as modificaÃÃes antrÃpicas em um determinado sistema. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a sustentabilidade do Assentamento Recreio, localizado no municÃpio de Quixeramobim â CE, a partir da percepÃÃo dos camponeses, com o intuito de identificar os fatores potencializadores e restritivos para o seu desenvolvimento. A metodologia utilizada constou de uma pesquisa de campo, com a realizaÃÃo de coleta de dados por meio da aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios, que permitiram a avaliaÃÃo das dimensÃes sociais, econÃmicas e ambientais, transformando-as em variÃveis quantitativas. Para dimensionar a qualidade do solo foi utilizada a metodologia participativa proposta por Nicholls et al. (2004), em quatro Ãreas (preservada, cultivada, degradada e pousio). Os resultados possibilitaram uma avaliaÃÃo da sustentabilidade procurando dar conta de enfoque multidimensional e constataram que o Assentamento à classificado como potencialmente sustentÃvel. TambÃm revelaram que os principais fatores potencializadores do desenvolvimento do Assentamento foram o sistema de abastecimento de Ãgua, iluminaÃÃo das residÃncias, participaÃÃo em associaÃÃo e tratamento da Ãgua para consumo humano. Foram identificados alguns fatores restritivos como coleta de lixo, educaÃÃo e participaÃÃo em cursos de curta duraÃÃo, esses indicadores requerem polÃticas e aÃÃes mais efetivas para que as famÃlias camponesas possam alcanÃar uma melhor qualidade de vida. à possÃvel a utilizaÃÃo desse estudo, como base metodolÃgica, para outras avaliaÃÃes em Ãreas de reforma agrÃria.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-07T12:21:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ladjane de Fatima Ramos Caporal.pdf: 1038505 bytes, checksum: 19191e3d0e689e3d66da4ecb64352ad2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-07T12:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ladjane de Fatima Ramos Caporal.pdf: 1038505 bytes, checksum: 19191e3d0e689e3d66da4ecb64352ad2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 / In this study, there was a need to understand and characterize the contemporary peasant through the reading of classic studies, Brazilian studies and the contemporary studies of the farm laborers. Also, an empirical research was done in a community located in Chã Grande, at the Zona da Mata Norte of Pernambuco, aiming at the identification of typologies and degrees of peasant moral order and agroindustrialization in the rural area as a mean to establish types of peasants and agroindustrial or modern producers. On the other hand, contributions were made to differentiate the farm laborers in a wide social segment that is under the family agriculture umbrella, therefore being very used in public policies and by some academic studies. Therefore, this study aimed at characterizing and identify the presence of the farm laborers in the contemporary rural world, in a way to contribute to the creation of different public policies, as in improving the knowledge of the different ways of life that assure the existence of a farm laborer, even when it was expected that the peasants had succumbed facing the modernization force imposed during the Green Revolution. / Neste estudo se buscou compreender e caracterizar o camponês contemporâneo a partir de leitura dos estudos clássicos, dos estudos do brasileiro e dos estudos contemporâneo sobre campesinato. Além disto, realizou-se pesquisa empírica em uma comunidade localizada em Chã Grande, município da Zona da Mata Norte de Pernambuco com o intuito de identificar tipologias e graus de campesinidade e agroindustrialização no meio rural como método que permitesse estabelecer tipos de camponeses e produtores agroindustrial ou modernizado. Por outro lado, buscou-se contribuir para marcar as diferenciações do campesinato dentro de um segmento social amplo que está abrigado sob a nomeação de agricultores familiares e que tem sido amplamente utilizado pelas politicas públicas e por alguns estudos academicos. Assim sendo, este estudo objetivou caracterizar e evidenciar a presença do campesinato no mundo rural contemporâneo, de forma a contribuir para a formulação de políticas públicas diferenciadas, como para o avanço do conhecimento sobre dos diferentes modos de vida que asseguram a existência de um campesinato, mesmo quando era de se esperar que todos os camponeses houvessem sucumbido diante da força da modernização imposta ao campo no período da Revolução Verde.

This thesis focuses on the intersection of gender, households, and the non-timber forest product market. Based around the concept of commodity chain analysis, this research examines each stage in two non-timber forest products', straw brooms and coco baskets, life cycles from extraction to final sale. The first objective of this research is to contribute to the literature on NTFPs, and in general gender roles in Latin America, by examining the gendered division of labor within and among the stages of two specific NTFP commodity chains, and the ways in which this division influences how important these products are to household income and conservation. The second objective is look at how commodity chain analysis can be used to examine the above issues, thereby contributing to both NTFP and commodity chain analysis literature. The research shows that the construction of gender in Nicaragua underlies the different roles that men and women perform throughout the two non-timber forest product chains. The two chains represent varying degrees of participation by women and men, and this difference is explained by the prevalence of certain tasks. In the basket commodity chain there were more tasks that are labeled feminine, and in the broom commodity chain there are more tasks labeled male. In addition, the varying participation of men and women influence how income from these products are viewed within the households as well as where men and women stand as conservation stakeholders. Commodity chain analysis served as a useful tool to examine more closely the relationship of gender and households in non-timber forest products, and could be of great assistance to the various development projects using these products as a tool for sustainable development. / Master of Science