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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1975. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 735-750).

Turismo é uma atividade que pode ser definida como uma prática social cooptada pelo mercado e que tem no espaço sua maior especificidade. De um lado, o turismo é apresentado enquanto uma atividade econômica como aporte ao desenvolvimento; de outro, ele se apresenta como uma atividade geradora de impactos. Enquanto atividade econômica, cada vez mais o turismo se afirma como consumo do/no espaço e do lazer, pautado em um tempo rápido, racionalizado e caro, independentemente dos lugares onde ele se realiza. No campo, o modo de vida camponês se realiza em um tempo lento, em oposição ao próprio turismo. As políticas brasileiras de implementação do turismo no campo tem como discurso a melhoria de condições de vida e aumento de ganhos para o pequeno agricultor familiar. Mas por trás da noção de agricultor familiar há uma tradição de análises da existência, desaparecimento e resistência do camponês em meio a projetos políticos de modernização do campo, a partir de uma tentativa de transformar o camponês em agricultor familiar. Uma análise do turismo não pode desconsiderar a complexidade das relações e dos processos sociais que ele engendra, sob o risco de produzir-se uma análise reducionista. Tivemos por objetivo geral analisar em que medida o avanço do turismo no município de Colombo/PR, com apoio de políticas públicas, se desenvolve com participação camponesa. Utilizamos o método dialético materialista, levando em consideração a complexidade da vida social e da coexistência de relações sociais que tem datas desiguais. Turismo e campesinato são analisados a partir de suas contradições, percebidos em constantes movimentos. Como resultado de nossa pesquisa, foi possível observar que, de maneira geral, não há desenvolvimento do turismo com participação camponesa. Isso porque há uma oposição entre a implementação da atividade turística e o modo de vida camponês, que acaba resistindo ao próprio turismo. / Tourism is an activity that can be defined as a social practice co-opted by the market and which has its major specificity in the space. On one hand, tourism is presented as an economic activity contributing to development; on the other hand it is presented as an activity that generates impacts. Tourism as an economic activity is increasingly seen as a consumption of/in space and of leisure, enjoyed in a quick, rationalized and expensive time, independently of the places where it takes place. In the countryside the peasants life style is slow paced, to the opposite of tourism itself. The Brazilian implementation policies for countryside tourism argue that it is to improve living conditions and earnings for the small family farmer. However behind the family farmer notion there is a tradition of analyses of the existence, disappearance and resistance of the peasants in the midst of political projects for the modernization of the countryside, to try and transform the peasants into farming families. An analysis about tourism must consider the complexity of the relationships and social processes that it generates, under the risk of producing a reductionist analysis. We had the general objective of analyzing just how the advance of tourism in the municipality of Colombo/PR, with the support of government policies, is developing with peasant participation. We utilized a materialistic dialectic method, taking into consideration the complexity of social life and of the coexistence of social relationships that have unequal dates. Tourism and countryside family social groups are analyzed from their contradictions, perceived in constant movements. It was possible to observe as a result, after our research, that in general there is no tourism development with peasant participation. This is because there is opposition between the implementation of tourist activity and the peasants way of life, which ends up resisting tourism itself.

After the reformation and opening, China moves from planned economy towards market economy. Active development of merchandise market and affection of loose household register system promotes the enormous population flow between town and country. However, the research found out that there are deep problems existed in population movement that need to be solved. These problems included the shifting of labor force from farming industry, the employments, managements and services of floating population in urban areas, as well as the reforms and innovations on the duality household registration system in the urban and rural areas. Particularly, it would be a good proposal to solve the ¡§Tri-Agricultural Problem¡¨ and city development at this particular period. This research probed into the increasing factors and development features of the floating population and emphasized mainly on the analysis of positive and negative influences to economic and society development. How to properly plan the population movement towards the modernized development aim of China is what this research about to discuss. The research is to discuss theories related to population flow. However, push and pull theory is commonly used in the world. In accordance with the idea of ¡§Equal emphasis on agriculture and industry, equal development of town and country¡¨ of developed economy M. Todaro Model, lifting agricultural productivity, improving rural life conditions, and shortening difference between town and country will ultimately make duality disappear and is practicable to the economic development with Chinese characteristics.

The point of the problems of peasant workers in city is that the binary economy in China city and country has separated peasants and city residents as two different identity systems. Household system was deployed in China in 1950 to strictly limit the labor force of rural village, peasants were isolated from the city, and rural village became the sacrifice under the industrialization policy and developed slowly. Peasant workers play a vital role in the procedure of economy development in mainland China in recent years, the enormous and cheap labor force attracts foreign capital and Taiwan capital enterprises involve into China market to lead the development of district economy, it became a problem that China government put emphasis on due to the gradually emerge of labor dispute and social conflicts. Peasant workers have no opportunity to participate in social and political life; have no ability to maintain self rights, and become the ¡§silent class¡¨ in the city society. In the respect of economy, the labor disputes emerged in endless caused by the delay payment to peasant workers and resulted in sever social public security incidents, and laid a layer of shade upon the ¡§harmony society¡¨ leaded by Chinese Communist Party; in the respect of society, the class of peasant workers isn¡¦t approved by the city, the social exclusion and prejudice are all-pervasive owing to the enlargement of the gap between the rich and poor and created profound painful influence on the social attitude of peasant workers. The problem of peasant workers reflects not only the market failure due to imperfect market system but also the failure of the policies of Chinese Communist Party, and the emerge of civil organizations compensate the gap between the government and society, the NGOs of China thereby concern the problems of peasant workers and attempt to get involve in the aspects that government can¡¦t achieved. This text dissertates mainly from the social levels and class respects to explore the status of peasants and causes of being discriminated; to analyze the leadership of Chinese Communist Party how to bring up corresponding solution focused on the sever social problems caused by peasant workers; to explore whether the relationship between nation and society also changed in Mainland China during the development procedure of peasant workers and what¡¦s the context and direction of change.

Abstract Since the peasant laborer community are the special social stratum which mainland China reform in system reforming has appeared, the so-called peasant laborer who on the occupation activities non-agricultural production in the rural enterprise or the cities, but the registered permanent address still in the countryside, the status was still farmer's worker. At present peasant laborer's scale has surpassed 140,000,000 populations, and forms a fixed social stratum in mainland China. These belong to the countryside labor force originally, along with the reform advancement, get out the countryside, places oneself row of in the city workers, also the population grows day by day. The labor force massive flowing bring popular rising problems, no matter it will be paying the more social cost to the city or the village, if the popular uprising question want to have the basic solution, not only need the law, but also promote the labor market to be perfect, enables the labor force the flowing to move towards outside the standardization, needs to begin to relieve exists since long ago in China's city and countryside dual system. The city farmer worker social security systems establishment is a project which an item so complex, not only it involves to the city and countryside many original system reforms and the innovation, but also involves to the social benefit and resources redistributing.Needs the conformity country, the society and individual strength. Farm labors, working in the cities as well as employed by industrial manufacturers, and have to face the same living standard and vocational risks as urban citizens, but they can¡¦t obtain the same social security welfare. When they had profession injury, illness or being unemployed, mostly they would face poverty and the deterioration of basic living standard. If farm labors¡¦ social security can implement in China will relate to the China stability, growth, and transformation and establishment of harmonized society.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 248-258).

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