This thesis confronts Penelope Maddy's Second Philosophical study of set theory with a philosophical analysis of a part of contemporary set-theoretic practice in order to argue for three features we should demand of our philosophical programmes to study mathematics. In chapter 1, I argue that the identification of such features is a pressing philosophical issue. Chapter 2 presents those parts of the discursive reality the set theorists are currently in which are relevant to my philosophical investigation of set-theoretic practice. In chapter 3, I present Maddy's Second Philosophical programme and her analysis of set-theoretic practice. In chapters 4 and 5, I philosophically investigate contemporary set-theoretic practice. I show that some set theorists are having a debate about the metaphysical status of their discipline{ the pluralism/non-pluralism debate{ and argue that the metaphysical views of some set theorists stand in a reciprocal relationship with the way they practice set theory. As I will show in chapter 6, these two stories are disharmonious with Maddy's Second Philosophical account of set theory. I will use this disharmony to argue for three features that our philosophical programmes to study mathematics should have: they should provide an anthropology of mathematical goals; they should account for the fact that mathematical practices can be metaphysically laden; they should provide us with the means to study contemporary mathematical practices.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo general mejorar el proceso de control para la conservación de la especie en peligro crítico de extinción pava aliblanca (Penélope albipennis), a través de la implementación de un sistema inteligente en la Asociación Crax Perú, para tener una producción de pavas aliblancas con la seguridad que llegarán a la adultez con un desarrollo físico y psicológico adecuado. Los estudios como antecedentes con relación a esta especie son escasos, siendo esto una limitante en el desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación; además la falta de más profesionales responsables que lleven un control adecuado para el desarrollo y repoblamiento de la pava aliblanca en cautiverio, siendo estas causas de mortandad y por consecuencia pérdida de ejemplares. Los principales métodos utilizados para la recopilación de datos serán la entrevista libre, y la observación sistemática (Anexo A). La finalidad de dicho sistema es contar con una herramienta que permita a los trabajadores encargados en el área de control en la Asociación Crax Perú, identificar y diagnosticar alguna morbilidad mucho más rápido que cualquier ser humano, otorgando altos niveles de procesamiento y capacidad de reacción inmediata; el sistema inteligente estará disponible siempre, aún sin la presencia del Dr. Víctor Díaz Montes, quien en la actualidad es el especialista de dicha especie en peligro de extinción.

Since the mid-1970s, classical scholars have taken a new interest in the study of women in antiquity. Prior to this time, the cultures of Ancient Greece and Rome were studied, like much world history, from a masculine perspective. The literature in the growing field of feminist research is centered on the misogyny of these ancient cultures. Although I agree with their observation that women were subordinate and not afforded the exact same freedom as men, I also believe something is missing in their assessment of women in antiquity, especially with regard to the moral virtues embraced by the culture of the Ancient Greeks and the mythic medium through which those beliefs were transmitted. This thesis presents the characters of Penelope from The Odyssey and Clytaemnestra from The Oresteia as paradigms, or role models, of good and evil for all of Greek society's members. I argue against the view held by some feminist scholars that regard the female characters of Greek myth merely as illustrating the misogyny of Greek culture. Those particular feminist views, in addition to being anachronistic, are based on too narrow an understanding of Greek society and the role that myth plays in that culture. By contrast, I argue that these archetypes represent any member of society and should not be considered, on a scholarly level, merely as examples of misogyny. Because of the important role that myth provided and the equivalent value of the freedom afforded to each sex in fulfilling their societal roles under the conditions of life within Greek culture, these two female characters represent the paradigms of the ideal and the ignoble for that society's entire citizenry. Greek myths and the characters within them are actually expressive of the consequences of the actions of any individual and provide Greek society with a lesson on appropriate behavior within one's role in the larger order of society.

L’accélérateur linéaire d’électrons du Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace a été simulé à l’aide du code Monte-Carlo PenEasy. Après avoir validé l’ensemble des techniques permettant d’accélérer le temps de calcul (réduction de variance, parallélisation, …), les caractéristiques des faisceaux initiaux d’électrons ont été déterminées pour une énergie photons et quatre énergies électrons afin d’étudier deux problématiques cliniques. La première concerne l’étude comparative des réponses de huit dosimètres pour la mesure des données de base en mini-faisceaux à l’aide de cônes stéréotaxiques de diamètres compris entre 30 mm et 4 mm. Ces faisceaux de photons sont caractérisés par de forts gradients de dose et un manque important d’équilibre électronique latéral, ce qui rend les techniques dosimétriques conventionnelles inadaptées. Des mesures de facteurs d’ouverture collimateur (FOC), de profil de dose et de rendement en profondeur ont été réalisées avec sept détecteurs actifs (diodes, chambres d’ionisations et MicroDiamond) et un détecteur passif (film radiochromique) et comparées avec les résultats issus de la simulation Monte-Carlo considérée comme notre référence. Pour la mesure du FOC, seul le film radiochromique est en accord avec la simulation avec des écarts inférieurs à 1 %. La MicroDiamond semble être le meilleur détecteur actif avec un écart maximal de 3,7 % pour le cône de 5 mm. Concernant les mesures de profils de dose, les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec le film radiochromique et les diodes blindées ou non (écart de pénombre inférieur à 0,2 mm). Pour les rendements en profondeur, l’ensemble des détecteurs utilisés sont satisfaisants (écart de dose absorbée inférieur à 1 %). La deuxième application concerne l’évaluation de l’algorithme de dépôt de dose électron eMC sur des coupes scanographiques. Pour cela, un programme de « voxélisation » sous MATLAB a été développé afin de transformer les nombres Hounsfield issus du scanner en propriété de matériau (densité et composition chimique) utilisable par le code Monte-Carlo PenEasy. Une triple comparaison entre la mesure avec films radiochromiques, le calcul avec l’algorithme eMC et la simulation Monte-Carlo PenEasy a été réalisée dans différentes configurations : des fantômes hétérogènes simples (superposition de plaques de différentes densités), un fantôme hétérogène complexe (fantôme anthropomorphique) et une comparaison sur patient. Les résultats ont montré qu’une mauvaise affectation d’un matériau du milieu provoque un écart de dose absorbée localement (jusqu’à 16 %) mais aussi en aval de la simulation du fait d’une mauvaise prise en compte de la modification du spectre électronique. La comparaison des distributions de dose absorbée sur le plan patient a montré un très bon accord entre les résultats issus de l’algorithme eMC et ceux obtenus avec le code PenEasy (écart < 3 %). / Using the PenEasy Monte-Carlo code was simulated the linear electron accelerator of Princess Grace Hospital Center. After the validation of all the techniques allowing to accelerate the calculation time (variance reduction technique, parallelization, etc.), the characteristics of the initial electron beams were determined for one photon energy and four electron energies in order to study two clinical issues. The first one concerns the comparative study of the responses of eight dosimeters for the measurement of basic data in small fields using stereotactic cones with a diameter between 30 mm to 4 mm. These photon beams are characterized by strong dose gradients and a significant lack of charged particule equilibrium, making conventional dosimetric techniques unsuitable. Output factor measurment (OF), dose profile and depth dose measurements were performed with seven active detectors (diodes, ionization chambers and MicroDiamond) and a passive detector (radiochromic film) and compared with the results from the Monte Carlo simulation considered as our reference. For the OF measurement, only the radiochromic film is in agreement with the simulation with difference less than 1%. The MicroDiamond seems to be the best active detector with a maximum gap of 3.7% for the 5 mm cone. Concerning the dose profile measurements, the best results were obtained with the radiochromic film and diodes shielded or not (penumbre difference of less than 0,2 mm). For depth dose, all the detectors used have good result (absorbed dose difference less than 1 %). The second application concerns the evaluation of the eMC electron deposition algorithm on CT slices. For this, a « voxelisation » program under MATLAB was developed to transform the Hounsfield numbers from the scanner to material property (density and chemical composition) usable by the PenEasy Monte-Carlo code. A triple comparison between measurement with radiochromic films, calculation with the eMC algorithm and Monte-Carlo PenEasy simulation was carried out in different configurations: simple heterogeneous phantom (superposition of plates of different densities), a complex heterogeneous phantom (anthropomorphic phantom) and a patient comparison. The results showed that a wrong material assignment of the medium causes a difference of dose absorbed locally (up to 16%) but also downstream the simulation due to a wrong taking into account of the modification of the electronic spectrum. The absorbed dose distribution comparison on the patient plane showed a very good agreement between the results from the eMC algorithm and those obtained with the PenEasy code (deviation < 3%).

This thesis examines feminist rewritings of the Penelope myth and the intersections between poetry, myth, and feminist theory. The theoretical framework develops from Rosi Braidotti’s theory of memory and subjectivity which has its roots in the work of Michel Foucault. In Braidotti’s understanding, subjectivity is constructed through narratives of the past including myth. In order to support new, minority, and dissident subjectivities, a re-remembering of mythical narratives needs to happen. This process is linked to Judith Butler’s recent work on narrating the self and to Adrienne Rich’s idea of “Re-vision”. What Butler’s theory adds to Braidotti’s is the notion of dispossession: that as subjects we do not own our identities. We are, instead, dependent on others for recognition. This co-dependence based notion of subjectivity has ethical implications for how we interact with one another and what kind of narratives we iterate and reiterate. The writers discussed in this thesis, namely, Francisca Aguirre, Katerina Anghelaki-Rooke, Gail Holst-Warhaft, and Margaret Atwood, not only rewrite Penelope, but perform Re-visions of the myth. They look back at it with a critical eye and remake it. This thesis further contends that Re-vision provides contemporary feminist writers with a reading and writing strategy that allows them to engage with myth in a way that parallels feminist theory’s efforts to construct new forms of subjectivity. Chapter 1 frames feminist appropriations of myth in a contemporary context and discusses Adrienne Rich’s theory of Re- vision. The next four chapters focus on specific writers who carry out a sustained dialogue with Penelope; they each take an element of the myth and tease it out towards a modern relevance. In looking at how Penelope is revised, this thesis demonstrates that women writers are engaged in a process of remaking canonical, mythic texts in such a way that speaks to contemporary issues of ethical subjectivity and self-making.

In questa tesi si analizza il tema di Penelope dal punto di vista della letteratura comparata, alla luce di una selezione di critica recente e con l'intento di redigere una breve serie di saggi critici che siano redatti in varia estensione ed esibiscano tagli differenti. Indagato è quindi, a partire dal testo omerico e poi ovidiano dell'antico personaggio mitologico femminile, un ventaglio di opere poetiche e narrative che ne ripropongono la figura, ricreandone altresì i motivi, all'interno della letteratura occidentale del XX e XXI secolo, in particolare di quella inglese. / In this dissertation I analyze the theme of Penelope from the point of view of comparative literature, in the light of a selection of recent criticism, and with the aim of writing a short series of critical essays that are shaped in various sizes and show a different composition. Starting from Homer's and then Ovid's text of this ancient female mythological character, I thus investigate a choice of poetic and narrative works which renew her figure, by also recreating her motives, within the domain of Western literature of the twentieth and twenty-first century – particularly English literature.

In this dissertation I analyse and contextualise stereotypical notions associated with the concept of home, and what that constitutes, in the work of South African artists Antoinette Murdoch, Bronwen Findlay, Doreen Southwood and Penelope Siopis, each of whom displays a different perspective of the concept in their artwork. I further consider how these selected South African artists engage with the dichotomies surrounding issues of home and the gendered position assigned to women in this area. I address the strategies the selected artists use in bringing the realm of the private sphere into the public arena and how they transgress the boundaries of private and public spaces. In addition I consider how concepts of home are reflected in my own work and how they are informed by a feminist perspective. The choice of white female artists as the subject of this research is a conscious one, in that I wish to avoid an investigation into cross-cultural gendered subjectivities which will inevitably become entangled with questions of race, politics and culture. As western feminist thought often tends to ignore the specific experiences of ethnic groups located outside western cultural experience, my focus on artists whose context is in part shared by my own is intended to provide an insider perspective. In the context of this research, 'home' is defined as a traditionally acknowledged place where woman is identified in relation to domesticity and the family unit. The term 'home' is therefore partly applicable to a type of domestic environment regardless of its geographic and cultural associations. Home has been defined as a 'group of persons sharing a home or living space (whereas) most households consist of one person living alone, a nuclear family, an extended family or a group of unrelated people' (Scott and Marshall 2005:276). The home is regarded as a place of security where the most intimate of relationships takes place, but it is also an arena of complex human relationships associated with domestic, family, personal and cultural identity. The home is further regarded as a private space and as being somewhat inaccessible, as opposed to the public domain which is open to scrutiny. The home houses a corridor of emotion, however, and may often become a place of entrophy. A subtle shifting and subverting of the conventions which society places upon women and men to conform to particular behavioural constructs will be deconstructed to reveal the concept of home as a site where the boundaries between reality and illusion become blurred. My own artistic practice is concerned with the deconstruction of the home as an idealised space and the façade that often conceals a dystopian reality that lurks beneath such idealisation. I share assumed cultural and class values with the selected artists and will critique the subject from a personal perspective, in part as a self-narrative. Within the context of this research, the term 'middle class' is defined as 'the class of society between the upper and working classes, including business and professional people' (The Oxford English Dictionary 1994:509). / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-02-15T16:13:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1163777 bytes, checksum: c8ff82d674544e4765b54ad683117bf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T16:13:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1163777 bytes, checksum: c8ff82d674544e4765b54ad683117bf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo geral desse estudo foi o de contribuir para um melhor conhecimento dos jacuguaçus (Penelope obscura bronzina), assim como da situação em que ela se encontra na área, um fragmento de 75 ha de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (conhecido como Mata da Biologia) inserido no Campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Este foi percorrido de forma aleatória em toda a sua extensão pela manhã e à tarde, entre os meses de julho de 2004 e maio de 2005, sendo os aspectos comportamentais dos jacuguaçus registrados em fichas de campo. Indivíduos solitários até grandes agregações de cerca de 60 jacuguaçus foram registrados. A estação reprodutiva compreendeu os meses de setembro a dezembro de 2004 (coincidindo com a estação chuvosa), caracterizado pelos displays de vôo (rufar de asas dos machos) e pela presença de filhotes novos. Foram registrados dois ninhos em oitis (Licania tomentosa) na calçada que margeia a mata (próximo ao horto), pertencentes a um mesmo casal que realizou postura de reposição após ter perdido a primeira ninhada. Ambos adultos cuidam da prole. Os filhotes são bastante ativos já na primeira semana de vida. Outro casal com dois filhotes e uma fêmea com um filhote foram registrados na área, além de indivíduos imaturos acompanhados dos adultos nos meses seguintes à estação reprodutiva. Os jacuguaçus tiveram a maior parte de sua dieta composta por frutos de 12 famílias de espécies vegetais. Consumiram frutos disponíveis na mata e visitaram com freqüência árvores frutíferas nos quintais das casas das vilas Sete Casas e Gianetti, marginais ao fragmento. Realizaram pequenos deslocamentos na mata seguindo a frutificação das plantas, concentrando-se nestes locais de alimentação. São bastante oportunistas, se alimentando na horta das casas, de milho e canjiquinha e frutas colocadas por moradores e funcionários (fato constante e corriqueiro). Além disso, consumiram a relva que cresce em alguns trechos ao longo das vias, folhas novas e brotos das plantas do subosque, e flores. Foi possível determinar sete condições favoráveis e 11 condições desfavoráveis para a espécie na área. Para as condições favoráveis foram traçadas 13 medidas potencializadoras e para as condições desfavoráveis 23 medidas mitigadoras. A maioria das medidas pode ser realizada pela própria instituição (UFV), auxiliada pelos resultados deste estudo e pelos professores e estagiários dos cursos afins. A disponibilização de alimentos pelos moradores e pelos funcionários parece ser o fator principal da concentração dos jacuguaçus em determinadas áreas, atraídos pela oferta fácil e regular de alimento, aliado ao ambiente propício - fonte de água, sombra, poleiros seguros nas araucárias e mangueiras - nos arredores da represa e à abundante frutificação de duas espécies de palmeiras exóticas. A oferta de alimento somada à mansidão que os jacuguaçus já apresentam pode estar ocasionando uma crescente domesticação das aves no local. / The general objective of this study was to contribute for a better knowledge of the dusky-legged guans (Penelope obscura bronzina), as well as of the situations which the species is submitted in the study area, a 75 ha Seasonal Semidecidual Forest fragment (known as “Mata da Biologia”) within the Campus of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. This forest fragment was randomly scanned in its entire extension by morning and by evening, between July of 2004 and May of 2005, and the behavior aspects of the dusky-legged guans were recorded. Flock size ranged from two to 60 birds, but solitary individuals were recorded in the area. The breeding season comprised September and December of 2004 (which coincides with the rain season), characterized by flight displays and by the presence of chicks. Two nests, belonging to one pair of dusky-legged guan that laid a reposition clutch after they had lost the first one, were recorded on “oiti” trees (Licania tomentosa) on a sidewalk alongside of the forest fragment (nearby the botanical garden). Either the female or the male take care of the chicks. The chicks are very active even in the first week of borne. Other pair with two chicks and one female with one chick were recorded in the area, besides adults followed by immature young individuals in the following months after the breeding season. The dusky-legged guans had the most of its diet composed by fruits of 12 botanical families and ate fruits available on the woods and frequently visited the fruiting trees at the “Sete Casas” and “Gianetti” villages that margining the forest fragment, making small shifts following the ripeness of some trees, concentrating in these feeding bouts. The dusky-legged guans were very opportunistic and fed on the kitchen gardens of the village’s houses and were feeding every day by inhabitants of the villages and by employees of the UFV with corn, corn meal and fruits. Beside that, these birds consumed grass, young leaves and buds of the sub canopy and flowers. Based on the observations, it was possible to determined seven favorable conditions and 11 unfavorable conditions for the species in the study area. Thirteen magnifying and 23 mitigating measures were outlined for the favorable and unfavorable conditions, respectively. The majority of these measures could be executed by the institution (UFV) itself, helped from the results of this study. The food offering by inhabitants of the villages and by the employees of the UFV seems to be the main cause of the concentrations of the dusky-legged guans in some areas, allied with the propitious ambient of the dam’s surroundings and with the abundant and rich fruit crop of two exotic species of palms in the area. This, added to the tameness that the dusky-legged guans are presenting could promote an increasing “domestication” of these birds in the area. / Não foi localizado o cpf do autor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Allyne Alves Marques Pimenta.pdf: 632366 bytes, checksum: 87dfc304d0c6139f4be0ea48dbe76efd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / This work is mainly aimed to develop a study of evolution of the feminine being, his voice, his sexuality, swaying and precepts that make up your identity, engaging in the rich history of characters Penelope and Emma Bovary, analyzing the dimensions of the heroin Penelope as initial prototype and Emma Bovary as her frontal negation passing by Lisístrata, as an element of disruption and destabilization as many female archetypes of Western literature throughout the ages. The analysis is extended to the study of the role of women in societies where the heroines are inserted studied here, in communion with the theory that art is the representation of an entire history of a people at a given time. The counterpoints are located, at first, in Emma Bovary, seeking the fulfillment of their wishes, unlike Penelope, submissive just waiting for her husband. Concomitantly, Ulysses is the negation of Charles Bovary, even with their treachery, it is still a great man and praised her husband, Charles contrary to the bland, which is not able to arouse and maintain the feeling of passion in his wife, who was looking unhappy marriage love so desired. It happens to break with the bourgeois and sexist society, which always spread that the wife should be restricted to the heart of the home. Therefore, this study goes through several literary characters, and also makes a brief analysis of the various types of love present in marital relations, confronted the figures of the submissive woman who passively accept their fate and woman fighter who seeks fulfillment in all their spheres. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo central desenvolver um estudo da evolução do ser feminino, de sua voz, de sua sexualidade, dos meneios e preceitos que compõem sua identidade, ocupando-se da rica trajetória das personagens Penélope e Emma Bovary, analisando as dimensões da heroína que tem em Penélope o seu protótipo inicial e Ema Bovary como sua negação frontal, passando por Lisístrata, como elemento de ruptura e desestabilização tal como vários arquétipos femininos da literatura ocidental ao longo dos tempos culminado no estudo de personagens contemporâneas. A análise se estenderá ao estudo do papel feminino nas sociedades em que estão inseridas as heroínas aqui estudadas, em comunhão com a teoria que a arte é a representação de toda uma história de um determinado povo em determinada época. Os contrapontos situam-se, a priori, em Emma Bovary, que busca pela realização de seus desejos, ao contrário de Penélope, submissa que apenas espera por seu esposo. Concomitante, Ulisses é a negação de Charles Bovary, mesmo com suas traições, ainda é um louvado homem e grandioso esposo, contrário ao insípido Charles, que não é capaz de despertar e manter o sentimento de paixão na esposa, que, infeliz, procura fora do casamento o amor tão sonhado. Acontece a ruptura com a sociedade machista e burguesa, que sempre disseminou que a esposa deveria ficar restrita apenas ao seio do lar. Ruptura que se verifica solidificada no atual século. Para tanto, este estudo perpassa várias personagens literárias e, ainda, realiza uma breve análise dos tipos vários de amor presentes nas relações conjugais, confrontando as figuras da mulher submissa, que aceita passivamente o seu destino, e da mulher lutadora, que busca a sua realização em todas as suas esferas.

A presente pesquisa, denominada “A filha de Icário, Penélope bem-ajuizada: métis e kléos da rainha tecelã de Homero”, pretende averiguar de que maneira Penélope, personagem do épico homérico Odisseia, utiliza-se da tecelagem para articular sua astúcia e, assim, alcançar fama em sua comunidade. Considera-se Penélope como um paradigma, com o intento de realizar uma análise sobre as diferentes representações do feminino manifestas na Odisseia, de modo a refletir sobre possíveis correspondências entre a filha de Icário e demais personagens femininas retratadas na epopeia com os princípios formadores de comportamentos e práticas sociais relativas às mulheres gregas do século VIII a.C. Assume-se a prerrogativa de que a tecelagem de Penélope, ao ser efetuada com inteligência astuciosa, permite-lhe obter mais do que um tecido, na medida em que contribui para a propagação de sua fama. Reconhecendo o prestígio conferido pelos gregos aos poemas homéricos, ao privilegiarem-se os aportes teóricos do imaginário e da representação, torna-se possível verificar como Penélope e as demais personagens da Odisseia, concomitantemente, inspiravam e expressavam os principais atributos das mulheres gregas do explanado período histórico. / This research, named “Icarius’ daughter, well-behaved Penelope: métis and kléos of Homer’s weaver queen”, intends to verify how Penelope, the epic character of Homer’s Odyssey, makes use of weaving in order to articulate her craftiness and reach fame in her community. Penelope is considered a paradigm, so as to analyze the different representations of the feminine manifest in Odyssey. This is aimed in order to reflect on possible correspondences between Icarius’ daughter and the other feminine characters portrayed in the epic, with the principles that shape the behavior and social practices related to Greek women of the 8th century BC. The prerogative assumed is that Penelope’s weaving, by being made with cunning intelligence, allows her to obtain more than fabric and contributes to the propagation of her fame. Acknowledging the prestige conferred to Homeric poems by the Greeks, giving priority to theoretical approaches of the imaginary and representation, it is possible to verify how Penelope and the other characters in Odyssey, concomitantly inspired and expressed the main attributes of the Greek women of the referred historical period.