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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Piégeage et accumulation de positons issus d’un faisceau pulsé produit par un accélérateur pour l’étude de l’interaction gravitationnelle de l’antimatière / Trapping and accumulation of positrons from a pulsed beam produced by a linear accelerator for gravitationnal interaction of antimatter study.

Grandemange, Pierre 12 December 2013 (has links)
L'expérience GBAR - Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest - est conçue pour réaliser un test direct du principe d'équivalence faible sur l'antimatière. Son objectif est de mesurer l'accélération d'un antiatome d'hydrogène en chute libre, appelée Gbar. Son originalité réside dans la production d'antiions Hbar+ pour appliquer le refroidissement sympathique afin d'obtenir une température de l'ordre du µK, indispensable à la réalisation de la mesure. Les ions Hbar+ sont produits par les réactions : pbar + Ps -> Hbar + e-, puis Hbar + Ps -> Hbar+ + e-, où pbar représente l'antiproton, Ps le positronium (l'état lié entre le positon et l'électron), Hbar l'antihydrogène et Hbar+ l'antiion associé. Pour produire la quantité de Ps nécessaire à l'expérience GBAR, 2x10^10 positons doivent être injectés sur une cible mésoporeuse de SiO2 en moins de 100ns. Un tel flux nécessite l'accumulation et le refroidissement des positons dans un piège à particules.Cette thèse décrit l'injecteur de positons en phase de démonstration à Saclay pour l'expérience GBAR. Il est constitué d'un piège de Penning-Malmberg (emprunté au laboratoire du RIKEN) alimenté par un faisceau de positons lents. Un accélérateur linéaire d'électrons de 4.3MeV produit le faisceau pulsé de positons en tirant sur une cible de tungstène, modéré ensuite par un modérateur constitué de multiples couches de grilles de tungstène. Le flux de positons lents est de 10^4 e+/pulse, soit 2x10^6 e+/s à 200Hz. Nous présentons dans ce document la toute première accumulation de positons produit par un accélérateur (plutôt qu'une source radioactive), et leur refroidissement dans un plasma de 2x10^10 électrons préalablement chargés dans le piège. / The Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest experiment - GBAR - is designed to perform a direct measurement of the weak equivalence principle on antimatter by measuring the acceleration (gbar) of antihydrogen atoms in free fall. Its originality is to produce Hbar+ ions and use sympathetic cooling to achieve µK temperature. Hbar+ ions are produced by the reactions : pbar + Ps -> Hbar + e-, and Hbar + Ps -> Hbar+ + e-, where pbar is an antiproton, Ps stands for positronium (the bound-state of a positron and an electron), Hbar is the antihydrogen and Hbar+ the antiion associated. To produce enough Ps atoms, 2x10^10 positrons must be impinged on a porous SiO2 target within 100ns. Such an intense flux requires the accumulation (collection and cooling) of the positrons in a particle trap. This thesis describes the injector being commissioned at CEA Saclay for GBAR. It consists of a Penning-Malmberg trap (moved from RIKEN) fed by a slow positron beam. A 4.3MeV linear accelerator shooting electrons on a tungsten target produces the pulsed positron beam, which is moderated by a multi-grid tungsten moderator. The slow positron flux is 10^4 e+/pulse, or 2x10^6 e+/s at 200Hz. This work presents the first ever accumulation of low-energy positrons produced by an accelerator (rather than a radioactive source) and their cooling by a prepared reservoir of 2x10^10 cold electrons.
22

A New Metastable Helium Machine : An Investigation into the Attributes of Trapping, Cooling and Detecting Metastable Helium / machine pour métastable hélium : Une enquête sur les attributs de piégeage, de refroidissement et de détection de métastable hélium

Hoendervanger, Lynn 03 October 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse décrit le travail accompli au cours des trois dernières années sur la nouvelle expérience d’Hélium métastable de l'Institut d'Optique à Palaiseau.Le premier chapitre décrit une étude visant à améliorer à la fois l'efficacité et la précision du système de détection par galettes à micro-canaux (MCP). Nous avons fait des mesures avec des galettes recouvertes d'une couche d'or sur la face avant, obtenant un accroissement de l'efficacité de détection mais également une réduction de la précision. L'ajout d'une tension intermédiaires entre les deux galettes empilées a au contraire améliorer à la fois l'efficacité et la précision des MCP, en l’absence d’une couche d’or.Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à la construction de l'appareil expérimental pour le refroidissement et le piégeage d’atomes. L’excitation de l'état fondamental de l’Hélium à l'état métastable est décrite, ainsi que la collimation et le refroidissement ultérieur par Zeeman lent du faisceau atomique chaud résultant. Le faisceau ralenti est alors capturé dans un piège magnéto-optique (PMO), dans lequel nous avons capturé 8x108 atomes.Dans le troisième chapitre une étude originale du refroidissement Doppler tridimensionnel dans un PMO et une mélasse désaccordée vers le rouge de la transition atomique est discutée. L’atome d’Hélium métastable est unique et ses propriétés ont permis une telle étude. En effet, les faibles densités atomiques impliquent qu’il n'y a pas de diffusion multiple de photons d’une part, et la faible masse et la faible largeur de la transition 23S1 -> 23P2 rend inefficace les processus de refroidissement sous la limite Doppler. Ces conditions nous ont permis d’observer pour la première fois à trois dimensions un gaz refroidit dans le régime Doppler.Le quatrième chapitre présente une étude sur les collisions dans un piège magnéto-optique d’Hélium métastable. Les collisions Penning induites par la lumière, en particulier à des intensités élevées et à des fréquences proches de la fréquence de transition, sont responsables de pertes élevées d’atomes piégés. Nous mesurons le coefficient de taux associé à ces pertes, Ksp = 2,8 ± 0,4 x 10-7cm3/ s. / This thesis describes the work done over the past three and a half years on the new metastable helium experiment at the Institut d'Optique in Palaiseau. In the first chapter it describes a study to improve both the efficiency and the accuracy of the Microchannel Plate (MCP) detection system. We have experimented with adding a gold layer on the top of the input plate, something that we have found increases the efficiency but also decreases the accuracy. The addition of a voltage between the two stacked plates has been shown to both raise the efficiency and improve the accuracy in non-coated MCPs.The second chapter is devoted to the construction of the experimental apparatus. Here the excitation of ground state helium to its metastable state is described, as well as the subsequent collimation and cooling by Zeeman slower of the resulting hot atomic beam. The slowed beam is then captured in a Magneto-Optical Trap, in which we have captured 8x108 atoms.In the third chapter an original study on three-dimensional Doppler cooling in a red-detuned molasses and in the Magneto-Optical trap is presented. The metastable helium system is unique as there is no multiple scattering of photons and there are no sub-Doppler effects. This allows for a never before seen experimental realisation of pure Doppler cooling theory. The fourth chapter describes a study on collisions in a magneto-optical trap of metastable helium. Light-induced Penning collisions are responsible for high trap losses at high intensities and at frequencies close to the transition frequency. We measure the constant rate coefficient to Ksp = 2.8 ± 0.4 x 10-7cm3/s.
23

Etude et développement d’une nouvelle source ECR produisant un faisceau intense d’ions légers / Study and development of a new ECR source creating an intense light ions beam

Nickees, Sébastien 21 December 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse entre dans le cadre de l’étude et la conception d’une nouvelle source ECR d’ions légers au sein du LEDA (Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Développement des Accélérateurs – CEA Saclay), nommée ALISES (Advanced Light Ions Source Extraction System). Dans un premier temps, la conception magnétique, électrique et mécanique de la nouvelle source est décrite. Ensuite, des simulations ont été effectuées afin de déterminer la réduction du grossissement d’émittance en tenant compte de la réduction de la longueur de la LBE (Ligne Basse Energie) apportée par la source ALISES. Cette source permettant aussi de réaliser une étude sur les dimensions de la chambre plasma cylindrique, des simulations ont été effectuées afin de mieux comprendre l’interaction entre l’onde radiofréquence et le plasma. Par la suite, les expériences réalisées sur la source ALISES ont permis de mettre en évidence, de comprendre et de résoudre les problèmes de décharges Penning dans le tube accélérateur. Les mesures réalisées sur le plasma ont permis de dégager l’hypothèse que les électrons sont chauffés à l’entrée de la chambre plasma puis thermalisés sur toute sa longueur afin d’atteindre une énergie correspondante au maximum de la section efficace d’ionisation du dihydrogène. / This thesis is in the context of study and design of a new ECR light ion source on LEDA (Laboratory of Research and Development of Accelerators - CEA Saclay), named ALISES (Advanced Light Ions Source Extraction System). As a first step, the magnetic, electrical and mechanical design of the new source is described. Then, simulations were performed to determine the reduction of emittance growth taking into account the reduction of the length of the LBE (Low Energy Beam Line) provided by the source ALISES. With this source, it’s also possible to realize a study on the dimensions of the cylindrical plasma chamber. Simulations were performed to better understand the interaction between radiofrequency wave and plasma. Subsequently, experiments on the source ALISES helped highlight, understand and solve problems in the Penning discharges inside the accelerator column. Measurements performed on the plasma have yielded the assumption that the electrons are heated at the entrance of the plasma chamber and thermalized along its entire length to achieve an energy corresponding to the maximum of the ionization cross section for hydrogen.
24

A detector upgrade for phase-imaging ion cyclotron resonance measurements at the CPT

Morgan, Graeme Edward Baglow 23 March 2016 (has links)
A position-sensitive microchannel plate (MCP) detector has been installed at the Canadian Penning Trap (CPT) mass spectrometer located at the CAlifornium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) facility at Argonne National Laboratory in order to carry out Phase-Imaging Ion Cyclotron Resonance (PI-ICR) measurements. With this new measurement method, proof-of-principle mass measurements of five nuclei were made to a precision of $\delta m/m \approx 10^{-7}$. The PI-ICR results are found to be consistent with previous Time-of-Flight Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ToF-ICR) measurements. The content of this thesis covers the entire mass measurement process beginning with beam production at CARIBU through to ion detection at the CPT and a comparison of the ToF-ICR and PI-ICR measurement methods. The future of mass measurements at the CPT with this new technique will also be discussed. / May 2016
25

Molécules Exotiques d'Hélium

Portier, Maximlien 14 December 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Nous étudions la photoassociation dans un gaz d'hélium métastable 4He(23S1) ultrafroid piégé magnétiquement : des paires d'atomes en collision interagissent avec un ou deux champs laser pour former des molécules à purement longue portée 4He2(23S1-23P0), ou longue portée 4He2(23S1-23S1).<br />Des décalages lumineux dans la spectroscopie à un photon sont observés, et étudiés en fonction de l'intensité et la polarisation du laser de photoassociation, ainsi que l'état vibrationnel de la molécule photoassociée. Ils sont le résultat du couplage lumineux entre la molécule excitée et le continuum d'états de diffusion et les états liés de l'interaction entre deux atomes métastables. Leur analyse quantitative permet de déterminer la longueur de diffusion a=7.2 ± 0.6 nm caractéristique des collisions entre atomes métastables polarisés.<br />La photoassociation à deux photons est utilisée pour mettre en évidence des molécules 4He2(23S1-23S1) polarisées et de forte élongation. Celles-ci sont qualifiées d'exotiques, puisqu'elles sont constituées de deux atomes métastables, portant chacun une énergie interne de 20 eV suffisante pour ioniser l'autre. Les formes de raies obtenues par cette spectroscopie sont calculées et décomposées en sommes et produits en profils de Breit-Wigner et de Fano associés à des processus à un et deux photons. Leur ajustement aux données expérimentales permet de déterminer la durée de vie intrinsèque de la molécule tau=1.4±0.3 ms. Nous tentons d'interpréter cette durée de vie en terme d'autoionisation Penning induite par relaxation de spin. Nous montrons que cette hypothèse implique qu'il y ait un état quasi-lié proche de dissociation dans le potentiel d'interaction singulet entre atomes métastables pour rendre compte des expériences.
26

Manipulation of positron plasma using the AEgIS system at CERN

Forslund, Ola Kenji January 2015 (has links)
AEgIS is an experiment at CERN where the goal is to directly measure the gravitational force on antimatter by producing antihydrogen. The antihydrogen will be produced by a charge exchange reaction using laser excited positronium and cold antiprotons. Having a well-characterized positron plasma with at least 108 positrons and knowing how it can be controlled is essential for the positronium production. This thesis is based on the goals of AEgIS experiment and describes the positron plasma manipulations being used in AEgIS in order to achieve the required plasma properties for the experiment. The positron system is made up by a source, a Surko trap and a Penning-Malmberg trap. This system was first optimized to increase the number of positrons. The plasma was then moved to the main traps of the experiment where it was systematically characterized in terms of lifetime, cooling efficiency and compression. Positron plasma compression in time, trapping and cooling was tested for the first time in AEgIS using a buncher and Penning-Malmberg traps respectively. In this thesis, it is shown that a compression of more than 50 % in time of the positron cloud using a buncher can be achieved. It is also shown that trapping and cooling with an efficiency of nearly 100 % in the main traps using a “V” shaped potential trap was successful. On top of that, the lifetime inside this “V” shaped potential trap was observed to be longer than 30 minutes.
27

The Masses of Proton-Rich Isotopes of Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh and Their Influence on the Astrophysical rp and νp Processes

Fallis, Jennifer 14 September 2009 (has links)
The Canadian Penning Trap mass spectrometer located at Argonne National Laboratory has been built for the purpose of studying the masses of both stable and unstable nuclides. For this thesis 18 proton-rich unstable nuclides of elements Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh have been measured with this apparatus to an average precision of 7.8 x10^−8. The masses of 6 of these nuclides had not been measured when this thesis was undertaken, and 4 more were not known to the precisions required for use in astrophysical nucleosynthesis models. The masses of these nuclides were of particular interest as the reaction paths of two proposed nucleosynthetic processes, the rp and νp processes, pass through this region. The rp process is thought to occur in X-ray bursts and directly affects the X-ray luminosity which is emitted from these objects. The νp process is thought to occur in the inner regions of the material ejected during a core-collapse supernova explosion and is of particular interest as it may answer some outstanding questions about the origins of the chemical elements in the Universe. The Canadian Penning Trap and associated apparatus were used to determine the masses of 18 nuclides, some for the first time ever. Our measurements improve the precision on all of the masses, by a factor of 70 in some cases. Our results are necessary to determine the proton-separation energies for these nuclides which are critical for determining the paths and reaction rates of the rp and νp processes. In particular, the effect of our measurements of 92Ru and 93Rh on the expected production ratio of 92Mo to 94Mo in the νp process, and the effect of our measurement of 87Mo on the path of this process will be discussed.
28

The Masses of Proton-Rich Isotopes of Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh and Their Influence on the Astrophysical rp and νp Processes

Fallis, Jennifer 14 September 2009 (has links)
The Canadian Penning Trap mass spectrometer located at Argonne National Laboratory has been built for the purpose of studying the masses of both stable and unstable nuclides. For this thesis 18 proton-rich unstable nuclides of elements Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh have been measured with this apparatus to an average precision of 7.8 x10^−8. The masses of 6 of these nuclides had not been measured when this thesis was undertaken, and 4 more were not known to the precisions required for use in astrophysical nucleosynthesis models. The masses of these nuclides were of particular interest as the reaction paths of two proposed nucleosynthetic processes, the rp and νp processes, pass through this region. The rp process is thought to occur in X-ray bursts and directly affects the X-ray luminosity which is emitted from these objects. The νp process is thought to occur in the inner regions of the material ejected during a core-collapse supernova explosion and is of particular interest as it may answer some outstanding questions about the origins of the chemical elements in the Universe. The Canadian Penning Trap and associated apparatus were used to determine the masses of 18 nuclides, some for the first time ever. Our measurements improve the precision on all of the masses, by a factor of 70 in some cases. Our results are necessary to determine the proton-separation energies for these nuclides which are critical for determining the paths and reaction rates of the rp and νp processes. In particular, the effect of our measurements of 92Ru and 93Rh on the expected production ratio of 92Mo to 94Mo in the νp process, and the effect of our measurement of 87Mo on the path of this process will be discussed.
29

On the Variability of the Fine Structure Constant

Evans, Jason Lott 13 July 2004 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis addresses the issue of the time variability of the fine structure constant, alpha. Recent claims of a varying alpha are set against the established standards of quantum electrodynamical theory and experiments. A study of the feasibility of extracting data on the time dependence of alpha using particles in Penning traps is compared to the results obtained by existing methods, including those using astrophysical data and those obtained in atomic clock experiments. Suggestions are made on the nature of trapped particles and the trapping fields.
30

Modeling Radial Bernstein Modes in a Finite-Length Axisymmetric Non-Neutral Plasma

Hutchison, Mark Andrew 07 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Axisymmetric radial Bernstein modes are known to exist in non-neutral plasmas and have been studied theoretically and computationally in 1D, but detection of these modes has still proven to be difficult due to self-shielding. To help advance the work on this front we created a 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) code that simulates a non-neutral plasma in a Malmberg-Penning trap. A detailed description of the PIC code itself has been included that highlights the benefits of using an $r^2$--$z$ grid and how it can be tested. The focus of the PIC simulation was to discover how best to drive and detect these modes. While it is improbable that radial Bernstein modes will be detected in long plasmas, we show that it may be a possible due to the axial nodal structure in the potential and electric field generated by confining plasmas of any finite-length. Additionally, we find that for a short plasma the strongest detection signal along the trap wall occurs at the plasma's midpoint rather than near the ends. Results show that oscillating the confinement potentials is sufficient to excite the fundamental radial Bernstein mode, but not any of the higher order modes. The higher order modes can be seen in the simulation, however, by sinusoidally driving the radial electric field. Unfortunately, the individual modes are difficult to isolate which we suspect is due to mode mixing. Finally, we report frequencies and mode shapes for the fundamental mode and the (lower) first higher order mode.

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