ВКР (магистерская диссертация) состоит из введения, три глав, заключения, библиографического списка, включающего 79 наименования. Работа включает 4 таблицы и 27 рисунков. Общий объем ВКР (магистерской диссертации) – 112 страницы. Цель исследования – исследование правовой природы, проблем и преимуществ пенсионной системы в Китайской Народной Республике. Научная новизна исследования состоит в исследовании пенсионного обеспечения по старости после проведения пенсионной реформы в Китайской Народной Республике. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в возможности применения преимуществ китайской пенсионной системы в практике других стран, включая Российскую Федерацию. / The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography with 79 titles. The work includes 4 tables and 27 figures. The total volume of Master's thesis is 114 pages. The purpose of the study is to investigate the legal nature, problems and advantages of the pension system in the People's Republic of China. The scientific novelty of the study consists of the study of old age pension provision after the pension reform in the People's Republic of China. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the advantages of the Chinese pension system in the practice of other countries, including the Russian Federation.

This thesis brings together two responses to the question ‘how can the law extend the timeframe for environmentally relevant decision-making?’ The first response is drawn from the context of institutional investment, and addresses the timeframe and breadth of environmental considerations in pension fund investment decision-making. The second response is related to the context of public environmental decision-making by legislators, the judiciary, and administrators. Three themes underlie and bind the thesis: the challenges to decision-making posed by the particular temporal and spatial characteristics of environmental problems, the existence and effects of short-termism in a variety of contexts, and the legal notion of the trust as a means for analysing and addressing problems of a long-term or intergenerational nature. These themes are borne out in each of the four substantive chapters. Chapter III sets out to demonstrate the theoretical potential of pension funds to drive the reduction of firms’ environmental impact, and, focusing particularly on the notion of fiduciary duty, explores the barriers that stand in their way. Chapter IV provides a practical application of the theoretical recommendations outlined in its predecessor. It provides a framework outlining how pension funds might implement a longer term, more sustainable approach to investing. The second half of the thesis, operating in the context of public environmental decision-making, is centred upon a particularly poignant legal notion with respect to the environment and time: the concept of intergenerational equity. Just as the first half of the thesis deals with the timeframes relevant to investment decision-making by pension funds within the bounds of fiduciary duty, largely a private law affair with public implications, the second half of the thesis is concerned with the principle of intergenerational equity as a means for extending the decision-making timeframe of legislative, judicial and administrative decision-makers. As previous analyses of the concept of intergenerational equity provide little insight into its practical implications when applied to particular factual situation, Chapter V sets out the structure of the principle of intergenerational equity as revealed by case law. Chapter VI brings together the issues from the first three papers by conceptualising intergenerational equity in resource management as an issue of long-term investment. Long-term environmental decision-making faces many obstacles. Individual behavioural biases, short-term financial incentive structures, the myopic pressures of the electoral cycle and the tendency of the common law to reinforce the (often shorttermist) status quo all present significant barriers to the capacity of both private and public decision-makers to act in ways that favour the longer term interests of the environment. Nonetheless, this thesis argues that there is reason for hope: drawing upon the three themes that underlie all of the substantive Chapters, it articulates potential legislative changes and recommends the adoption of particular governance structures to overcome barriers to long-term environmental decision-making.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Patricia Bressan L Gaudenzi.pdf: 859046 bytes, checksum: c90e0d84207ecf6a039915e529cd5060 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-16 / Considering the progress reached by the private pension fund system, because of the edition of the Constitutional Amendment n. 20, as of 1998, which has resulted in the edition of the Complementary Law n. 109, as of 2001, and the offering of new pension products to the public, private pension is presently a fundamental element for the structure of the Brazilian pension system especially towards the actuarial and financial instability of the public pension system , rendering alternative for the individuals to keep themselves economical actives even in the inactivity phase of professional duties. In order to organize the retirement planning, the individual assesses the tax consequences of the investment in private pension funds, in comparison to other kinds of investment. Facing this reality, the purpose of this study is to present the analysis of the constitutional profile of the income tax, its matrix-rule and the tax treatment imposed to the values invested in private pension funds. As from this analysis, the intention is to review if the income tax deferment regime applicable to the investment in private pension funds effectively corresponds to a postponement of the financial tax burden or if it can result the income tax incidence on part of the individual s heritage (and not his/her income) / Diante dos avanços alcançados pelo regime de previdência complementar, com a edição da Emenda Constitucional nº 20, de 1998, que ensejou a edição da Lei Complementar nº 109, de 2001, e do oferecimento de novos produtos previdenciários ao público, a previdência privada figura atualmente como elemento fundamental na estruturação do sistema previdenciário brasileiro especialmente em vista do conhecido desequilíbrio atuarial e financeiro da previdência oficial , propiciando meios para que os indivíduos permaneçam economicamente ativos mesmo com a chegada da fase de inatividade profissional. A fim de realizar o seu planejamento para o período de aposentadoria futuro, o indivíduo passa a avaliar os impactos tributários do investimento de recursos em planos de previdência complementar, em relação aos outros instrumentos de poupança. Com vistas a esta realidade é que se propõe a apresentar como tema deste estudo a análise do perfil constitucional do imposto de renda, a sua matriz de incidência, e o tratamento tributário atualmente conferido aos valores aplicados em planos de previdência privada. A partir deste estudo, pretende-se analisar criticamente se o regime de diferimento do imposto de renda aplicável aos investimentos em planos de previdência privada efetivamente traduz uma postergação do ônus financeiro do tributo ou pode acarretar a incidência do referido tributo sobre parcela do patrimônio (e não da renda) da pessoa física

Corporate governance practice differs regionally and nationally, depending on how each legal environment protects minority investors, capital markets and company ownership structure. Governance can also change spectacularly in regions or countries with comparatively high levels of institutional investment. The notion of institutional investors' activism is increasingly important in developed markets as the ideal corporate governance mechanism to monitor corporate managers and overcome agency problems arising from dispersed corporate ownership in modern companies. These institutions can work together on an improved corporate governance framework more effectively than individual investors, monitoring corporate controllers of listed companies in emerging and developing markets, using their influence more vigorously and in ways more fitting to a concentrated ownership environment such as that in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, the role of institutional investors in emerging and developing markets will depend strongly on institutional investors' activism and the arrangements determined and undertaken by the corporate governance regulatory framework in these markets. In considering the influential role of institutional investors to improve corporate governance practice, a high level of minority shareholder protection thus remains an indicator of good corporate governance and regulatory pressure of rights and incentives, which are necessary to empower non-controlling shareholders in these concentrated ownership markets to exert a strong activist influence in monitoring corporate activities, thus improving the corporate governance practices of investee companies. In this context, this thesis contends that in Saudi Arabia in particular, shareholder involvement in corporate governance is inadequate, as a result of a variety of economic and regulatory obstacles. It goes on to identify what improvements are necessary and where, to ensure a sound framework for effective institutional investor activism and to improve the level of minority shareholder protection. It also cautions Saudi legislators against erecting hurdles to the future engagement of Saudi and foreign institutional investors in monitoring corporate activities which may affect the conditions for access, allocation and monitoring of equity, which is so important for value creation and sustainable economic growth. The main benefit to be derived from this research is that it facilitates a fuller understanding of the Saudi approach to corporate governance, the corporate ownership environment and trends in the capital market. The analysis also deepens knowledge of corporate governance regimes, including the role of institutional investors, and of their characteristics and investment behaviours. In short, it considers whether institutional investors are willing or have been encouraged to use their power to engage in the companies in which they invest and whether they are qualified to solve the agency problem.

我國勞工退休金新制自2005年7月1日開始實施，由過去的確定給付制改為具有確定提撥特色的「個人帳戶制」。對於勞工而言，確定提撥制和過去確定給付制不同之處在於承擔退休金投資風險的責任將由雇主轉由個人承擔。如何透過退休機制的設計以降低退休金的投資風險是近年來的重要議題，因此本文主要從個人偏好與風險的觀點探討保證投資收益率制度與制度轉換選擇權等兩個降低確定提撥制投資風險的重要配套措施。 在本論文的第一篇研究中發現，資產配置與國際投資對保證成本的影響頗大，在個人可選擇資產配置的情況下，高投資風險的資產選擇將造成政府未來龐大的或有負債。為了解決政府保證成本過高造成代內與代間的財富移轉，本文從使用者付費與個人效用的觀點探討保證投資收益率制度的設計，發現藉由設立保證投資收益上限可提升風險趨避者、損失趨避者與後悔趨避者等偏好下的預期效用，且能降低個人管理下方風險所需的提撥成本與退休計畫參加者所需繳交的保證費用，故建議政府可將投資收益率上限納入保證投資收益率制度，供退休計畫參加者選擇合於本身偏好的保證收益率上限。 在近來許多國家的公、民營退休體系由過去以確定給付制改為確定提撥制，為了降低在確定提撥制下的退休金投資風險，在美國的佛羅里達州之公務人員退休體系中，存在著可供個人選擇是否轉換到確定給付制的機制。在我國勞退新制中除了從過去的確定給付制改為確定提撥制外，亦輔以「年金保險制」供勞工選擇與轉換，若年金保險制具有確定給付制的特徵，則勞工等於是擁有一個從確定提撥轉換轉到確定給付制的選擇權，因此制度選擇權的探討對我國而言亦是相當地重要。在本論文的第二篇研究中發現，當風險趨避程度越高則轉換至確定給付制的機率越高，轉換到確定給付制的高峰期會出現在開始工作的初期與屆臨退休之際等兩段期間。隨著工作期間的延長，個人轉換到確定給付制的機率越低，但仍可有效地提升退休金的所得替代率與達到降低退休金下方風險的效果，在加入退休制度初期不得轉換的限制之後，會降低轉換到確定給付制的機率。 / The Labor Retirement Pension Act enacted in 2005 introduced defined contribution (DC) pension plan for substituting the traditional defined benefit (DB) pension plan. In the defined contribution pension plan, the investment risk is transferred to the participants. However, the design of rate of return guarantee makes the investment risk less severe for participants. In the first essay, we find that the asset allocation and foreign investment have large impact on the guarantee cost: the high risky investment may result in large potential liability of the government in the future if participants have the investment portfolio choice. This study develops a framework to analyze design of rate of return guarantee from the financial engineering and user paid principle view. We find that the cap of investment return guarantee not only increases the expected utility of risk aversion, loss aversion and regret aversion, but also decreases the contribution cost to participant associated with managing the downside risk. Around the world, the defined contribution (DC) plans have been the primary trend of pension reform in the both public and private sector. In an attempt to decrease the investment risk associated with DC plan, the public employees are provided with an option to buy back DB plan in the Florida State of U.S.A. In the second essay, we find that the higher level of risk aversion is, the higher probability to buy back DB plan is. During the employee’s early years of service and as the employees near retirement, the probability to exercise the option is the highest. The probability to exercise the option is decreasing with the years of service being increasing; the option also increase the pension replacement rate as well as decrease the downside risk of pension. The probability to exercise the option is lower, when the option to buy back the DB plan is prohibited during the employee’s early years of service.