The main goal of this thesis is to ascertain the influence of a water stress on regenerative and growth properties of grasses which were exposed to a water deficit and the influence on area composition of certain permanent grass vegetation. Assessment levels were based on container experiments. Each container contained selected class and subclass of a grass with different water regime demands. The aim of these experiments was to determine regenerative and growth abilities of chosen grasses which were exposed to water deficit and their ability to regenerate after drought during the grass branching phase. Another part of these experiments was to assess water regime impact on distribution of grasses in chosen areas. In the Czech Republic, grass vegetation is one of the basic food components for farm animals, mainly cattle, and it is an important landscaping element. It is also a component of forage industry which is a significant part of an agriculture output and the main goal in practice is to provide sufficient production of high quality,biologically valuable and healthy fodder.

The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the possibility of the effective use of waste and phytomass specifically grown for energy purposes in the protected area of National Park Podyjí. The task was to characterize the source of phytomass in this environmentally sensitive area. The data were collected by studying documents, visits to enterprises and institutions, and personal consultations with business and other stakeholders. The result of this work is a brief assessment of the production potential and the factors influencing its development. Due to the nature of the territory, to suggest measures for efficient use of land for the production of energy phytomass with regard to the attitudes of farmers and the authority of nature and landscape.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_as_dr_jabo.pdf: 412706 bytes, checksum: a3044c478c4a39b6825b47ace1e1b633 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar características fisiológicas da leguminosa forrageira tropical, Macrotyloma axillare cv. Java (macrotiloma) submetida a diferentes potenciais hídricos e determinar a qualidade fisiológica de três lotes de sementes dessa cultivar. Determinou-se a pureza física dos lotes, o peso de mil sementes, o teste padrão de germinação (TPG) e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). Os seguintes testes de vigor foram realizados: primeira contagem do TPG, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado. Avaliou-se o efeito da disponibilidade hídrica do substrato sobre a germinação de sementes com o uso de soluções de Polietileno Glicol (PEG 6000) e a germinação e o crescimento inicial das plântulas sob diferentes disponibilidades hídricas no solo (60, 45 e 35% da capacidade de campo). Diferenças no potencial fisiológico inicial de sementes escarificadas puderam ser observadas pelo teste de germinação. Os testes de primeira contagem e IVG não foram sensíveis para detectar diferenças no potencial fisiológico das sementes dos três lotes estudados. O envelhecimento acelerado das sementes escarificadas pode ser realizado a 41º C por um período mínimo de 72 horas ou a 45º C durante 48 horas. O teste de condutividade elétrica mostrou-se adequado para diferenciar os lotes de sementes escarificadas, a partir de 48 horas de embebição. O lote 3 foi classificado como o lote de menor vigor. Houve redução progressiva e significativa da porcentagem de germinação e do IVG quando o potencial hídrico do substrato decresceu de 0,0 até -0,6 MPa e decréscimo na germinação e no IVG quando a disponibilidade hídrica no solo decresceu de 60% para 45 e 35% da capacidade de campo. Todas as características da parte aérea das plântulas foram prejudicadas pela redução da disponibilidade hídrica do solo, notadamente, os parâmetros altura de plântula,... / The objective of this research was to evaluate physiological characteres of the tropical forage legume, Macrotyloma axillare cv. Java (perennial horse gram) submitted to different water potentials and to determine the physiological quality of three seed lots of this cultivar. The physical purity, 1000 seeds weight, standard germination test (SGT) and speed of germination index (SGI) were evaluated. The following vigour tests were performed: first count of SGT; electrical conductivity and accelerated aging. The effect of substratum water availability was studied using polyethylene glicol solutions (PEG 6000) on seed germination and soil with three levels of water contents (60, 45 and 35% of field capacity) on germination and early growth of seedlings. Differences on initial physiological potential of scarified seeds could be observed by the germination test. First count of germination and SGI were not sensible to detect differences in seed physiological potential of these three lots. The accelerated aging of scarified seeds can be performed at 41ºC during at least 72 hours or at 45ºC for 48 hours. The electrical conductivity test was adequate to differentiate lots of scarified seeds after 48 hours of imbibition. The seed lot number three was classified as the lowest vigour lot of perennial horse gram seeds. There was progressive and significant decrease of germination percentage and of SGI when the substratum water potential decreased from zero to -0,6 MPa and reduction of germination percentage and SGI when the soil water availability decreased from 60% to 45 and 35% of field capacity. All seedlings shoot characters were hastened by the decrease of soil water availability, mainly the parameters: seedling height, fresh mass and area of leaves... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

The aim of the work was to study the communities of epigeic beetles in plantations of energetic plants (Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phalaris arundinacea, Helianthus tuberosus) and in surrounding lawn biotope. The method of pitfall trapping was used for beetle sampling from 2008 to 2010 during the growing season. Carabid beetles (Carabidae) and rove beetles (Staphylinidae) were used as bioindicators. In total 69 species and 1789 individuals were captured and evaluated. Eurytopic species were more common than stenotopic in all habitats, also the value of the index of beetle communities was low in all plots. RDA analysis proved the influence of surrounding biotope on beetle communities. It was concluded that communities of epigeic beetles might be also affected by the climatic factors, long termed population fluctuations of individual species, edge effect and microclimate inside the vegetation.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila_Ducati.pdf: 1229241 bytes, checksum: 0880bcc64cf9d89389cf4eef6e2a7e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Were conducted for two years, with two studies to evaluate the use of oat long cycle Iapar 61 single or grown in association with legumes birdsfoot trefoil, with planting of corn in succession as a summer crop. The first study evaluated the structural, production characteristics, nutritional value of oat (Avena strigosa Iapar 61) grown single or associated with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus cv. St. Gabriel). The second experiment was conducted in two years with the aim to evaluate the structural , production characteristics , gas exchange IRGA (Infra Red Gas Analyser , Li - 6400XT , Licor , Lincoln , Nebraska) and chlorophyll content (SPAD index) of maize grown in succession to winter crops mentioned above . In the first experiment, two courts of oats in the first year and grazing periods in the second year, with average intervals of 30 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with split plot, with the first year: two cropping systems: single or intercropped with birdsfoot trefoil with two periods of four replicates and oats oatmeal. In the second year, four tillage systems: conventional tillage oats, oat stubble tillage on corn, oats overseeded area of birdsfoot trefoil and single, with three cycles of growth and four replications. In the second study with corn, the experimental design used in the first and second year was a randomized split plot with blocks respectively. The following winter crops Corn was studied in succession: oat conventional tillage, no-till oats, oats in combination with birdsfoot trefoil, birdsfoot single, oats associated with nitrogen fertilization on ryegrass and oats associated with ryegrass nitrogen fertilization, with four replications. After planting corn the second year, we assessed the structural features for 70 days. Before the corn harvest, were picked manually ears of corn in three rows of four meters, which evaluated the number of grain rows, number of kernels per row, ear diameter, ear length, subsequent to these reviews, was made the threshing of grain for measurement of productivity data. The findings of the first study show that oats have reduced their production when combined with birdsfoot dry matter, but the total production (oat + birdsfoot trefoil) equates to the other treatments. In the first year dry matter yield of oats was higher when associated with birdsfoot the second cut (3750 kg ha - 1) compared to that obtained in the tillage of oat (2599 kg ha -1). In the second year, the highest dry matter production of oat occurred before the second grazing under no-tillage (4451.98 kg ha - 1). Oats elevates the apical meristem with the succession of grazing or cutting. The oat presents before the first grazing, high nutritional value, with high average levels of protein (22.25 %) for all treatments. However, at the end of its cycle the association of birdsfoot trefoil with oats, helped to raise the crude protein content of forage as this is in the final stage of its cycle. In vitro digestibility of DM was high for both oat grown under conventional tillage (73.04 %) and direct (77.05 %), and for birdsfoot trefoil (78.37 %), but decreased at the end of the cycle oat. There was no benefit to the cultivation of corn grown after legume and should performed new tests assessing possible causes, including allelopathic effect and competition among plants / Foram conduzidos por dois anos, dois estudos com o objetivo de avaliar o uso da aveia preta de ciclo longo Iapar 61 cultivada solteira ou em associação com a leguminosa cornichão, com plantio do milho em sucessão como cultura de verão. No primeiro estudo avaliaram-se as características estruturais, produtivas, valor nutricional da aveia preta (Avena strigosa Iapar 61) cultivada solteira ou associada ao cornichão (Lotus corniculatus cv. São Gabriel). O segundo experimento foi conduzido em dois anos com o objetivo de avaliar as características estruturais, produtivas, trocas gasosas IRGA (Infra Red Gas Analyser, Li-6400XT, Licor, Lincoln, Nebrasca) e teor de clorofila (Índice SPAD), do milho cultivado em sucessão aos cultivos de inverno citados anteriormente. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se dois cortes da aveia preta no primeiro ano e períodos de pastejo no segundo ano, com intervalos médios de 30 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo no primeiro ano: dois sistemas de cultivo: aveia solteira ou aveia consorciada com cornichão com dois períodos de avaliação e quatro repetições. No segundo ano, quatro sistemas de cultivo: aveia plantio convencional, aveia plantio direto sobre palhada do milho, aveia sobressemeada em área de cornichão e cornichão solteiro, com três ciclos de crescimento e quatro repetições. No segundo estudo com milho, o delineamento experimental adotado no primeiro e segundo ano foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo respectivamente. O milho foi estudado em sucessão as seguintes culturas de inverno: aveia preta plantio convencional, aveia preta plantio direto, aveia em associação com cornichão, cornichão solteiro, aveia associada com azevém com adubação nitrogenada e aveia associada com azevém sem adubação nitrogenada, com quatro repetições. Após o plantio do milho do segundo ano, avaliou-se as características estruturais por 70 dias. Antes da colheita do milho, colheram-se manualmente as espigas de três fileiras de milho em quatro metros, onde avaliaram-se o número de fileira de grãos, número de grãos por fileira, diâmetro de espiga, comprimento de espiga, posterior a essas avaliações, foi realizada a trilhagem das espigas para mensuração dos dados de produtividade. Os resultados encontrados no primeiro estudo demonstram que a aveia tem sua produção de matéria seca reduzida quando em associação com o cornichão, mas a produção total (aveia+cornichão) iguala-se aos demais tratamentos. No primeiro ano a produção de matéria seca da aveia preta foi superior quando associada com cornichão no segundo corte (3750 kg ha-1) em comparação ao obtido no sistema de plantio direto da aveia preta (2599 kg ha-1). No segundo ano, a maior produção de matéria seca da aveia preta ocorreu antes do segundo pastejo sob sistema de plantio direto (4451,98 kg ha-1). A aveia eleva o meristema apical com a sucessão de pastejos ou cortes. A aveia preta apresenta antes dos primeiros pastejos, elevado valor nutricional, com altos teores médios de proteína (22,25%) em todos os tratamentos. Entretanto, no final do seu ciclo a associação do cornichão com a aveia, contribuiu para elevar os teores de proteína bruta da forragem visto que esta encontra-se em estágio final do seu ciclo. A digestibilidade in vitro da MS foi elevada tanto para aveia preta cultivada sob sistema de plantio convencional (73,04%) e direto (77,05%), quanto para o cornichão (78,37%), decrescendo com o final do ciclo da aveia. Não foi verificado benefícios para o cultivo do milho em sucessão a leguminosa, devendo realizados novos ensaios avaliando possíveis causas, entre elas efeito alelopático e competição entre plantas

Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Zollner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T16:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vilella_LuizFelipeNoraRosa_M.pdf: 1382640 bytes, checksum: d0c8bc891d04399e182ad18470fe85b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As vias aéreas superiores e inferiores constituem um sistema integrado, cuja interação é evidente na presença das doenças alérgicas, incluindo a rinite alérgica, que é co-morbidade relevante para o desenvolvimento da asma. Mecanismos já consolidados estão envolvidos, contudo o reflexo naso-brônquico, que consiste em um reflexo neural originado nas vias aéreas superiores causando impacto nas vias aéreas inferiores por meio da inflamação neurogênica foi sugerido em estudos experimentais. Evidências da presença deste reflexo em humanos baseiam-se em diferentes métodos que demonstraram prejuízo na função pulmonar após estimulação nasal, porém o monitoramento objetivo da permeabilidade nasal pela rinometria acústica associado ao estudo da função pulmonar por meio da espirometria, possibilita acessar respostas agudas nas vias aéreas após estimulação nasal, representando uma ferramenta promissora na investigação do reflexo naso-brônquico. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar alterações na função pulmonar após provocação nasal, visando identificar o reflexo naso-brônquico na rinite alérgica isolada. 33 voluntários com rinite alérgica persistente moderada/grave (grupo experimento) e 10 saudáveis (grupo controle) foram submetidos a avaliação inicial e protocolo de investigação composto por espirometria e rinometria acústica basais, seguidas por teste de provocação nasal com concentrações crescentes de histamina; após aplicação de cada concentração a rinometria acústica era novamente realizada passados 1, 4, 8 e 12 minutos, sendo considerada provocação positiva após 20% de obstrução em AST-2, determinando o PN20; por fim, imediatamente nova espirometria era realizada. Ao comparar os dados de função pulmonar antes e após provocação nasal, foi observada diferença significativa no grupo rinite para VEF1 (p=0,002), CVF (p=0,005) e PFE (p=0,005), entretanto não houve variação significativa para nenhum dos parâmetros analisados no grupo controle. O reflexo naso-brônquico foi identificado a partir da variação do VEF1, após a provocação nasal no grupo controle (média acrescida de dois desvios padrões), logo 18,2% dos indivíduos com rinite apresentaram reflexo naso-brônquico (queda > 3% em VEF1). Além disso, para estes verificamos correlação positiva entre as alterações observadas em VEF1 e FEF25-75% (p=0,002 / r=0,97), sugerindo envolvimento das vias aéreas de pequeno calibre. Considerando as vias aéreas superiores, o protocolo proposto demonstrou respostas similares nos dois grupos, sem diferença significativa entre os mesmos para dose de histamina (p=0,98), tempo para atingir PN20 (p=0,97) e porcentagem de obstrução nasal (p=0,97). As alterações observadas na função pulmonar após provocação nasal sugerem a presença do reflexo naso-brônquico no paciente com rinite alérgica persistente moderada/grave. O protocolo proposto apresentou reprodutibilidade, sem intercorrências e, diante dos resultados obtidos, propomos que deva ser pensado na prática clinica com objetivo de aperfeiçoar o diagnóstico da presença do reflexo naso-brônquico, relevante para os pacientes com hiperreatividade brônquica / Abstract: Upper and lower airways consists an integrated system and their interaction becomes evident in allergic diseases, highlighting allergic rhinitis, which is co morbidity to asthma onset. Consolidated paths are involved in this crosstalk, however the nasobronchial reflex, that represents a neural reflex originated in upper airways that causes lower airways impairments was suggested in experimental studies. Evidences for the presence of this reflex in humans are based in different methods that have demonstrated impaired pulmonary function after nasal challenge, although, utilizing objective monitoring of nasal patency by acoustic rhinometry in association with pulmonary function evaluation provided by spirometry, it is possible to access acute airways responses after nasal provocations, representing to be promising tools in nasobronchial reflex investigation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in pulmonary function after nasal provocation, looking for nasobronchial reflex identification in subjects with isolated allergic rhinitis. 33 subjects with persistent moderate/severe allergic rhinitis and 10 healthy subjects underwent screening evaluation and investigation protocol consisting in baseline spirometric and acoustic rhinometry measurements, followed by histamine nasal provocation in increasing concentrations; after each histamine application, comparative acoustic rhinometry measurements were performed passed 1, 4, 8 and 12 minutes and positive provocation was considered after reached 20% of obstruction in MCA-2, determining the NPT20; finally, another spirometry was performed immediately NPT20 was reached. Comparing the pulmonary function before and after provocation in the rhinitis group, it was observed significant difference for FEV1 (p=0,002), FVC (p=0,005) and PEF (p=0,005), however in the same comparison for the control group no significant difference could be found for any of the analyzed parameters. Nasobronchial reflex was identified based on VEF1 percentage of variation after nasal provocation in control group (mean plus two standard deviations), 18,2% of rhinitis group presented nasobronchial reflex (> 3% fall in FEV1). Furthermore, for these ones we could verify positive correlation between VEF1 and FEF25-75% impairments (p=0,002/r=0,97), suggesting distal lower airways involvement. Considering upper airways, the proposed protocol demonstrated similar reactions in the two groups, with no significant differences between them for histamine dose (p=0,98), time to reach NPT20 (p=0,97) and percentage of nasal obstruction (p=0,97). Concluding, spirometric impairments showed here suggest the presence of nasobronchial reflex in patients with persistent moderate/severe allergic rhinitis. The proposed protocol proved to be reproducible, without intercurrences and, regarding results showed here, we propose that it should be thought in clinical practice, in order to improve the diagnosis of the presence of nasobronchial reflex, relevant to patients with bronchial hyperreactivity / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, most soils used in the livestock presents some fertility limitations. One of the alternatives to improve the soils quality is the introduction of perennial species, including grassy and associated legumes and correction of the soil that it will hold the cultures forage crop. There s a lack of Information and researches on soil quality improvement using perennial forages. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate different systems of forage cultures constituted by Pennisetum americanum, Arachis pintoi and Stylosanthes guianensis associated with Cynodon dactylon and both isolated species, with and without mineral fertilizer, and evaluations of the attributes of a Ultisols. In both treatments, Cynodon dactylon received 100 kg of nitrogen during a year. The crops of forage samples were accomplished at every 28 days, making botanical separation and drying the same. After the weighting to calculate the dry matter per area (ha) the samples were crushed for analyses of fiber of neutral detergent (FDN), fiber of acid detergent (FDA), rude protein (PB), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The samples collecting were taken during January, March, April and October of 2007. The best results of nutritional values were found in the legumes and in the consortium, being with inferior quality the grassy ones. The dry matter present a great variation among the cuts and the forage systems. After the winter the Stylosanthes portions were lost, due to the frosts that happened during this period. This confirms that it not has an adaptation on our conditions of winter. After a year of implantation of the experiment was collected soil to analysis: density of the soil (DS), microporosity (Mip) and macroporosity (Map) porosity and total porosity of the soil (PT) and size of aggregates. In the chemical part, were analyzed total nitrogen (NT), total organic carbon (COT) and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). DS presented variation between the treatments and the appraised layers, since 1,40 to 1,62 Mg m-3. In Mip and PT didn't present significant differences between the treatments and layers, but Map presented significant differences. In the aggregate size there was significant differences, and the geometric medium diameter (DMG) it varied from 1,41 to 3,21 mm. In the soil chemical attributes both maintained similarities, in other words, larger concentration in the first layer (0 to 5 cm). But some treatments standing out in larger concentration in the first layer, however maintain similarities in the deep layers, unless the potassium (K), that has a distribution more constantly in the evaluated layers. / No Brasil, a maioria dos solos utilizados para pecuária apresenta algumas limitações de fertilidade. Uma das alternativas para melhorar as condições desses solos é a introdução de espécies perenes, incluindo gramíneas e leguminosas consorciadas e correção do solo que comportará as culturas forrageiras. Informações e pesquisas sobre melhorias de solos com uso de espécies forrageiras perenes são escassas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes sistemas de culturas forrageiras constituídas de milheto, amendoim forrageiro e estilosantes consorciados com tifton 85 e ambas as espécies isoladas, com e sem adubação mineral, e avaliações dos atributos de um Argissolo vermelho. Em ambas as parcelas adubadas e não adubadas, o tifton 85 recebeu 100 kg de nitrogênio ano-1. As colheitas de amostras de forragem eram realizadas a cada 28 dias, realizando-se separação botânica e secagem da mesma. Feita a pesagem para calcular matéria seca (MS) por área (ha) realizava-se a moagem das amostras para análises de fibra de detergente neutro (FDN), fibra de detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), fósforo (P) e potássio (K). Realizaram-se coletas nos meses de janeiro, março, abril e outubro de 2007. Os melhores resultados de valores de PB, FDA e FDN, foram encontrados nas leguminosas e no consórcio, ficando com qualidade inferior o tifton 85 + 100 kg ha-1 de N. Quanto à produção de MS, variou muito entre os cortes e os sistemas forrageiros. Após o inverno as parcelas de estilosantes foram perdidas, devido às geadas que ocorreram no período de inverno. Isso confirma que o mesmo não tolera frio e não se adapta a nossas condições de inverno. Após um ano de implantação do experimento realizou-se coletas para análise dos atributos do solo, sendo: densidade do solo (DS), micro (Mip) e macro (Map) porosidade e porosidade total do solo (PT) e tamanho de agregados. Na parte química, analisou-se nitrogênio total (NT), carbono orgânico total (COT) e teores de fósforo (P) e potássio (K). A DS apresentou variação entre os tratamentos e as camadas avaliadas, desde 1,40 a 1,62 Mg m-3. Na Mip e PT não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e camadas, mas o Map apresentou diferenças significativas. Nos tamanhos dos agregados houve diferenças significativas, sendo que o diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) variou de 1,41 a 3,21 mm. Nos atributos químicos do solo, como NT, COT, P e K ambos mantiveram semelhanças, ou seja, maior concentração na primeira camada (0 a 5 cm). Mas alguns tratamentos se destacaram em maior concentração na primeira camada, mantendo semelhanças nas camadas mais profundas, exceto o K que teve uma distribuição mais uniforme nas camadas avaliadas.

Increasing food, feed, fiber, biofuel production on decreasing amounts of arable land while simultaneously enhancing ecosystem services is challenging. Strategic inclusion of winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i>) for biomass, silage, grain and Kura clover (<i>Trifolium ambiguum</i>) living mulch into existing Midwestern cropping systems may offer alternative economic income for farmers without displacing or reducing yields of primary crops. Research was conducted at the Purdue Water Quality Field Station (WQFS) where net balances of water, carbon, nitrogen, and radiation can be measured, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are monitored. The agronomic performance of a corn-soybean rotation and continuous corn (controls) were compared to novel systems that included the use of rye cover cropping and Kura clover co-cropping. Rye was harvested for biomass/silage at heading immediately followed by corn or soybean planting. Continuous corn receiving 69 kg N ha^-1was planted into an establishment of Kura clover sod. Controls included these same systems without the rye or clover. GHG samples were taken via the static chamber method and tile-drained water sub-samples were collected, analyzed for nitrate, and load losses calculated. Biomass composition was determined and used to calculate herbage theoretical ethanol (EtOH) yields. Cereal rye did not significantly decrease corn or soybean grain yield. Averaged across years, Kura clover significantly depressed corn grain yields by nearly 70%. Kura clover significantly reduced flow-weighted tile drainage nitrate (NO₃^-) concentrations, however cereal rye did not. Reductions in flow-weighted tile drainage nitrate (NO₃^-) concentrations were found to largely occur during Quarter two (April, May, June). Cover crops did not significantly reduce annual tile drained NO₃^- load losses in most cases, however, they did significantly reduce annual N₂O emissions. Cumulative annual CH₄ emissions were not significantly altered. Annual CO₂emissions were higher after the introduction of Kura clover and not significantly altered following the introduction of cereal rye. Averaged across years, theoretical ethanol yields in the Kura clover system produced 2,752 L EtOH ha^-1, whereas EtOH production in cereal rye systems ranged from 3,245 to 4,210 L EtOH ha^-1. Theoretical ethanol yields of continuous corn and rotational controls ranged from 2,982 to 3505 L EtOH ha^-1 for these same systems without the cereal rye of Kura clover. These data suggest that a multipurpose approach to cover crop inclusion can provide both environmental and economic advantages worthy of consideration.

Invasiva arter är ett av de största hoten mot biologisk mångfald i världen och gör stor skada på ekonomin och miljön. Särskilt hotade är vägkanter av den invasiva växten blomsterlupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) som tränger undan inhemska arter och göder marken. Vägkanterna i Sverige täcker sammanlagt stora ytor och är hem till många växter som en gång funnits i det gamla odlingslandskapet. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att med hjälp av information om blomsterlupinens biomassa dynamik bestämma det optimala datumet för slåtter: när biomassan underjord är som lägst och om det finns någon skillnad i biomassa i två regioner. I fem lokaler i Brattfors, respektive i Karlstad samlades blomsterlupiner, som senare vägdes i ett laboratorium för att få fram biomassa ovan jord och underjord, över en tidsperiod på 4 månader. Resultaten visade inte på någonskillnad i max- eller minimum värdena för den totala biomassan i Brattfors och Karlstad. Jämförelsevis upptäcktes en skillnad i biomassan ovan- som under jord mellan skördtillfällena i Brattfors och Karlstad. Biomassan underjord var som lägst den 9:e juni och 22:a juni i Brattfors, respektive 9:e juni till 14:e juli i Karlstad. Den 15 juli har beskrivits som slutet för blomningen av blomsterlupin och med det ett datum som skötsel bör ske innan. För att bättre kunna bestämma det optimala datumet för slåtter och hur regionerna kan variera behövs det fler studier på hur kritiska punkter i växters utveckling påverkar ansamlingen av biomassa. / Invasive species are one of the biggest threats toward biological diversity in the world and do a lot of harm to the economy and environment. Especially threatened are road verges by the invasive plant Garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) that crowd’s native species and fertilizes the soil. The road verges in Sweden cover in total large areas and are home to many species that were once found in the old agricultural landscape. This bachelor's thesis means to, with the help of information about garden lupines biomass dynamic, decide the optimal date for mowing, when biomass is at its lowest underground and if there is any difference in biomass between two regions. In five places in Brattfors, respectively five places in Karlstad, garden lupines were gathered, and later weighed at a laboratory to get the biomass above- and underground, over a time period of 4 months. The results did not show any difference in the max- or minimum values for the total biomass in Brattfors and Karlstad. Comparatively a difference in biomass between the collecting dates was found in both Brattfors and Karlstad. The biomass underground was at its lowest on 9 June and 22 June in Brattfors, respectively 9 June to 14 July in Karlstad. The 15 July has been described as the end of the flowering period of garden lupine and with that a date management should be before. More studies on critical points in plant development are needed to better understand when the optimal date for mowing is and how regions can vary in growth.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los cítricos son el cultivo frutícola más importante de Uruguay en términos de producción, superficie y aporte económico. Considerando la gran contribución de los sistemas agroalimentarios a los impactos ambientales, evaluar aquellos asociados a la producción citrícola en el país cobra gran relevancia para transitar hacia sistemas alimentarios sostenibles. En esta línea, el objetivo de la presente tesis es evaluar estos impactos ambientales mediante la utilización del análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) y estudiar aspectos metodológicos clave de su aplicación a la producción citrícola. Se lleva a cabo una revisón crítica de la literatura de ACV de cítricos y se desarrollan cuatro casos de estudio en establecimientos representativos de la región, en concreto, la producción de limones, mandarinas y naranjas, y la producción de plantones en vivero. Los impactos se evalúan de la cuna hasta la puerta del establecimiento, usando unidades funcionales tanto de masa como de área y datos primarios correspondientes a varias temporadas de cultivo. Los principales puntos críticos ambientales detectados son las emisiones de campo producto de la aplicación de fertilizantes, la irrigación, y la producción de óxidos de cobre. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se destaca la importancia de usar distintas unidades funcionales y de abordar la variabilidad temporal y la especificidad según el sitio de los datos de inventario, así como de usar métodos de caracterización de impactos regionalizados. Se observa que la contribución de las primeras etapas del cultivo al impacto ambiental de la producción citrícola es baja. / [CA] Els cítrics són el cultiu de fruita més important de l'Uruguai en termes de producció, superfície i aportació econòmica. Considerant la gran contribució dels sistemes agroalimentaris als impactes ambientals, avaluar aquells associats a la producció citrícola del país cobra gran rellevància per a transitar cap a sistemes alimentaris sostenibles. En aquesta línia, l'objectiu de la present tesi és avaluar aquests impactes ambientals utilitzant l'anàlisi de cicle de vida (ACV) i estudiar aspectes metodològics claus de la seua aplicació a la producció citrícola. Es fa una revisió crítica de la literatura d'ACV de cítrics i es desenvolupen quatre casos d'estudi en explotacions representatives de la regió, en concret, la producció de llimes, mandarines i taronges, i la producció de plançons en viver. Els impactes s'avaluen del bressol fins a la porta de l'establiment, usant unitats funcionals tant de massa com d'àrea i dades primàries corresponents a diverses temporades de cultiu. Els principals punts crítics ambientals detectats són les emissions de camp, producte de l'aplicació de fertilitzants, la irrigació, i la producció d'òxids de coure. Des del punt de vista metodològic, es destaca la importància d'usar diferents unitats funcionals i d'abordar la variabilitat temporal i els aspectes lloc-específics de les dades d'inventari, així com d'usar mètodes de caracterització d'impactes regionalitzats. S'observa que la contribució de les primeres etapes del cultiu a l'impacte ambiental de la producció citrícola és baixa. / [EN] Citrus is the most important fruit crop in Uruguay in terms of production, area, and economy. Considering the great contribution of agri-food systems to environmental impacts, evaluating those associated with citrus production in the country becomes highly relevant to move towards sustainable food systems. In this line, the goal of this dissertation is to evaluate these environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA) and to study key methodological aspects of its application to citrus production. Literature on citrus LCA is critically reviewed and four case studies are developed in representative agricultural holdings of the region, specifically, the production of lemons, mandarins and oranges, and the production of seedlings in nurseries. Impacts are assessed from cradle to gate, using both mass and area functional units and primary data for several growing seasons. The main environmental hotspots detected are on-field emissions from fertiliser application, irrigation, and copper oxides production. As to methodology, the relevance of using different functional units and addressing temporal variability and site-specificity of inventory data is highlighted, as well as using regionalised impact characterisation methods. It is observed that the contribution of the first stages of the crop to the environmental impacts of citrus production is low. / Maria Inés Cabot is the recipient of a PhD scholarship (POS_EXT_2018_1_154319) from the National Agency for Research and Innovation (ANII, Uruguay) and received a support scholarship for the completion of postgraduate studies (BFPD_2023_1#46477920) from the Postgraduate Academic Commission (CAP, University of the Republic). / Cabot Lujambio, MI. (2023). Evaluación de la sostenibilidad ambiental de la producción citrícola en el Uruguay mediante análisis de ciclo de vida [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199490 / Compendio