<div>Over the past twenty years, ridesharing opportunities for smallsats, i.e., secondary payloads, has increased with the introduction of Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) rings. However, the orbits available for these secondary payloads is limited to Low Earth Orbits (LEO) or Geostationary Orbits (GEO). By incorporating a propulsion system, propulsive ESPA rings offer the capability to transport a secondary payload, or a collection of payloads, to regions beyond GEO. In this investigation, the ridesharing scenario includes a secondary payload in a dropped-off Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and the region of interest is the vicinity near the Sun-Earth Lagrange points. However, mission design for secondary payloads faces certain challenges. A significant mission constraint for a secondary payload is the drop-off orbit orientation, as it is dependent on the primary mission. To address this mission constraint, strategies leveraging dynamical structures within the Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CRTBP) are implemented to construct efficient and flexible transfers from GTO to orbits near Sun-Earth Lagrange points. First, single-maneuver ballistic transfers are constructed from a range of GTO departure orientations. The ballistic transfer utilize trajectories within the stable manifold structure associated with periodic and quasi-periodic orbits near the Sun-Earth L1 and L2 points. Numerical differential corrections and continuation methods are leveraged to create families of ballistic transfers. A collection of direct ballistic transfers are generated that correspond to a region of GTO departure locations. Additional communications constraints, based on the Solar Exclusion Zone and the Earth’s penumbra shadow region, are included in the catalog of ballistic transfers. An integral-type path condition is derived and included throughout the differential corrections process to maintain transfers outside the required communications restrictions. The ballistic transfers computed in the CRTBP are easily transitioned to the higher-fidelity ephemeris model and validated, i.e., their geometries persist in the ephemeris model. To construct transfers to specific orbits near Sun-Earth L1 or L2, families of two-maneuver transfers are generated over a range of GTO departure locations. The two-maneuver transfers consist of a maneuver at the GTO departure location and a Deep Space Maneuver (DSM) along the trajectory. Families of two-maneuver transfers are created via a multiple- shooting differential corrections method and a continuation process. The generated families of transfers aid in the rapid generation of initial guesses for optimized transfer solutions over a range of GTO departure locations. Optimized multiple-maneuver transfers into halo and Lissajous orbits near Sun-Earth L1 and L2 are included in this analysis in both the CRTBP model and the higher-fidelity ephemeris model. Furthermore, the two-maneuver transfer strategy employed in this analysis are easily extended to other Three-Body systems. </div>

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Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo de uma classe de funções contínuas e limitadas f : [0; \'INFINITO\') \'SETA\' X para as quais existe \'omega\' \'> OU =\' 0 tal que \'lim IND. t\' \'SETA\' \'INFINITO\' (f(t + \'omega\') - f(t)) = 0. No decorrer do trabalho, chamaremos estas funções de S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Nós discutiremos propriedades qualitativas para estas funções e algumas relações entre este tipo de funções e a classe de funções assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Também estudaremos a existência de soluções fracas S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas para uma classe de primeira ordem de um problema de Cauchy abstrato bem como para algumas classes de equações diferenciais funcionais parciais neutras com retardo não limitado. Algumas aplicações para equações diferenciais parciais serão consideradas / This work is devoted to the study of the class of continuous and bounded functions f : [0 \'INFINIT\') \'ARROW\' X for which there exists \'omega\' > 0 such that \'limt IND.t \'ARROW\' \'INFINIT\'(f(t + \'omega\'!) - f(t)) = 0 (in the sequel called S-asymptotically !-periodic functions). We discuss qualitative properties and establish some relationships between this type of functions and the class of asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic functions. We also study the existence of S-asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic mild solutions for a first-order abstract Cauchy problem in Banach spaces and for some classes of abstract neutral functional differential equations with infinite delay. Furthermore, applications to partial differential equations are given

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo de uma classe de funções contínuas e limitadas f : [0; \'INFINITO\') \'SETA\' X para as quais existe \'omega\' \'> OU =\' 0 tal que \'lim IND. t\' \'SETA\' \'INFINITO\' (f(t + \'omega\') - f(t)) = 0. No decorrer do trabalho, chamaremos estas funções de S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Nós discutiremos propriedades qualitativas para estas funções e algumas relações entre este tipo de funções e a classe de funções assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas. Também estudaremos a existência de soluções fracas S-assintoticamente \'omega\'-periódicas para uma classe de primeira ordem de um problema de Cauchy abstrato bem como para algumas classes de equações diferenciais funcionais parciais neutras com retardo não limitado. Algumas aplicações para equações diferenciais parciais serão consideradas / This work is devoted to the study of the class of continuous and bounded functions f : [0 \'INFINIT\') \'ARROW\' X for which there exists \'omega\' > 0 such that \'limt IND.t \'ARROW\' \'INFINIT\'(f(t + \'omega\'!) - f(t)) = 0 (in the sequel called S-asymptotically !-periodic functions). We discuss qualitative properties and establish some relationships between this type of functions and the class of asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic functions. We also study the existence of S-asymptotically \'omega\'-periodic mild solutions for a first-order abstract Cauchy problem in Banach spaces and for some classes of abstract neutral functional differential equations with infinite delay. Furthermore, applications to partial differential equations are given

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper presents the implementation of an artificial magnetic ground-plane with a low profile Log-periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) antennas. After the properties of three typical Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures are investigated and their bandwidth properties are studied, a mechanism is presented to improve the band-width over which the EBG surface acts as a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC). A low profile LPDA is modeled above this surface and the results indicate an improved band-width region. Compared with a LPDA in free space the frequency band is shifted higher by the EBG surface and the gain pattern is shifted from a horizontal orientation to a vertical orientation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie dokument stel voor die implementering van kunsmatige magnetiese grondvlakke met Logaritmiese Periodiese Dipool Samestelling (LPDS) antennas. Die eienskappe van drie tipiese Elektromagnetiese Bandgaping (EBG) strukture word ondersoek en hul bandwydte eienskappe word bestudeer. ’n Meganisme word voorgestel om die bandwydte te verbeter waar die EBG oppervlakte soos n perfekte magnetiese geleier optree. ’n Lae profiel LPDS word bo hierdie oppervlakte geplaas. Die resultate dui aan ’n verbetering in the bandwydte. In vergelyking met ’n LPDS in vrye ruimte skuif die frekwensie band ho¨er as gevolg van die EBG oppervlakte en die aanwins patroon skuif van ’n horisontale orientasie na ’n vertikale orientasie.

In this thesis, we study the existence of random periodic solutions of random dynamical systems (RDS) by geometric and topological approach. We employed an extension of ergodic theory to random setting to prove that a random invariant set with some kind of dissipative structure, can be expressed as union of random periodic curves. We extensively characterize the dissipative structure by random invariant measures and Lyapunov exponents. For stochastic flows induced by stochastic differential equations (SDEs), we studied the dissipative structure by two point motion of the SDE and prove the existence exponential stable random periodic solutions.

Neste trabalho, estudamos equações diferenciais em espaços de Banach. Duas questões são abordadas: a robustez da estabilidade assintótica, e a aproximação de soluções de sistemas periódicos por wavelets. Observa-se que a estabilidade exponencial do sistema x = A(t)x é qualitativamente preservada pelo sistema perturbado x=A(t)x+B(t)x se B(t) for integralmente pequeno. Consequentemente, tal propriedade é preservada por uma perturbação B(wt)x para w suficientemente grande, mesmo se B(t) pertence a uma classe mais geral de funções do que as funções quase-periódicas, aqui apresentada. Além disso, estudamos o efeito de aproximações de uma função periódica f (t) por wavelets periódicas na solução de um sistema periódico x = Ax+ f (t). Conclui-se que as soluções do problema inicial podem inclusive ser aproximadas utilizando a wavelet base não-periódica. / In this work, we study differential equations in Banach spaces. Two questions were considered: the robustness of the asymptotic stability, and the approximation of solutions of periodic systems by wavelets. It is observed that the exponential stability of the system x = A(t)x is qualitatively preserved by the perturbed system x = A(t)x+B(t)x if B(t) is integrally small. As a consequence, this property is preserved by a perturbation B(wt) for w sufficiently large, even if B(t) is in a class of functions which is more general than almost-periodic functions, presented here. Furthermore, we study the effect of approximating a periodic function f (t) by periodic wavelets in the solution of a periodic system x = Ax+ f (t). It is concluded that the solutions of the initial problem can even be approximated using the non-periodic base wavelet.

Cette thèse se situe dans le cadre de l’analyse et de la synthèse des systèmes périodiques. Les contributions présentées dans ce mémoire portent sur la commande sous contraintes des systèmes linéaires discrets périodiques. Ces contraintes, portant sur l’état du système et/ ou sur la commande, peuvent être des contraintes de positivité ou de bornitude. Dans ce travail, des conditions d’analyse en stabilité et positivité des systèmes périodiques en termes de LMI (Inégalité Matricielle Linéaire) strictes, sont présentées. Ces outils d’analyse ont ensuite permis d’élaborer une loi de commande par retour d’état périodique. Les résultats obtenus sont exploités par la suite pour développer une commande par retour d’état périodique robuste pour les systèmes périodiques incertains. Des conditions de stabilisation robuste sont élaborées en utilisant la S-procédure. En outre, des conditions de stabilité et stabilisation par retour d’état périodique des systèmes périodiques avec retards sont établies. Le problème de stabilisation de ce type de systèmes sous un certain nombre de contraintes est résolu en suivant deux approches, la première est basée sur les techniques de Lyapunov la seconde fait appel à la programmation linéaire. Outre la notion de stabilité, la notion de performance des systèmes en boucle fermée est traitée. Pour cela, nous proposons une commande de type H∞ pour résoudre le problème de rejet de perturbations. / This thesis deals with the analysis and the control problem of periodic linear discrete systems (PLDS). The contributions presented in this work focuses on the constrained control of PLDS. Conditions for stability analysis and positivity are established in terms of strict LMI (Linear Matrix Inequalities). The stabilization of PLDS under the condition that the closed-loop system is positive and stable is addressed as well as the case of bounded state and/ or control variables. The obtained results are then extended to the synthesis of robust state feedback controllers, where some of which are based on the S − procedure technique. Furthermore, some conditions of stability and stabilization of PLDS with delays are established. The problem of stabilization of constrained PLDS is addressed based on the Lyapunov techniques or the Linear Programming techniques. The robust H∞ state feedback control in which both robust stability and a prescribed H∞ performance are required is investigated.

Consider an under-determined system of nonlinear equations F(x)=0, F:R^m→R^n, where F is continuously differentiable and m > n. This system appears in a variety of applications, including parameter-dependent systems, dynamical systems with periodic solutions, and nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Robust, efficient numerical methods are often required for the solution of this system. Newton's method is an iterative scheme for solving the nonlinear system of equations F(x)=0, F:R^n→R^n. Simple to implement and theoretically sound, it is not, however, often practical in its pure form. Inexact Newton methods and globalized inexact Newton methods are computationally efficient variations of Newton's method commonly used on large-scale problems. Frequently, these variations are more robust than Newton's method. Trust region methods, thought of here as globalized exact Newton methods, are not as computationally efficient in the large-scale case, yet notably more robust than Newton's method in practice. The normal flow method is a generalization of Newton's method for solving the system F:R^m→R^n, m > n. Easy to implement, this method has a simple and useful local convergence theory; however, in its pure form, it is not well suited for solving large-scale problems. This dissertation presents new methods that improve the efficiency and robustness of the normal flow method in the large-scale case. These are developed in direct analogy with inexact-Newton, globalized inexact-Newton, and trust-region methods, with particular consideration of the associated convergence theory. Included are selected problems of interest simulated in MATLAB.