Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-28Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806195_20170328.pdf: 114589 bytes, checksum: 3b8024d643ee9930ac9130ba50bec84b (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-03-31T12:19:26Z: 000806195_20170328.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-03-31T12:20:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806195.pdf: 1155965 bytes, checksum: b77266e1ab4fab2a7d0b1791f2c0f453 (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a quantidade de periodontopatógenos e de citocinas inflamatórias no fluido gengival, bem como as proteínas salivares em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down (SD) com Doença Periodontal (DP), comparando-os com indivíduos cromossomicamente normais, antes e 45 dias após o tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico. Para detectar e quantificar as bactérias (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia e Treponema denticola), o fluido gengival foi coletado de 35 indivíduos com DP, sendo 23 indivíduos com SD e 12 não-sindrômicos (controle). Para quantificar as citocinas inflamatórias e as proteínas salivares foram coletados fluido gengival e saliva de 30 indivíduos com DP, sendo 20 indivíduos com SD e 10 não-sindrômicos (controle). Os efeitos do tratamento nos parâmetros clínicos foram positivos para o índice de placa, sangramento à sondagem, profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção, em ambos os grupos. Porém, a contagem dos periodontopatógenos foi maior nos indivíduos com SD comparados com o grupo controle, antes e 45 dias após o tratamento periodontal. As citocinas Th1, Th2 e Th17 também foram encontradas em maiores quantidades nos indivíduos com SD do que nos controle, mesmo depois do tratamento periodontal. Adicionalmente, maiores quantidades de proteínas salivares com propriedades antimicrobianas, lubrificação, metabolismo, organização celular, resposta imune e transporte foram encontradas em indivíduos com SD depois do tratamento periodontal. Conclui-se que os resultados desta pesquisa podem contribuir para uma compreensão mais aprofundada do comportamento microbiológico, imunológico e do proteoma salivar de indivíduos com SD, e, consequentemente, explicar a alta prevalência e severidade da doença periodontal nesses indivíduos. / The aim of this study was to quantify the periodontopathogens, inflammatory cytokines and salivary proteins in subjects with Down syndrome (DS) and normal subjects, both with periodontal disease (PD), before and 45 days after non-surgical periodontal therapy. To detect and quantify bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola), crevicular gingival fluid (CGF) was collected from 35 individuals with PD, 23 with DS and 12 non-syndromic (control). To quantify the inflammatory cytokines and salivary proteins, CGF and saliva of 30 individuals with PD, 20 with SD and 10 non-syndromic (control) were collected. The effects of the non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical parameters were positive in both groups. However, the count of periodontopathogens was higher in individuals with DS compared with the control group, before and after periodontal therapy.Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines were also found in higher amounts in individuals with DS even after periodontal therapy compared with control patients. Furthermore, higher amounts of salivary proteins with antimicrobial properties, lubrication, metabolism, cellular organization, immune response and transport were quantified in individuals with DS after periodontal therapy. Despite of clinical parameters improvement after non-surgical periodontal therapy in subjects with DS, it is concluded that the results of this study may contribute to a more profound understanding of microbiological and immunological behavior, as well as knowledge of the salivary proteome in individuals with Down syndrome, and also might explain the high prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in these individuals.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 menegon_rf_me_arafcf.pdf: 1103211 bytes, checksum: 872d75b1982e37f083f7abbaf9d3433c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A Saúde bucal da população mundial apresentou grandes melhoras nos últimos anos, mas certas doenças como as cáries e as periodontopatias ainda consistem em sérios problemas, apresentando altas incidências em muitos países, levando à perda prematura de dentes. A Organização Mundial de Saúde considera a Saúde bucal como parte integrante da Saúde geral, apresentando um forte impacto psicossocial, afetando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O controle da placa bacteriana é o ponto principal da prevenção das doenças periodontais, no entanto, uma eficaz remoção mecânica da placa exige certa habilidade, e nem sempre é feita corretamente. Daí a importância do desenvolvimento de agentes químicos para o tratamento e a profilaxia destas doenças. O digluconato de clorexidina é o agente mais amplamente utilizado e de boa eficácia, mas que apresenta dificuldades na aceitação pelos pacientes dado seu sabor desagradável de difícil mascaramento farmacotécnico. Quando esta tentativa não é eficiente, a modificação química, através de técnicas de latenciação, pode suprimir esta propriedade organoléptica indesejável, aumentando a adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento. O presente trabalho propõe a diminuição do sabor amargo da clorexidina através da síntese de pró-fármaco, obtendo um derivado palmítico. / Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations across the world, problems still persist. Some diseases like caries and periodontitis have high incidence in most countries, causing premature lost of teeth. The World Health Organization (WHO) consider the oral health integral to general health and essential to well-being, moreover, the psychosocial impact of these diseases often significantly diminishes quality of life. The control of bacterial plaque is the key of periodontal diseases prevention, but the degree of motivation and skill required for an effective mechanical remove of the plaque may be beyond the ability of the majority of patients. By this way, the development of chemical agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of these diseases makes important. The most widely used chemical agent to control of plaque is chlorhexidine digluconate, but the patients compliance is very hard because of its bitter taste that is not easily to be masked by the use of flavours and flavour modifiers. When this approach is ineffective, chemical modifications, like latentiation process, have to be consider to suppress this undesirable organoleptic property, increasing the patients’ compliance. With this aim, the purpose of this work was to suppress the bitter taste of the chlorhexidine by the means of prodrug synthesis, to give a palmitic derivative.

Orientador: Letícia Helena Theodoro / Coorientador: Valdir Gouveia Garcia / Banca: Edilson Ervolino / Banca: Cristiane Duque / Banca: José Eduardo Cezar Sampaio / Banca: Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin / Resumo: Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a influência de múltiplas sessões da Terapia com Laser em Baixa Intensidade (LLLT) coadjuvante a raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR), e da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) associada ou não ao tratamento mecânico de RAR, no tratamento da periodontite experimental (PE) em ratos submetidos à quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil. Materiais e Métodos: Duzentos e dezesseis ratos foram submetidos à indução da PE por meio de ligadura no primeiro molar inferior direito e esquerdo. Após 7 dias a ligadura foi removida e os animais separados aleatoriamente em 9 grupos: PE (n=24) - sem tratamento; 5FU-PE (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5FU (60mg/kg e 40mg/kg); 5FU-PE-RAR (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU e com RAR; 5FU-PE-RAR-1LLLT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR seguida da LLLT (sessão única) (660 nm; 0,035 W; 4,2 J, 120 segundos; 1,23 W/cm2); 5FU-PE-RAR-4LLLT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR seguida da LLLT (0, 24, 48 e 72 horas); 5FU-PE-RAR-1aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR e 1 episódio de aPDT (LLLT + azul de metileno); 5FU-PE-RAR-4aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR e aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 horas); 5FU-PE-1aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU seguida da aPDT; 5FU-PE-4aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, seguida da aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 horas). Oito animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após tratamento local. A área de perda óssea (PO) na região de furca foi analisada histometricamente, histologicamente e análise dos padrões de imunomarcação para TRAP, PCNA RANKL, OPG e CASP-3-AT foram realizadas. A quantificação da citocina PGE2 foi avaliada pelo ELISA e TNF-α e IL-6 foram avaliadas pelos Kits de ensaio Multiplex. A prevalência... / Abstract: Objective: This study evaluated the influence of multiple sessions of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), adjuvant to the scaling and root planing (SRP), and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), with or without the mechanical treatment of SRP, in the treatment of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats treated with chemotherapy 5- fluorouracil (5-FU). Materials and methods: Two hundred and sixteen animals were subjected to induction of EP by ligature in mandibular first molar right and left. 7 days after the ligature was removed, the animals were randomly divided into 9 groups: EP (n=24) - no treatment; 5FU-EP (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU (60mg/kg and 40mg/kg); 5FU-EP-SRP (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP; 5FU-EP-SRP-1LLLT (n= 24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by LLLT (single session) (660 nm, 0.035 W; 4.2 J, 120 seconds; 1.23 W/cm2); 5FU-EP-SRP-4LLLT (n= 24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by LLLT (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours); 5FU-EP-SRP-1aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by one application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) (LLLT + methylene blue); 5FU-EP-SRP-4aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP followed by aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 hours); 5FU-EP-1aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU followed by aPDT; 5FU-EP-4aPDT (n=24) - treated systemically with 5-FU, followed by treatment with aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 hours). Eight animals in each group were euthanized at 7, 15 and 30 days after local treatment. The area of bone loss (BL) in the furcation region was analyzed histometrically, histologically and analysis of immunostaining patterns for RANKL, OPG, TRAP, PCNA and CASP-3-AT were performed. Quantity of cytokine was measured by ELISA for PGE2 and TNF-α and IL-6 were evaluated by kits multiplex assays. The prevalence... / Doutor

Orientador: Elisa Maria Aparecida giro / Banca: Walter Luiz Siqueira / Banca: Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito / Banca: Raquel Mantuaneli Scarel Caminaga / Banca: Cyneu Aguiar Pansani / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a quantidade de periodontopatógenos e de citocinas inflamatórias no fluido gengival, bem como as proteínas salivares em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down (SD) com Doença Periodontal (DP), comparando-os com indivíduos cromossomicamente normais, antes e 45 dias após o tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico. Para detectar e quantificar as bactérias (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia e Treponema denticola), o fluido gengival foi coletado de 35 indivíduos com DP, sendo 23 indivíduos com SD e 12 não-sindrômicos (controle). Para quantificar as citocinas inflamatórias e as proteínas salivares foram coletados fluido gengival e saliva de 30 indivíduos com DP, sendo 20 indivíduos com SD e 10 não-sindrômicos (controle). Os efeitos do tratamento nos parâmetros clínicos foram positivos para o índice de placa, sangramento à sondagem, profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção, em ambos os grupos. Porém, a contagem dos periodontopatógenos foi maior nos indivíduos com SD comparados com o grupo controle, antes e 45 dias após o tratamento periodontal. As citocinas Th1, Th2 e Th17 também foram encontradas em maiores quantidades nos indivíduos com SD do que nos controle, mesmo depois do tratamento periodontal. Adicionalmente, maiores quantidades de proteínas salivares com propriedades antimicrobianas, lubrificação, metabolismo, organização celular, resposta imune e transporte foram encontradas em indivíduos com SD depois do tratamento periodontal. Conclui-se que os resultados desta pesquisa podem contribuir para uma compreensão mais aprofundada do comportamento microbiológico, imunológico e do proteoma salivar de indivíduos com SD, e, consequentemente, explicar a alta prevalência e severidade da doença periodontal nesses indivíduos. / Abstract:The aim of this study was to quantify the periodontopathogens, inflammatory cytokines and salivary proteins in subjects with Down syndrome (DS) and normal subjects, both with periodontal disease (PD), before and 45 days after non-surgical periodontal therapy. To detect and quantify bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola), crevicular gingival fluid (CGF) was collected from 35 individuals with PD, 23 with DS and 12 non-syndromic (control). To quantify the inflammatory cytokines and salivary proteins, CGF and saliva of 30 individuals with PD, 20 with SD and 10 non-syndromic (control) were collected. The effects of the non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical parameters were positive in both groups. However, the count of periodontopathogens was higher in individuals with DS compared with the control group, before and after periodontal therapy.Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines were also found in higher amounts in individuals with DS even after periodontal therapy compared with control patients. Furthermore, higher amounts of salivary proteins with antimicrobial properties, lubrication, metabolism, cellular organization, immune response and transport were quantified in individuals with DS after periodontal therapy. Despite of clinical parameters improvement after non-surgical periodontal therapy in subjects with DS, it is concluded that the results of this study may contribute to a more profound understanding of microbiological and immunological behavior, as well as knowledge of the salivary proteome in individuals with Down syndrome, and also might explain the high prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in these individuals. / Doutor

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / Introducción: La Periodontitis Apical Asintomática (PAA) se define como la inflamación y destrucción del periodonto apical de origen pulpar. Durante la patogénesis de la PAA son liberadas citoquinas, éstas a su vez podrían inducir la secreción de Proteína C Reactiva (PCR). PCR se ha asociado a eventos proinflamatorios y anti-inflamatorios que serían capaces de participar en la patogénesis de la PAA y en potenciales respuestas sistémicas. Sin embargo, a la fecha, no se ha determinado la presencia de PCR en lesiones apicales (LPA) de dientes con PAA. Objetivo: Comparar los niveles de PCR en LPA de dientes con PAA y en ligamento periodontal sano (LS). Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron muestras de LS a partir de premolares con indicación de extracción por ortodoncia (n=39) y de LPA en dientes con diagnóstico clínico de PAA (n=43). Las muestras se homogeneizaron para determinar la concentración de proteínas totales (CPT) mediante método de ácido bisciconínico (BCA) y los niveles de PCR mediante plataforma MAGPIX®. Para la determinación de normalidad de la distribución de los datos se utilizó el test Shapiro Wilk. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante test de Mann-Whitney con el programa Stata V.11. Resultados: La CPT en homogeneizados de dientes con diagnóstico de PAA fue significativamente mayor que en muestras de LS. PCR se encontró presente en muestras de PAA y LS. Los niveles de PCR fueron significativamente mayores en homogeneizados de LPA de dientes con diagnóstico de PAA comparado con homogeneizados de LS. Conclusiones: Los niveles de PCR se encuentran significativamente elevados en homogeneizados de LPA en asociación con la respuesta inflamatoria local, mientras que niveles basales se asociarían con la homeostasis del III periodonto apical. Esta proteína podría participar en el desarrollo de la LPA y dadas sus propiedades, podría inducir una potencial respuesta inflamatoria sistémica.

Introdução: Periodontopatógenos podem ser transmitidos entre familiares. As crianças parecem ter em seus pais uma primeira via de contato. Nosso grupo tem investigado esta questão, principalmente nos estudos envolvendo transmissibilidade entre mães e filhos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi avaliar a presença dos periodontopatógenos A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, C. rectus, T. forshytia e T. denticola em trinta crianças [de seis meses a 2,5 anos de idade] (1.660.57) e suas respectivas mães periodontalmente doentes [de 19 a cinquenta anos de idade] (29.367.30 anos de idade), diagnosticadas com periodontite crônica. Como grupo controle, foram incluídas 32 crianças [de seis meses a 2,5 anos de idade] (1.10 0.53) e suas respectivas mães [de 16 a 44 anos de idade] (27.097.19 anos de idade) sem periodontite. Método: Todos os indivíduos adultos foram submetidos a exames clínicos periodontais incluindo avaliação de profundidade de sondagem, nível clínico de inserção, índice de placa e gengival. No grupo caso, foram incluídas mães que apresentaram no mínimo quatro dentes com profundidade de sondagem &#8805;4mm associadas a perda de inserção clínica &#8805;3mm. Enquanto que no grupo controle, consideramos aquelas que apresentavam profundidade de sondagem &#8804; 4mm e ausência de perda de inserção clínica. Amostras de biofilme das mães foram coletadas do sulco/bolsa periodontal e da saliva estimulada; e do grupo dos filhos, foram coletadas amostras de biofilme da saliva. Resultados: Verificou-se maior presença dos patógenos A.actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forshytia e C. rectus no sulco do que na saliva das mães com periodontite. T. denticola não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre sulco e saliva (p>0,05) nos mesmos nichos. Nas mães sem periodontite, os patógenos P. intermedia, T. forshytia e C. rectus foram mais prevalentes (p<0,05) no sulco. A. actinomycetemcomitans e P. gingivalis apresentaram frequência similares (p<0,05) e T. denticola apresentou maior (p<0,05) frequência nas amostras de saliva. Nos filhos de ambos os grupos C. rectus foi mais frequente (p<0,05). Conclusão: Observamos uma tendência de maior frequência bacteriana nas mães com periodontite, o que, no entanto, nem sempre representou um aumento na frequência bacteriana de seus filhos. Constatamos, contudo, que os filhos de mães com periodontite apresentaram maiores frequências do patógeno C. rectus (p<0,05) seguido de T. denticola. Isso sugere a possibilidade de uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre a transmissibilidade de periodontopatógenos entre as mães e seus filhos. / Background: Periodontopathogenic bacteria are transmissible among family members, and children seem to acquire the pathogens predominantly from their parents. Our group has previously investigated the issue especially between mothers and children. Aims: To better understand the initial colonization of bacteria we proposed to conduct a cross-sectional study to investigate the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, C. rectus, T. forshytia and T. denticola in thirty children [from six months to two and half years] (1.660.57) and their periodontally diseased mothers [29.367.30 mean age 7,30]. As a control group we also included 32 children [from six months to two and half years] (1.10 0.53) and their non-periodontitis mothers [27.097.19]. Method: All adult patients received clinical examinations that included periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque, and gingival indexes In de case group were selected when they showed presence of at least four teeth with periodontal pocket depth [&#8805;4mm] and clinical attachment loss [&#8805;3mm]. In de control group included mothers who had showed periodontal pocket depth &#8804;4mm and no clinical attachment loss. Subgingival samples and saliva were taken for microbial analysis from all adult patients, while only saliva was taken from the children. All microbial samples were analyzed by PCR. Results: A.actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forshytia and C. rectus were more frequently found in periodontal pockets than in saliva of periodontally diseased mothers. However, the same profile was not observed for T. denticola (p>0.05). In non-periodontitis mothers P. intermedia, T. forshytia and C. rectus were more prevalent in periodontal pockets (p<0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis showed the same frequency (p<0.05) while T. denticola was more frequent (p<0.05) in saliva. In children from both groups, C rectus was more prevalent. Conclusion: A tendency of higher bacterial frequency was observed among periodontitis mothers, but these increased numbers were not always accompanied by a higher bacterial frequency in their children. We observed, however, that periodontally diseased mothers showed a higher frequency of the pathogen C. rectus (p<0.05), followed by T. denticola, suggesting further investigations related to the transmissibility of periodontal bacteria from mothers to their children.

Determina la susceptibilidad de Bacilos Negro Pigmentantes (BNP) frente a sustancias antibacterianas producidas por Lactobacillus reuteri. Los BNP son aislados de muestras tomadas de bolsas periodontales de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal atendidas en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Obtiene las cepas de Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 del producto comercial Lactobacillus reuteri Protectis (BioGaia). Cultiva BNP en agar Schaedler y luego en medio Tioglicolato + Hemina + Menadiona para la prueba de antagonismo. El Lactobacillus es cultivado en medio Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) e inoculado en placas Petri de agar MRS y se deja crecer en condiciones de microaerofilia. Utiliza una técnica de recubrimiento de agar líquido (1%) con BNP vertido sobre las placas de MRS de Lactobacillus. Después de una incubación en condiciones de anaerobiosis, se observa que los BNP crecieron a lo largo de la extensión de la placa Petri. Concluye que no existe susceptibilidad de BNP frente a las sustancias antibacterianas producidas por Lactobacillus reuteri. / Tesis

No description available.

Periodontitis tends to be associated with sulfur-producing bacteria. This study uses a chromogenic sulfur detecting strip to compares whole saliva sulfur (SS) scores in subjects with and without periodontal diseases and examines the relationship between SS scores and clinical measures of periodontal status.Materials & Methods: Ninety-sex subjects were enrolled, mean age (SD) 36.5 (15.42), age range 22 to 82, percent males 52%, percent Caucasians 57%, percent cigarette smokers 33%. Periodontal evaluations including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth measurements (PD) and attachment levels (AL) were performed on 6 sites per tooth. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: periodontally healthy (no loss of attachment and no gingival bleeding, 17 subjects), gingivitis (no loss of attachment and presence of gingival bleeding, 54 subjects) and periodontitis (loss of attachment &gt; 5 mm in 5 or more teeth, 25 subjects). A single chromogenic strip was used to collect a whole saliva sample from the mouth. Color reaction was scored based on a color chart. The scoring examiner was blinded to clinical status. Results: Good to moderate correlations were found between SS scores and PI (r=0.47, p=0.0001), GI (r=0.45, p=0.0001), PD (r=0.42, p=0.0001), and AL (r=0.30, p=0.002). Analysis of variance showed significant differences in SS scores among the three study groups (p = 0.0001); post-hoc analysis showed higher SS scores in periodontitis subjects than non-periodontitis subjects (p = 0.05). Nominal logistic regression adjusting for smoking showed the odds ratio of periodontitis increase by a factor of 12.76 for each increase of one unit of measure of SS. Conclusion: The results suggest that assessing whole saliva sulfur levels with a chromogenic strip has potential as a screening test for periodontal diseases. / Oral Biology

Background: The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and the effect of smoking on these mediators has been reported. However, findings have been variable and simultaneous measurement of multiple cytokines has been limited. This study utilized a quantitative multiplex assay to measure a comprehensive panel of Th1, Th2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (including several novel cytokines) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in chronic periodontitis subjects. The impact of cigarette smoking on these GCF mediators was also assessed. Methods: Forty subjects (age 40-75 years) with generalized severe chronic periodontitis (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers) and 12 periodontally healthy controls participated in the study. GCF was collected from four sites in the diseased groups: 2 diseased sites [(probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥5mm with bleeding on probing (BOP)] and 2 healthy sites (PD and CAL ≤3mm, no BOP); 2 healthy sites were sampled in the healthy controls. The volumes of the GCF samples were measured and the GCF mediators assessed in duplicate utilizing a multiplex immunoassay (Luminex). Intragroup, intergroup and pooled comparisons were performed using non-parametric tests including the Mann-Whitney and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Results: GCF in diseased sites (vs. controls) contained significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-4 (Th1/Th2 cytokines); IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 (p40) (pro-inflammatory cytokines); IL-8, MIP-1, RANTES (chemokines); and IL-15 (regulator of T-cells and NK cells). IP-10 was the only mediator exhibiting lower levels (p<0.0005) in diseased sites compared to controls. Smoking had an inhibitory effect (p<0.05) on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12 (p40)); chemokines (IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1, RANTES) and regulators of T-cells and NK cells (IL-7, IL-15) in comparison to sites within non-smokers. Interestingly, smokers had elevated GCF levels (p<0.05) of IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-3 relative to sites in healthy controls. Conclusions: Similar to previous reports, periodontitis subjects had significantly elevated cytokines and chemokines compared to healthy controls. Smokers exhibited a decrease in several pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and regulators of T-cells and NK-cells as compared to nonsmokers however; little influence was observed on Th1/Th2 cytokines. Interestingly, smokers exhibited decreased amounts of GCF IL-7, IL-12(p40), IL-15, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1 and RANTES, which calls for future investigation. The multiplex comprehensive assay used in this study to assess cytokines in a single GCF sample is a significant advancement. This technology can be used to compare serum and GCF cytokine profiles in periodontitis and correlate systemic and localized immune responses. This should provide insight into the impact of smoking, as well as other host modifiers, on important systemic and periodontal interactions.