Worldwide, motor accidents are responsible for a large number of deaths and disabilities (Connor et al., 2001), and one of the major causes of motor accidents is driver fatigue. Although majority of drivers are aware of the dangers of fatigued driving, accidents related to this continues to contribute to a large percentage of all accidents, between 5 and 50% (Nilsson et al., 1997; Williamson et al., 2011). The purpose of the research was to establish the effect that fatigue renders on an individual’s peripheral visual field and to determine whether a decrement in driving performance occurs at the same rate as a decrement in peripheral visual performance. Fatigue was induced through time of day as well as time on task. Sixteen students from Rhodes University were recruited, subject to no previous sleep disorders, among other criteria. Each participant was required to partake in two conditions, namely a day condition (09h00–11h00) and a night condition (23h00– 01h00). Each condition consisted of a 90 minute dual task; the primary task was a tracking task, in which participants were instructed to track a white line as accurately as possible. A secondary peripheral response task was introduced, in which participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the peripheral stimuli, by pressing one of two clickers located on the steering wheel. The peripheral stimuli were located at 20º, 30º and 40º visual angle. Psychophysiological, performance and subjective measures were obtained before, during and after the main task. The pre- and post-tests included core body temperature, critical flicker fusion frequency threshold, a digit span memory test, Wits Sleepiness Scale and a NASA-TLX questionnaire. The psychophysiological and performance measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, blink frequency, blink duration, lane deviation, number of saccades towards peripheral stimuli, response time to peripheral stimuli and the percentage of missed peripheral responses were all recorded throughout the 90 minute main dual task. The results revealed significant differences (p<0.05) for heart rate variability, number of saccades towards peripheral stimuli and the Wits Sleepiness Scale, with regard to time of day. For time on task, significant effects were established for lane deviation, response time to peripheral stimuli, percentage of missed peripheral responses, heart rate, heart rate variability, blink frequency, blink duration, critical flicker fusion frequency threshold, core body temperature and the Wits Sleepiness Scale. Eccentricity was analysed and found to be significant for response time to peripheral stimuli, as well as for the percentage of missed peripheral responses; there was a significant increase in both measures with an increase in the stimuli eccentricity. No significances were established for time of day or between the pre- and post-tests conducted for the digit span memory performance; however, a significant interactional effect between the two was established. When assessing the percentage rate of decrement of driving performance compared to the percentage rate in the decrement of the missed peripheral responses, it was found that the percentage rate of decrement was equal for both measures. Thus from this research it can be seen that, concurrent with a decrement in driving performance, there are adverse effects on an individuals' peripheral vision, which have great implications for the safety of workers in industry and transport, as well as motorists. It was also established that time on task is possibly a more appropriate variable to consider than time of day, when implementing work schedules and rest breaks in industry, transport and fields alike, as more significant findings were seen for time on task compared to time of day. / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in

L’expression faciale de peur constitue un important vecteur d’information sociale mais aussi environnementale. En condition naturelle, les visages apeurés apparaissent principalement dans notre champ visuel périphérique. Cependant, les mécanismes cérébraux qui sous-tendent la perception de l’expression faciale de peur en périphérie restent largement méconnus. Nous avons démontré, grâce à des études comportementales, des enregistrements magnétoencéphalographiques et intracrâniens, que la perception de l’expression faciale de peur est efficace en grande périphérie. La perception de la peur en périphérie génère une réponse rapide de l’amygdale et du cortex frontal, mais également une réponse plus tardive dans les aires visuelles occipitales et temporales ventrales. Le contrôle attentionnel est capable d’inhiber la réponse précoce à l’expression de peur, mais également d’augmenter les activités postérieures plus tardives liées à la perception des visages. Nos résultats montrent non seulement que les réseaux impliqués dans la perception de la peur sont adaptés à la vision périphérique, mais ils mettent également en avant une nouvelle forme d’investigation des mécanismes de traitement de l’expression faciale, pouvant conduire à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de traitement des messages sociaux dans des situations plus écologiques. / Facial expression of fear is an important vector of social and environmental information. In natural conditions, the frightened faces appear mainly in our peripheral visual field. However, the brain mechanisms underlying perception of fear in the periphery remain largely unknown. We have demonstrated, through behavioral, magnetoencephalographic and intracranial studies that the perception of fear facial expression is efficient in large peripheral visual field. Fear perception in the periphery produces an early response in the amygdala and the frontal cortex, and a later response in the occipital and infero-temporal visual areas. Attentional control is able to inhibit the early response to fear expression and to increase the later temporo-occipital activities linked to face perception. Our results show that networks involved in fear perception are adapted to the peripheral vision. Moreover, they validate a new form of investigation of facial expression processing, which may lead to a better understanding of how we process social messages in more ecological situations.

No / Physiological studies of colour vision have not yet resolved the controversial issue of how chromatic opponency is constructed at a neuronal level. Two competing theories, the cone-selective hypothesis and the random-wiring hypothesis, are currently equivocal to the architecture of the primate retina. In central vision, both schemes are capable of producing colour opponency due to the fact that receptive field centres receive input from a single bipolar cell ¿ the so called `private line arrangement¿. However, in peripheral vision this single-cone input to the receptive field centre is lost, so that any random cone connectivity would result in a predictable reduction in the quality of colour vision. Behavioural studies thus far have indeed suggested a selective loss of chromatic sensitivity in peripheral vision. We investigated chromatic sensitivity as a function of eccentricity for the cardinal chromatic (L/M and S/(L + M)) and achromatic (L + M) pathways, adopting stimulus size as the critical variable. Results show that performance can be equated across the visual field simply by a change of scale (size). In other words, there exists no qualitative loss of chromatic sensitivity across the visual field. Critically, however, the quantitative nature of size dependency for each of the cardinal chromatic and achromatic mechanisms is very specific, reinforcing their independence in terms of anatomy and genetics. Our data provide clear evidence for a physiological model of primate colour vision that retains chromatic quality in peripheral vision, thus supporting the cone-selective hypothesis.

Yes / Humans manipulate objects chiefly within their lower visual field, a consequence of upright posture and the anatomical position of hands and arms.This study tested the hypothesis of enhanced sensitivity to a range of stimuli within the lower visual field. Following current models of hierarchical processing within the ventral steam, discrimination sensitivity was measured for orientation, curvature, shape (radial frequency patterns), and faces at various para-central locations (horizontal, vertical, and main diagonal meridians) and eccentricities (5° and 10°). Peripheral sensitivity was isotropic for orientation and curvature. By contrast, observers were significantly better at discriminating shapes throughout the lower visual field compared to elsewhere. For faces, however, peak sensitivity was found in the left visual field, corresponding to the right hemispheric localization of human face processing. Presenting head outlines without any internal features (e.g., eyes, mouth) recovered the lower visual field advantage found for simple shapes. A lower visual field preference for the shape of an object, which is absent for more localized information (orientation and curvature) but also for more complex objects (faces), is inconsistent with a strictly feed-forward model and poses a challenge for multistage models of object perception. The distinct lower visual field preference for contour shapes is, however, consistent with an asymmetry at intermediate stages of visual processing, which may play a key role in representing object characteristics that are particularly relevant to visually guided actions.

No description available.

The eye is our window to the world. Human vision has therefore been extensively studied over the years. However, in-depth studies are often either limited to our central visual field, or, when extended to the periphery, only correct optical errors related to a narrow spectrum of light. This thesis extends the current knowledge by considering the full visible spectrum over a wide visual field. A broad spectrum means that the wavelength dependence of light propagation inside the eye has to be considered; the optics of the eye will therefore not form a retinal image in the same location for all wavelengths, a phenomenon called chromatic aberration. We present here a new methodology to objectively measure the magnitude of transverse chromatic aberration (TCA) across the visual field of the human eye, and show that the ocular TCA increases linearly with off-axis angle (about 0.21 arcmin per degree for the spectral range from 543 nm to 842 nm). Moreover, we have implemented adaptive psychophysical methods to quantify the impact of TCA on central and peripheral vision. We have found that inducing additional TCA degrades peripheral grating detection acuity more than foveal resolution acuity (more than 0.05 logMAR per arcmin of induced TCA peripherally compared to 0.03 logMAR/arcmin foveally). As stimuli to evaluate peripheral vision, we recommend gratings that are obliquely-oriented relative to the visual field meridian. The results of this thesis have clinical relevance for improving peripheral vision and are equally important for retinal imaging techniques. To limit the negative impacts of TCA on vision, inducing additional TCA should be avoided when the peripheral refractive errors are to be corrected, such as for people suffering from macular degeneration and central visual field loss. In retinal imaging applications, TCA leads to lateral offsets when imaging is performed in more than one wavelength. Consequently, the measurement of TCA together with careful pupil alignment and subsequent compensation can improve the functionality of these instruments. / Ögat är vårt fönster mot världen, och syn har mätts och studerats i stor utsträckning över åren. Trots detta är forskningen om mänsklig syn oftast begränsad till det centrala synfältet, och i studier av det perifera synfältet korrigeras optiska fel endast över ett smalt våglängdsområde. Denna avhandling vidgar forskningen om vår syn till att inkludera hela det synliga spektrumet över ett stort synfält. Ett brett spektrum innebär att vi måste ta hänsyn till våglängdsberoendet i ljusets brytning i ögat; ögats optik kan därför inte avbilda ett objekt till samma bildläge på näthinnan för alla våglängder, ett fenomen som kallas kromatisk aberration. Vi presenterar här en ny metod för att mäta mängden transversell kromatisk aberration (TCA) över ögats synfält och visar att ögats TCA ökar linjärt med vinkeln ut i synfältet (ungefär 0,21 bågminuter per grad från 543 nm till 842 nm). Dessutom har vi implementerat adaptiva psykofysiska mätmetoder för att kvantifiera effekten av TCA på central och perifer syn. Våra resultat visar att extra inducerad TCA påverkar den perifera förmågan att upptäcka sinusformade randmönster mer än den centrala förmågan att upplösa motsvarande ränder (mer än 0,05 logMAR per bågminut inducerad TCA i periferin jämfört med 0,03 logMAR/bågminut centralt). Vid utvärdering av perifer syn rekommenderar vi att använda sinusformade randmönster med en sned riktning jämfört med synfältsmeridianen. Resultaten som presenteras i avhandlingen har klinisk betydelse för att förbättra den perifera synen och är även viktiga för tekniker som avbildar ögats näthinna. För att begränsa den negativa effekt TCA har på synen ska man undvika att inducera extra TCA, t.e.x. när ögats perifera refraktiva fel korrigeras med glasögon för människor med makula degeneration och centralt synfältsbortfall. Vid avbildning av näthinnan ger ögats TCA förskjutningar mellan bilder i olika våglängder. Därför kan mätningar av TCA, tillsammans med välkontrollerad linjering av pupillens position och efterföljande kompensation, förbättra funktionen hos dessa instrument. / <p>QC 20160511</p>

Contrairement à la vision fovéale qui assure une perception détaillée de notre environnement visuelle, la périphérie ne permet qu’une vision globale. C’est pourquoi, nous bougeons nos yeux en permanence afin que l’image visuelle soit localisée sur la fovéa, où la résolution spatiale est la meilleure. Cependant, certaines pathologies sont à l’origine d’une perte de la vision centrale et provoquent de nombreuses difficultés dans la vie quotidienne notamment pour lire, conduire, identifier un visage, un objet ou encore naviguer dans l’espace. Contrairement à la lecture, peu d’études ont été réalisées sur la perception des objets et de l’espace dans ces maculopathies où ne persiste que la vision périphérique. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude des capacités de la vision périphérique dans la perception des scènes et des objets.Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les capacités de la vision périphérique chez le sujet sain. Nous avons montré qu’en dépit de sa faible résolution spatiale, il était possible de reconnaître des objets et des scènes même à grande excentricité.Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les effets de la perte de la vision centrale sur la reconnaissance des objets et des scènes. Nous montrons que l’absence de vision centrale induit une plus faible stabilité de fixation associée à un déficit marqué sur l’identification des objets et des scènes, ainsi que sur la recherche visuelle, notamment en condition d’encombrement.Ces études contribuent à comprendre la contribution de la vision centrale et de la vision périphérique sur la reconnaissance des objets et des scènes mais aussi sur le rôle de l’information contextuelle et comment les patients ayant perdu la vision centrale perçoivent le monde réel. / Unlike foveal vision that allows a detailed perception of our visual environment, the periphery only allows a coarse vision. This is why we have to move our eyes all the time in order to localize the image on the fovea, where spatial resolution is better. However, some diseases induce a loss of central vision and cause many difficulties in everyday life especially in reading, driving, face recognition and spatial cognition in general. Unlike word and face perception scene and object perception have had litte investigations in maculopathies in which people have to rely on peripheral vision. This thesis is based on the study of the capabilities of peripheral vision in scenes and objects perception.In the first part we studied scne perception at very large eccentricities in normally sighted young people. We show that, in spite of its low resolution, peripheral vision is efficient to recognize objects and scenes even at very large eccentricities (above 50°).In the second part, we investigated on effects of central vision loss on object and scene perception in identification and visual search tasks on small or realistic panoramic displays. We report a series of experiments showing that central vision loss induced a lower fixation stability which had a strong impact on object and scene and on visual search, especially in crowded conditions.These studies contribute to the understanding of the contribution of central and peripheral vision on object and scene gist recognition but also on the role of contextual information and how patients with central vision loss perceive real-world scenes.

Pilot spatial disorientation (SD) is a significant cause of incidents and fatal accidents in aviation. The pilot is susceptible to SD especially in low visibility when the visual system is deprived of information from outside the cockpit. This thesis presents the notion of visual flow displays as enhancement of symbology on flight displays primarily in low visibility for improved support of the pilot’s spatial orientation (SO) and control actions. In Studies I and II, synthetic visual flow of forward ego-motion was presented on displays and postural responses were used as measures of display effectiveness in determining SO. The visual flow significantly affected SO, and although the increased stimulation of the visual periphery from a width of 45° to about 105° increased the effects there was no further effect at a width of about 150° (Studies I and II). Studies I and II also showed that omitting 20°- or 30°-wide central fields of view from the visual flow either reduced or not reduced the effects. Further, although inconclusive, Study II may indicate that horizon symbology in central visual field may enhance the effects of peripheral visual flow. The appropriate integration of peripheral visual flow with the head-up display symbology of the Gripen aircraft was presented. Acceleration in a human centrifuge was used in Study III to investigate the effects of synthetic visual flow on the primarily vestibular-dependent somatogravic illusion of pitch-up. Two experiments revealed a reduced illusion with the visual flow. The results of Experiment 2 showed the visual flow scene not only reduced the illusion compared with a darkness condition but also compared with the visual scene without visual flow. Thus, similar to the main findings of Studies I and II, synthetic visual flow can significantly affect SO and supports the visually dependent SO system in an essential manner.

Submitted by Celso dos Santos Malachias (celso.malachias@gmail.com) on 2017-01-10T12:46:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Celso Malachias Versao Final .pdf: 16026161 bytes, checksum: 41aeedafa13f8f5c3dde84db7b7e42f7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-01-11T16:54:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Celso Malachias Versao Final .pdf: 16026161 bytes, checksum: 41aeedafa13f8f5c3dde84db7b7e42f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T11:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Celso Malachias Versao Final .pdf: 16026161 bytes, checksum: 41aeedafa13f8f5c3dde84db7b7e42f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Esta tese examina o mecanismo de aquisição e interpretação pelas empresas, de sinais gerados no mercado, e que estimulam inovação, a partir da aplicação do marco analítico (“framework”) conceitual Visão Periférica Estendida (VPE). Este framework conceitual representa a capacidade que a empresa possui de monitorar seu ambiente externo, adquirir informações e convertê-las em ideias e inovações. Como proposição, argumenta-se que os elementos que integram o framework impactam na geração de ideias e na implantação de inovações. Adotou-se a metodologia qualitativa com entrevistas com executivos chave em doze empresas de serviços de Tecnologia de Informação. Foram encontradas evidências que suportam o framework VPE proposto como mecanismo de geração de ideias e inovações a partir de sinais externos. A empresa que gerou mais inovações foi também a mais aderente ao framework. A validade externa do modelo foi realizada comparando-se os resultados obtidos com dados secundários públicos de relatórios sobre inovações como resultado, elaborados por empresas de consultoria. As fases propostas no framework foram confirmadas mediante depoimentos dos executivos. Destacaram-se três conjuntos de achados: 1) capacidades, 2) práticas e 3) tendências; 1) As capacidades habilitadoras da inovação subdivididas em: liderança, comportamental, mercado, ressignificação, “glocal”, e engenharia; 2) As práticas percebidas para a geração de ideias e inovações categorizadas em temas: busca de padrões, procedimentos, ampliação do escopo de análise com o cliente, e análise do mercado; 3) As tendências monitoradas pelas empresas: tecnologia, modelos de negócios e sociais- demográficas. As inovações como resultado constatadas foram: processo, produto, modelos de negócios, organizacional, estrutural e marketing. Este trabalho contribui com a prática gerencial propondo um framework conceitual para a geração de ideias e inovações a partir de sinais externos à empresa. Ainda, apresenta uma série de práticas e capacidades que líderes de empresas podem se apropriar e replicar em suas realidades. Do ponto de vista acadêmico, contribui com uma literatura atualizada a respeito do tema da inovação vinda de fora da empresa, de forma integrada em seus elementos constituintes. / This dissertation examines the mechanisms companies use to acquire and interpret market signals, and which stimulate innovation. It applies the Extended Peripheral Vision (EPV) conceptual framework, which represents a company’s capacity to monitor its external environment, acquire information, and convert it into ideas and innovation. As a proposition, it argues that the elements that compose the EPV framework impact on the generation of ideas and on the implementation of innovation. Following a qualitative methodology, interviews with top-level executives from twelve Information Technology service companies were conducted. This study found evidences that support the proposed EPV framework as a mechanism of idea and innovation generation from external signals. The company that generated more innovations was also the one most adherent to the framework. The external validity of the model was made by comparing this research results with secondary data from publicly available reports on innovation, prepared by consulting firms. The interviews with the top-level executives confirmed the proposed stages in the framework. These can be aggregated into three groups: 1) capabilities, 2) practices, and 3) trends. 1) The capabilities could be further divided into leadership, behavioral, market-related, reframing, “glocal”, and associated to engineering. 2) The practices seen as relevant for the production of ideas and innovation can be categorized in: search of standards, procedures, expansion of the client’s scope of analyzes, and market analysis. 3) The trends companies have monitored are: technology, business models and socio-demographic trends. The resulting innovations were related to: process, product, business model, organizational, structural, and marketing. This dissertation contributes to the business management practice with a conceptual framework for the generation of ideas and innovation, based on external signals to the company. Moreover, it presents a series of practices and capabilities that business leaders can use and replicate in their own context. It also contributes to the academic scholars with an updated literature review of the innovation topic coming from external signals, in an integrated form of its constitutive elements.

La perte de vision périphérique (vision tubulaire) a pour conséquence de nombreux déficits qui réduisent fortement l'autonomie des personnes qui en sont atteintes et par conséquent leur qualité de vie. Nombre de ces déficits témoignent d'une cognition spatiale dégradée mettant en jeu des relations étroites entre vision périphérique et représentations spatiales. Le double objectif de ce travail de thèse consiste à mieux comprendre la nature de ces relations et, sur la base de ces connaissances, contribuer à l'émergence de dispositifs d'assistance plus adaptés et performants, capables de suppléer l'absence de vision périphérique. Dans un premier temps, je me suis intéressé au rôle de la vision périphérique dans la construction de représentations spatiales égocentrées. J'ai d'abord collaboré à une expérience de psychophysique impliquant la détection en vision périphérique de cibles visuelles situées soit droit-devant, soit excentrées par rapport à l'axe du corps. En mesurant les temps de réaction nous avons pu démontrer que les sujets humains répondaient plus rapidement aux cibles présentées droit-devant qu'aux cibles excentrées. J'ai pris en charge une deuxième étude complémentaire portant sur le lien entre ce traitement sensoriel privilégié du droit-devant en vision périphérique et la dynamique des saccades oculaires de recentrage. En comparant les dynamiques de pro-saccades et d'anti-saccades de recentrage ou d' " excentrage ", j'ai pu mettre en évidence que la supériorité dynamique des saccades de recentrage guidées par la vision périphérique reposait à la fois sur des facteurs sensoriels et oculomoteurs. Ces travaux révèlent l'intégration précoce de signaux visuels et oculomoteurs en vision périphérique, pouvant servir à localiser les éléments visuels par rapport à soi et à privilégier le traitement des éléments situés dans l'axe droit-devant. Dans un deuxième temps, mes travaux ont abordé l'influence de la vision périphérique dans les représentations spatiales allocentrées. Pour étudier l'implication de la vision périphérique dans le codage allocentré, j'ai réalisé une expérience impliquant une tâche de pointage vers des cibles visuelles en vision centrale, accompagnées ou non d'indices visuels à différentes distances en vision périphérique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que des indices visuels capturés par la vision périphérique peuvent effectivement contribuer au codage allocentré d'une cible fixée, et ce même lorsque ces indices périphériques doivent être extraits de scène visuelles complexes en moins de 200 ms. Dans une étude complémentaire, j'ai montré que l'utilisation de ces indices allocentrés situés en périphérie avait un véritable rôle fonctionnel, accélérant les recherches visuelles. Ainsi, ces travaux révèlent une implication fonctionnelle forte de la vision périphérique dans l'extraction des relations spatiales entre éléments présents dans l'environnement visuel. J'ai voulu, durant la dernière partie de ma thèse, initier le développement d'un dispositif d'assistance dont la finalité est de suppléer les fonctions spatiales, égocentrées et allocentrées, de la vision périphérique. Comme preuve de concept, mon travail a consisté à concevoir et développer un dispositif tactile placé sur le poignet et capable de communiquer la position spatiale d'objets d'intérêt pour en simplifier leurs recherches visuelles. Les résultats obtenus chez des sujets sains avec un champ visuel artificiellement réduit (10°) montrent que l'interface tactile permet d'accélérer par trois la vitesse de recherche visuelle. Des résultats similaires ont été observés chez une personne atteinte de glaucome (champ visuel de 10x15°). Ma thèse pluridisciplinaire permet d'apporter un nouvel éclairage sur l'implication de la vision périphérique dans la construction de représentations spatiales, et elle propose de nouvelles pistes pour le développement de dispositifs d'assistance adaptés aux personnes atteintes de vision tubulaire. / The loss of peripheral vision (tunnel vision) leads to numerous deficits, reducing both independence and quality of life. These deficits reflect spatial cognition impairments, and highlight the close relationship between peripheral vision and spatial representations. This thesis has two main objectives: reaching a better understanding of the nature of these relationships, and using the acquired knowledge in order to propose adaptive, performant and innovative assistive devices able to overcome the peripheral loss. At first, I address the role of peripheral vision in egocentric space coding. I collaborated in a psychophysics experiment, involving detection of visual objects placed in peripheral vision. The visual objects formed similar images on the retina and differed only with respect to their egocentric location: either straight-ahead or eccentric with respect to the head/body midline. We found that straight-ahead objects elicit consistently shorter behavioral responses than eccentric objects. I took in charge a second study evaluating the link between the privileged sensory processing of the straight ahead direction and the dynamic of ocular saccades. Comparison between centripetal and centrifugal pro-saccades and anti-saccades revealed that the superior dynamic of centripetal saccades comes from both sensory and oculomotor factors. These works reveal the early integration of both visual and oculomotor signals in peripheral vision, leading to egocentric representations in which the straight ahead direction is highlighted. Secondly, I investigated the influence of peripheral vision in extracting allocentric spatial representations. In order to assess the role of peripheral vision in allocentric coding, I performed a memory-based pointing task toward previously gazed targets, which were briefly superimposed with visual cues placed at different eccentricities. The results showed that visual cues in peripheral (>10°) vision can contribute to the allocentric coding of a fixated target. A complementary experiment showed that these peripheral allocentric cues play a functional role, notably by facilitating visual searches. These works highlight the importance of peripheral vision in extracting functional spatial relationships between distant elements of the visual environment. Finally, I wanted to promote the development of new assistive devices, able to substitute both egocentric and allocentric spatial functions of the peripheral vision. As a proof of concept, I designed and evaluated a tactile interface mounted on wrist, communicating the spatial location of specific objects and facilitating visual search. Results showed that healthy subjects with artificial tunnel vision (10°) were able to increase by three visual search speeds thank to this tactile interface. Similar results were obtained on a glaucoma subject (field of view 10x15°). My multidisciplinary thesis highlights new roles of peripheral vision in spatial representations and proposes an innovative solution to develop assistive device for tunnel vision.