Human vision is one of the most important senses, but recently near-sightedness is growing among the population. To investigate this progression, the pheripery of the eye is being studied. Therefore, new methods are developed to examine peripheral vision. This study compares two such instruments: A newly developed for commercial use (Double-Pass) is tested against an established lab setup (Hartmann-Shack Dual-Angle). Measurements of mean focus and astigmatism were taken both foveally and peripherally on 15 people, to examine if the two instruments give the same values. The comparison between the systems shows that a correlation exists, but the data handling algorithm of the Double-Pass system can be fine-tuned to obtain a more consistent result. In addition to this, a university course in optics is investigated in order to develop a homework assignment to make the students engage with the course material and get more students to pass the course. The choice of task is based on the most challenging concepts of previous exams, focusing on peer assessment and formative feedback. From this, a material was developed with a typical exam task combined with a proposed solution that the students used to give feedback to each other. The material was test-run with two former students and updated based on their comments. The assignment was appreciated, but seeing a peer’s assignment can be stressful if the students themselves feel unsure about the material. This will hopefully be avoided when given during the course, where the students can discuss with each other. The upcoming course round will test the assignment with a whole class. / Synen är ett av människans viktigaste sinnen, men den senaste tiden har närsynthet blivit allt vanligare. För att undersöka den ökade förekomsten av myopi utvecklas nya metoder för att undersöka synen i periferin, då denna verkar ge ledtrådar om uppkomsten av närsynthet. I denna studie görs en jämförelse mellan två sådana instrument, ett nyutvecklat mot kommersiellt bruk (Double-Pass) testas mot en etablerad labuppställning (Hartmann-Shack Dual-Angle). Mätningar av medelfokus och astigmatism gjordes både fovealt och periferiellt på 15 personer för att se om instrumenten ger samma resultat. Jämförelsen mellan systemen visar att en korrelation existerar, men att datahanteringsalgoritmen för Double-Pass instrumentet kan finjusteras för att få ett mer överensstämmande resultat. Utöver detta undersöks en universitetskurs i optik för att utveckla en hemuppgift som ska hjälpa studenterna att arbeta med kursmaterialet och hjälpa fler att klara kursen. Valet av uppgift grundar sig i vilka koncept som varit utmanande i tidigare tentor och fokus ligger på kamratbedömning och formativ återkoppling. Från detta utvecklades ett material med en tentatypisk uppgift kombinerat med ett lösningsförslag som studenterna använder för att ge återkoppling till varandra. Materialet testkördes med två tidigare studenter och uppdaterades efter deras kommentarer. Uppgiften uppskattades, men att se en kamrats uppgift kan vara stressande om studenterna själva känner sig osäkra på materialet. Detta undviks förhoppningsvis när uppgiften ges under en kurs då studenterna har möjlighet att diskutera med varandra. Uppgiften kommer testköras i helklass under kommande kursomgång.

No description available.

Decline in both visual acuity and visual performance is a fact of life for older people and their increasing share of the population requires that buildings be designed with their visual needs in mind. As their field of vision decreases, people find it harder to identify an objects location, distance, and orientation. Elderly people with vision impairments usually find it harder to perform daily activities such as navigation through indoor spaces. Functional vision can be improved by modifying the design of spaces, for example, with better lighting. However, architects typically do not know how to take the needs of the visually impaired into account in their design process, or simply do not think of doing so. The researcher designed and feasibility-tested a prototype person-centered tool to help architects judge how appropriate a designed space will be for visually impaired people. The study was conducted as a qualitative mixed-methodology research analysis. The researcher used knowledge from literature interpretation to rationalize the development of a person-centered prototype. The researcher immersed design PhD students and vision science experts to inform the prototyping process. Along with an expert group of design and vision science professionals, the researcher beta-tested the prototype during a mock design-process scenario. The researcher also selected a small group of industry experts to participate in open-ended interviews on post-use demonstrations to qualitatively triangulate the findings on the prototypes usability. The study summarizes the feasibility including the challenges of using the prototype for professional purposes and suggests improvement. / Ph. D.

The importance, and the role, of peripheral vision amongst pedestrians, is an area which for a long time has remained unexplored. Previous studies regarding peripheral vision and pedestrians have mostly studied the characteristics of peripheral vision, the general visual behaviours amongst pedestrians and whether people affected by a natural loss of peripheral vision fixate on different objects compared to those with normal vision. To examine the role of peripheral vision amongst pedestrians, an experiment consisting of 20 participants was conducted. The experiment took place in a car park, where head movements (i.e. how many times each participant moved their head) and head directions (i.e. in which direction the participants’ moved their heads) of the participants were recorded using three action cameras. Two of the cameras were mounted on a helmet which the participants used during the experiment. The third camera was in the hands of the experimenter, recording the participants from behind. The experiment consisted of four different conditions. Two conditions where the participants’ peripheral vision was blocked to different extents, one with no manipulation of the visual field and one where the participants were told to watch a video on a cell phone during the walk. The results demonstrated a significant difference in the number of head movements between all four conditions. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated a significant difference in the relative frequency of downwards head directions between the first three conditions. After the experiment, the participants answered a short survey which included questions related to each condition. The answers from the survey showcased, amongst other things, that the participants thought that the condition where their peripheral vision was blocked to the largest extent was the most difficult one. A thematic analysis was conducted based on the recordings of a think-aloud-protocol which the participants were told to conduct during the experiment. The thematic analysis demonstrated, amongst other things, that the participants thought that the condition performed with no manipulation of the visual field was easy, that they felt insecure when their peripheral vision was blocked and therefore had to increase the number of head movements, and that they sometimes felt the need to redirect their gaze away from the cell phone during that condition. The conclusion which can be drawn based on the results is that the peripheral vision is widely used amongst pedestrians in natural settings, which in part is based on the fact that the participants increased their number of head movements when their peripheral vision was limited and by their own expressed thoughts regarding the different conditions. However, the results are not able to explain exactly how the peripheral vision is used amongst pedestrians. / Det perifera seendets betydelse och roll bland gångtrafikanter i naturlig miljö är ett område som till stora delar stått outforskat. Tidigare studier har främst fokuserat på uppmätning av periferins egenskaper, gångtrafikanters allmänna visuella beteenden samt studerandet av personer drabbade av naturligt synfältsbortfall. I syfte att undersöka det perifera seendets betydelse bland gångtrafikanter genomfördes ett experiment med 20 deltagare på en parkeringsplats, där huvudrörelser (d.v.s. hur många gånger varje deltagare rörde på huvudet) samt huvudriktningar (d.v.s. i vilken riktning deltagarna rörde huvudet) uppmättes med hjälp av två actionkameror fästa på en hjälm, samt en i handen på försöksledaren som filmade deltagarna bakifrån. Experimentet bestod av fyra olika betingelser, där två av dem blockerade det perifera synfältet olika mycket, en under normala synförhållanden samt en där deltagarna fäste blicken på en mobiltelefon under gången. Resultatet visade en signifikant skillnad i antalet huvudrörelser mellan samtliga betingelser. Utöver detta visades en signifikant skillnad i frekvensen av huvudrörelser nedåt vid en jämförelse mellan de tre förstnämnda betingelserna. Efter utfört experiment fick deltagarna dessutom svara på en enkät, vilken bland annat visade att deltagarna själva skattade att betingelsen där deras perifera seende blockerades som mest var svårast att genomföra. En tematisk analys genomfördes även baserat på data från ett tänka-högt-protokoll som deltagarna var uppmanade att föra under experimentets gång. Detta visade bland annat att deltagarna kände att det var enkelt att gå vid normala synförhållanden, att det fanns osäkerhetskänslor och behov av huvudrörelser vid betingelserna där periferin blockerades, samt att många kände ett behov av att lyfta på blicken vid mobiltelefonbetingelsen. Slutsatsen som kan dras baserat på resultaten är att det perifera seendet används mycket bland gångtrafikanter i naturlig miljö, vilket dels grundar sig i att deltagarna rörde som mest på huvudet när deras perifera seende blockerades, samt deras egna yttrade tankar. Det som inte kunnat besvaras är exakt hur det perifera seendet används bland gångtrafikanter.

Certaines entreprises présentent une vision de leur stratégie focalisée sur des procédures et des données génériques. Cette attitude conduit généralement à ne pas se préoccuper d’informations périphériques ou signaux faibles pouvant néanmoins permettre la détection d’opportunités ou de menaces dans leurs environnements internes et externes. La vision périphérique présente un intérêt novateur dans le domaine de la gestion de l’information et des réseaux pour définir la stratégie des entreprises. Compte tenu des interconnexions entre acteurs d’un même territoire, peut-on envisager un modèle d’« Intelligence » qui serait applicable, dans un cadre opérationnel et territorial, à différents types d’organisations, y compris des organisations non marchandes ? Cette thèse a pour objectif de vérifier l’applicabilité de la vision périphérique à toute forme d’organisation et de modéliser, ainsi, une Intelligence Stratégique Localisée. / Some companies present a vision of their strategy focused on procedures and generic data. This attitude leads generally not to worry about peripheral information or weak signals which can nevertheless allow the detection of opportunities or threats in their internal and external environments. The peripheral vision presents an innovative interest in the field of the management of the information and the networks to define the strategy of companies. Considering the interconnections between actors of the same territory, can we envisage a model of “Intelligence” which would be applicable, in an operational and territorial frame, to various types of organizations, including not trade organizations? This thesis has for objective to verify the applicability of the peripheral vision in any shape of organization and to model, so, a Located Strategic Intelligence.