We accessed data on patients undergone peritoneal dialysis (PD), a technique that is underused in most countries and is not usually employed as the initial therapeutic option. The study aimed to characterize the DP program at a reference unit in the Northeast Region of Brazil. It was based on a retrospective cohort study that evaluated the clinical and socio-demographic profile, treatment history and causes of death of 565 incident patients who remained in PD for at least 30 days. Results were obtained: mean age was 54 ± 19 years when they started on PD. Males were 55%, 38% from Aracaju, 62% from Sergipe, 76% had <4 years of schooling and 88% earned <5 minimum wages as family income. Diabetic nephropathy was the main etiology (25%) and 77% were hypertensive. There was 9% of late referencing. The majority started on PD as the first dialytic procedure (53%), and (58%) as an emergency. The patients remained in PD for an average of 710.5 (± 714.2) days. PD was the initial dialysis modality for 302 patients (53%). A total of 676 peritoneal catheters were implanted, mean of 1.19 / patient. The median survival of the PD technique was 83.1 months, with a rate of 85.1% in 2 years and 61.1% in 5 years. The median survival of patients was 32.9 months for patients without DM, with a 2-year survival rate of 52.4% and a 5-year survival rate of 22.3. During the study, 353 individuals (62%) died. The etiology of renal disease was identified in 37% of the cases. The odds ratio (OR) of death of those who were referred late was 2,032 times greater than those who did conservative treatment. In conclusion, despite non favorable social indices, survival, peritonitis and complications rates were similar to those described in the literature. / Este estudo aborda a diálise peritoneal (DP), técnica que se mostra subutilizada na maioria dos países e geralmente não é oferecida como opção terapêutica inicial. Tem como objetivo caracterizar os resultados do programa de DP, avaliar frequência, etiologia e fatores associados à peritonite em pacientes sob DP em um centro de referência na região nordeste do Brasil. Avaliou a partir de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, o perfil clínico e sociodemográfico, histórico de tratamento e causas de óbito associadas a fatores relacionados a peritonite de 565 pacientes incidentes que permaneceram em DP por pelo menos 30 dias. Foram resultados obtidos: a média de idade foi 54±19 anos quando iniciaram em DP. Sexo masculino foi 55%, sendo 38% procedentes de Aracaju, 62% residentes no interior de Sergipe, 76% com <4 anos de estudo e 88% com renda familiar <5 salários mínimos. Nefropatia diabética foi a principal etiologia (25%) e 77% eram hipertensos. Houve 9% de referenciamento tardio. A maioria iniciou em diálise por DP (53%), sendo 58% de forma emergencial. Os pacientes permaneceram em DP por, em média, 710,5 dias. Foram implantados 676 cateteres peritoneais, média de 1,19/paciente. A maioria dos pacientes (59%) não apresentou peritonite. O índice global de peritonite foi de 0,32 episódio/paciente.ano. O Staphylococus aureus foi o germe mais prevalente (23%). Houve cura da peritonite em 71% dos casos. Identificou-se maior risco de peritonite nos pacientes com histórico de infecção do sítio de saída do cateter peritoneal. A sobrevida mediana da técnica de DP foi de 83,1 meses, com taxa de 85,1% em 2 anos e de 61,1% em 5 anos. A sobrevida mediana dos pacientes foi de 32,9 meses para os pacientes sem DM, com taxa de sobrevida em 2 anos de 52,4% e em 5 anos de 22,3%. Foram a óbito 353 indivíduos (62%). A etiologia da doença renal foi identificada em 37% dos casos. A chance de risco (OR) de óbito de quem tem referenciamento tardio é 2,032 vezes maior do que quem fez tratamento conservador. Como conclusão obteve-se que a despeito dos indicadores sociais ruins da população estudada, sobrevida, taxas de peritonite e complicações se assemelharam ao descrito na literatura. / Aracaju, SE

Les études regroupées dans cette thèse montrent qu'il existe une hétérogénéité entre les centres de dialyse péritonéale dans la survenue des infections péritonéales et l’échec précoce de la méthode. Nous avons aussi montré que certaines organisations peuvent être modifiées dans l’objectif d’améliorer le devenir du patient en optimisant la ressource.Nos travaux soulignent le rôle des équipes infirmières et l’importance des visites infirmières à domicile dans la prévention des infections du liquide de dialyse péritonéale. La mise à disposition de moyens humains minimum pourrait constituer un des critères d’attribution des autorisations de traitement par dialyse donnés aux établissements de santé.Augmenter la taille des centres pourrait avoir un effet bénéfique sur la survie de la méthode en améliorant l’expérience des centres. Dans ce contexte, le regroupement d’activité entre plusieurs établissements pourrait avoir un effet positif sur la survie de la méthode.Nous avons aussi pu observer qu’il existait une disparité entre les centres dans l’utilisation de l’assistance à domicile par une infirmière pour la réalisation de la dialyse. L’attribution de l’assistance repose principalement sur l’évaluation de l’infirmière de dialyse péritonéale ce qui laisse entrevoir des possibilités de rationalisation dans son utilisation. L’utilisation et la validation d’outils permettant d’estimer la capacité d’autonomisation du patient est une recherche qui devra être conduite. / The studies grouped in this thesis show that there is a heterogeneity between the peritoneal dialysis centers in the occurrence of peritoneal infections and the early failure of the method. We have also shown that some organizations can be modified in order to improve the patient's future by optimizing the resource.Our work highlights the role of nursing teams and the importance of home nursing visits in the prevention of peritoneal dialysis fluid infections. The provision of minimum human resources could be one of the criteria for granting dialysis treatment authorizations given to health facilities.Increasing the size of the centers could have a beneficial effect on the survival of the method by improving the centers experience. In this context, group activities between several establishments could have a positive effect on the survival of the method.We also observed that there is a disparity between centers in the use of home assistance by a nurse for dialysis. The allocation of assistance is mainly based on the evaluation of the peritoneal dialysis nurse, which suggests possibilities of rationalization in its use.The use and validation of tools to estimate the patient's capacity to be treated by self-care peritoneal dialysis is a research that will need to be conducted.

A doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. Estima-se que cerca de 17% da população adulta dos EUA apresente algum grau de comprometimento da função renal. No Brasil, um estudo realizado na cidade de Bambuí - Minas Gerais detectou-se alteração da função renal variando de 0,48% a 8,19%, sendo mais frequente nos pacientes idosos. Os pacientes que evoluem para DRC terminal necessitam de algum tipo de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS), sendo as opções disponíveis: a hemodiálise (HD), a diálise peritoneal (DP) e o transplante renal (TX renal). No caso da DP, a membrana peritoneal realiza a função de filtrar o sangue do paciente, e esta é utilizada através da implantação de um cateter na cavidade abdominal. No Brasil, segundo dados do Censo Brasileiro de Diálise (2016) existem aproximadamente 122.825 pacientes em diálise, sendo 8,6% em DP. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a evolução dos pacientes que foram admitidos na Unidade de Diálise do HCFMRP para submeterem-se à DP nos últimos 22 anos. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários dos pacientes atendidos no período de 1993 a 2015, de onde foram extraídas variáveis demográficas, clínicas e laboratoriais. É um estudo de coorte retrospectiva de 199 prontuários de pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Diálise do HCFMRP-USP. Os resultados demonstram que a população do estudo é em sua maioria do sexo feminino, com média de idade 57 anos. Foi encontrada a mudança de TRS para a hemodiálise como desfecho clínico mais frequente, seguida por óbito. A etiologia da DRC mais frequente foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), seguida por Diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2. Houve associação com menor média de idade de entrada em programa (48 anos), desfecho clínico óbito e maior tempo de seguimento (10 anos) com o grupo de pacientes que entraram em programa de diálise em 1993 (p<0,05). Encontramos associação do uso de medicamentos (Cloridrato de Sevelamer e Análogos da vitamina D3 com níveis categorizados de paratormônio, cálcio total e fósforo (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes que entraram em programa no período de 1993-2000 apresentaram menor média de idade e maior tempo de acompanhamento quando comparados aos demais grupos. O desfecho clínico mais frequente foi a transferência para HD, tendo como causa principal a ocorrência de peritonites. / INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been considered a worldwide public health problem, as well as the progressive increase of the population in renal replacement therapy (TRS). With the technological advances accumulated, the survival of patients on dialysis has increased greatly. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is considered a safe and effective method of SRT, a challenge for the binomial patienthealth team. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the main characteristics and outcomes of patients in a PD program. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 199 patients submitted to PD in the Dialysis Unit of the HCFMRP-USP from 1993 to 2015. The primary source of data was the individual medical records. The variables were classified as: demographic, clinical and laboratorial. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Chi-square test, ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 57 years, with a predominance of females (51.5%); the most frequent clinical outcome was the change in HRT for hemodialysis (37.2%). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was the most common cause of CKD (31,7). There was an association between lower mean age of program entry, clinical outcome and longer follow-up (10 years) in the group of patients who entered the dialysis program in the period from 1993 to 2000 (p <0.05). There was an association between the use of medications (Sevelamer\'s Hydrochloride and vitamin D3 analogues) with categorized values of parathormone, total calcium and phosphorus (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients who entered the program in 1993-2000 had a lower mean age and longer follow - up when compared to the other groups. The most frequent clinical outcome was the transfer to HD, the main cause being the occurrence of peritonitis.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Recurrent peritonitis is a major problem of peritoneal dialysis (PD) due to its association with technique failure in the dialysis process. The literature on peritonitis focused only on investigating major risk factors associated with the first episode of peritonitis. However, this dissertation investigates factors associated to multiple episodes of peritonitis, to a maximum of 6 episodes. The correlation of recurrent episodes of a patient is considered. The univariate counting process, stratified, gap-time and marginal hazard regression models are applied to select the significant covariates to the multivariate regression hazard models. Regression coefficient for covariates are found to be statistically significant at 5% level. The application of Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz bayesian criterion (SBC) assisted to filter out the best method which is the stratified regression hazard model. The major risk factors associated with recurrent episodes of peritonitis are examined from the selected good fitting model. In conclusion, the selected model identified two independent risk factors to be significantly associated with recurrent episodes of peritonitis: marital status and glomerularfiltrationrate. Twocategoriesofmaritalstatus, divorceandwidowerare the significant factors compared to married patients (when taking married patients as the reference category). / VLIROUC Programme

by Szeto, Cheuk Chun. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-206). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Medicine / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Post-operative adhesion is a common complication after abdominal surgery, with high impact on patient wellbeing and healthcare costs. The repair of peritoneum is a complex process involving orderly phases which share some common features to normal wound healing. These include coagulation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodelling, often with overlap between phases. The unique feature of peritoneal repair is that both small and large peritoneal wounds heal in a similar time. The peritoneum is a monolayer of elongated, flattened, squamous-like peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMC). Local mesothelial cell proliferation, centripetal cell migration from the wound edge, as well as incorporation of free-floating mesothelial cells may all contribute to repair of injured peritoneum. To date, the only well-characterised pathologic mechanism underlying post-operative adhesion formation at the molecular level is the formation of the fibrin layer and regulation of peritoneal fibrinolytic capacity. However, the contributions of collagen deposition and ECM remodelling to the peritoneal repair mechanism are not well understood. This thesis focuses on the role of PMC in the regulation of ECM deposition and remodelling in response to inflammatory stimuli in both in vivo and in vitro models, aiming to identify other key pro-fibrotic factors involved in the development of post-operative adhesion. We first identified that lysyl oxidase (LOX) played a key role in the progression of peritoneal fibrosis by regulating collagen cross-linking and deposition in vivo. The inhibition of LOX enzyme activity prevented the formation of fibrotic tissue by reducing collagen deposition. Meanwhile, dexamethasone (DEX) treatment also minimized the fibrotic response. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that the induction of collagen deposition factors in PMC, including LOX and pro-collagen I, required both IL-1 and TGF-β signalling pathways. Thus, the combination of IL-1 + TGF-β was adopted in an in vitro model to mimic the inflammatory environment during peritoneal repair. Treatment of PMC with IL-1+TGF-β caused an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These transformed PMC had enhanced cell motility and were more adherent to fibronectin. Finally, a real-time quantitative PCR-based microarray was used for genomic analysis of ECM-adhesion-related PMC genes in response to IL-1 and TGF-β treatment. The results showed that IL-1 was more involved in regulating ECM degradation by inducing expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes, whereas TGF-β mainly affected genes involved in ECM deposition, including collagens and other ECM components. However, both cytokines were shown to regulate some key genes involved in the development of adhesion, including COL16A1, COL7A1, FN1, ITGA5, and TGFB1. Moreover, IL-1 was shown to reduce ITGA4 and ITGB6 expression affecting adherence of PMC to basement membrane, while TGF-β increased MMP14 and MMP16 expression, which could facilitate invasion of EMT-transformed PMC to the site of tissue repair. In summary, this thesis indicates that LOX plays an important role in peritoneal fibrosis. Secondly, a combination of IL-1 and TGF-β1 treatment demonstrates how these factors can act in concert to orchestrate tissue remodelling during peritoneal repair. Finally, genomic analysis of ECM-adhesion genes increases our understanding of aspects of the pathology of post-operative adhesion and identifies novel potential therapeutic targets to prevent adhesion formation.

Objetivos: Determinar la asociación entre los niveles de PCR y el recuento celular del líquido peritoneal y el pronóstico de la respuesta al tratamiento de la peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal ambulatoria crónica (DIPAC). Método: Se analizaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes que presentaron un episodio de peritonitis asociado a DIPAC, en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú, durante el periodo Junio 2008 - Mayo 2009. Los episodios de peritonitis fúngica o por Mycobacterium sp. fueron excluidos del análisis. Se examinaron diversos parámetros demográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio que podrían predecir el pronóstico de un episodio de peritonitis. La proteína C reactiva (PCR) fue medida en el momento de diagnóstico de la peritonitis mientras que el recuento celular del líquido peritoneal (RCLP) fue obtenido en el día 1 y 3 de ocurrida la peritonitis. La respuesta al tratamiento de peritonitis asociada a DIPAC fue determinada como éxito o falla. La falla al tratamiento incluyó infección persistente, retiro del catéter de diálisis peritoneal con transferencia a hemodiálisis o muerte del paciente. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida por un total de 39 episodios de peritonitis bacteriana, encontrándose una tasa de 0.49 episodios de peritonitis por paciente por año. Se logró aislar el germen en 19 (48.7%) de las muestras de líquido peritoneal tomadas, siendo negativo en el 20 (51.3%). En los casos en que se logró aislar el germen, 9 (47.4%) episodios fueron causados por gérmenes grampositivos mientras que 10 (52.6%) fueron debido a gérmenes gramnegativos. La correlación de PCR y el recuento celular del líquido peritoneal al 1er día fue de r = 0,18 (p es menor a 0,05) y la correlación de PCR y el recuento celular al 3er día fue de r es igual a 0,62 (p es menor que 0,05). Mediante las curvas de ROC, se determinó que el mejor rendimiento, área bajo la curva, es con un PCR mayor a 10 mg/dl que con PCR mayor a 5 [0.82 (95% IC 0.68 a 0.96) y 0.67 (95% IC 0.50 a 0.85), respectivamente (P es menor a 0,05)]. Con una PCR con un punto de corte mayor a 10 mg/dl, la sensibilidad fue 74% y la especificidad fue 90%, VPP 87,5% y VPN 78,2 % para predecir la falla del tratamiento. Mediante las curvas de ROC, se determinó que el recuento celular al 3er día mayor a 1000 tiene mejor rendimiento, área bajo la curva, que al 1er día [0.94 (95% IC 0.86 a 0.99) y 0.76 (95% IC 0.60 a 0.93), respectivamente (P es menor a 0,05)]. Para un recuento celular mayor o igual a 1000/mm3 en el 3er día, la sensibilidad fue 84% y la especificidad fue 100%, VPP 100 % y VPN 90 % para predecir la falla del tratamiento. En el análisis univariado se encontró que tanto sexo masculino (OR 0,08; 95% IC 0,017 a 0,383; P=0,002), PCR (OR 0,752; 95% IC 0,624 a 0,907; P=0,003) y recuento celular al 3er día (OR 0,997; 95% IC 0,995 a 0,999; P=0,004) tuvieron un efecto significativo en el pronóstico del fracaso del tratamiento de la peritonitis; sin embargo al interaccionar las variables en el análisis multivariado sólo el recuento celular del día 3 mayor 1000/mm3 resultó significativa (OR 0.997; 95% IC 0.994 a 0.999; P=0.041). Conclusiones: El recuento celular del líquido peritoneal al 3er día resultó ser un factor predictivo independiente para la respuesta al tratamiento de la peritonitis asociada a DIPAC. Altos niveles de PCR también podrían predecir el pronóstico de un episodio de peritonitis. La medición de estos marcadores durante el curso de la peritonitis puede facilitar la identificación temprana de individuos con mayor riesgo de complicaciones.

No description available.

A falência de ultrafiltração (UFF) é uma causa importante de interrupção da diálise peritoneal (DP) enquanto terapia renal substitutiva. Além da inflamação crônica e aguda causadas à membrana peritoneal (MP) pelos produtos de degradação da glicose, produtos avançados da glicosilação, pH ácido das soluções e infecções, -bloqueadores (BB) também foram implicados na gênese da UFF. A vasoconstrição arteriolar esplâncnica é considerada a causa provável da UFF por BB. O nebivolol (NV), um bloqueador 1-adrenérgico altamente seletivo que, diferente de outros BB, possui efeito vasodilatador por aumento de óxido nítrico (NO) por ativar a via L-arginina-NO, foi testado em pacientes idosos com ICC e levou à redução na mortalidade. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar os efeitos do NV sobre a ultrafiltração (UF), MP e características do efluente em um modelo animal de DP, através do estudo de fenômenos envolvidos na degeneração da MP e UFF, como transição epitélio mesenquimal (EMT) e fibrose, além de parâmetros humorais e celulares de inflamação. 21 camundongos C57BL/6 fêmeas, não urêmicos, com 12 a 14 semanas, foram submetidos à colocação de cateter peritoneal. Após uma semana, foram divididos em 3 grupos de 7 animais: grupo controle (observação 30 dias), grupo SDP (2 mL/ dia de solução glicosada de diálise peritoneal a 4,25% através do cateter, por 30 dias) e grupo NV (além da infusão, receberam 8 mg/kg/dia de NV por gavagem, por 30 dias). Após 30 dias, comparou-se espessura submesotelial, volume de UF, velocidades de transporte de pequenos solutos, marcação submesotelial de pan-citoqueratina, para quantificar EMT, contagem de vasos, linfangiogênese diafragmática e concentração de IL-6 e IL-10 no efluente. A espessura da MP foi de 23,14 m no grupo controle, no grupo SDP foi de 102,4 m e no grupo NV, 29,04 m, com p<0,05. O volume de UF foi 1,94mL para o grupo controle, para o grupo SDP, 1,56 mL e, para o grupo NV, 2,05 mL, também com p<0,05. Houve menor EMT, menor angiogênese e tendência a transporte mais lento de solutos no grupo tratado, assim como menor concentração de IL-6 e proporções de populações de linfócitos semelhantes às do grupo controle. Concluímos que a droga impediu o desenvolvimento de UFF, através do bloqueio de fenômenos como EMT, espessamento da MP e neoangiogênese, além de preservar características de imunidade celular e humoral locais, merecendo ser estudada em pacientes submetidos à DP / Ultrafiltration failure (UFF) is a major cause of peritoneal dialysis (PD) discontinuation. Besides peritoneal membrane (PM) acute and chronic inflammation caused by glucose degradation products, advanced glycation end-products, acidic pH of the solutions and peritoneal infections, also -blockers (BBs) have been implicated in UFF genesis. Splanchnic arteriolar vasoconstriction has been considered the probable cause of UFF induced by BBs. Nebivolol (NV), a highly selective 1-adrenergic blocker, unlike other BBs, has a vasodilatory effect caused by its ability to increase nitric oxide (NO) through L-arginine-NO pathway activation. NV has been tested in elderly patients with congestive heart failure and led to mortality reduction. The aim of this work is to analyze the effects of NV over ultrafiltration (UF), PM and effluent characteristics in an animal model of PD. For that end, phenomena known to be involved in PM degeneration and UFF, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibrosis, as well as cellular and humoral parameters of inflammation have been studied. 21 C57BL/ 6 female non uremic mice, ageing 12 to 14 weeks, underwent peritoneal catheter placement. One week later, they were divided into 3 groups of 7 animals: control group (observation for 30 day), PDF group (2 mL/ day of 4.25% dextrose peritoneal dialysis fluid injected through the catheter for 30 days) and NV group (besides the PDF infusion, this group received 8 mg/ kg/ day of NV by gavage, for 30 days). After 30 days, submesotelial thickness, UF volume, small solute transport speed, submesotelial pan-cytokeratin staining (EMT quantification), vessel count, diaphragmatic lymphangiogenesis and IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in the effluent were compared. PM thickness was 23.14 m in the control group, 102.4 m in the PDF group and 29.04 m in the NV group, p <0.05. UF volume was 1.94 mL in the control group, 1.56 mL in the SDP group, and in the NV group, 2.05 mL, p <0.05. There was less EMT, less angiogenesis and a tendency to a slower solute transport in the treated group. Lower levels of IL-6 and similar lymphocyte populations proportions to the control group were also found. We conclude that the drug can prevent UFF development, through blockade of phenomena such as EMT, PM thickening and neoangiogenesis, while characteristics of local cellular and humoral immunity were preserved. These results warrant a clinical study of the drug in PD patients