O soro e o permeado de soro de queijo, subprodutos da indústria de laticínios, constituem-se substratos alternativos, ricos em nutrientes e de grande potencial para a produção de etanol. Diante da necessidade de melhorias em processos fermentativos, a tecnologia de imobilização celular pode contribuir positivamente para processos mais eficazes e vantajosos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar a produção de etanol a partir de soro e permeado de soro de queijo por diferentes leveduras em biorreatores de células imobilizadas operados em regime batelada e em sistema contínuo, bem como representar matematicamente o bioprocesso. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho, diferentes linhagens de Kluyveromyces marxianus e diferentes meios de cultivo foram testados em agitador rotacional e em biorreator de células imobilizadas, e os efeitos da taxa de diluição (D) e da concentração de substrato (C WP ) foram investigadas em biorreatores contínuos. Altos fatores de conversão (YEtOH/S) e de produtividade volumétrica (QP) foram obtidos pela linhagens K. marxianus CCT 4086 tanto em agitador rotacional quanto em biorreator com células imobilizadas em alginato de cálcio operado em regime batelada (0,47 g L-1 e 2,53 g L-1 h-1). Diante disso, esta linhagem foi escolhida para os testes posteriores. Aumentos consideráveis nos parâmetros de fermentação (YEtOH/S e QP) foram obtidos a partir do planejamento experimental hexagonal em biorreatores operados continuamente (0,51 g g-1 e 6,01 g L-1 h-1). Melhorias no processo ainda foram alcançadas em biorreatores contínuos de dois estágios operados em sequência, em que alta produtividade volumétrica (6,97 g L-1 h-1) e concentração de etanol (70,4 g L-1) foram observadas. Em uma segunda etapa deste trabalho, linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foram testadas para a bioconversão de soro e permeado de soro de queijo a etanol. Diferentes leveduras imobilizadas e estratégias de cultivo foram utilizadas para bioconverter meios não concentrados e concentrados, em biorreatores de leito fluidizado. Valores similares dos parâmetros fermentativos (YEtOH/S e QP) foram obtidos para o monocultivo das linhagens de S. cerevisiae (CAT-1 e PE-2). O co-cultivo de S. cerevisiae CAT-1 e K. marxianus CCT 4086 aumentou em quatro vezes a produtividade volumétrica em permeado de soro de queijo e em 69 % em soro de queijo, mas não superou os altos valores obtidos pela monocultura de K. marxianus CCT 4086 (0,49 g g-1 e 1, 68 g L-1 h-1). Aumentos na concentração de etanol foram alcançados a partir de meio concentrado (79,1 g L-1), e melhorias na produtividade volumétrica foram obtidas a partir de batelada repetida (2,8 g L-1 h-1). Em uma terceira etapa, foi realizada a modelagem matemática do bioprocesso da produção de etanol por soro de queijo a partir de K. marxianus CCT 4086, linhagem esta que conferiu os melhores resultados ao longo deste trabalho. O sistema contínuo A-stat (accelerostat technique) foi utilizado, tanto para cultivos de células livres quanto imobilizadas, onde duas taxas de aceleração foram testadas. Quatro modelos matemáticos não estruturados foram analisados, levando em consideração a limitação pelo substrato e a inibição pelo produto. Os resultados mostraram que as taxas de diluição (D) e de aceleração (a) afetam a fisiologia e o metabolismo celular. O estado estacionário foi alcançado para a menor taxa de aceleração (a = 0,0015 h-2), e um alto fator de conversão foi obtido (0,52 g g-1) nesta condição. A imobilização celular contribuiu para o aumento do fator de conversão em 23 % na condição de maior taxa de aceleração testada (a = 0,00667 h-2). Alto ajuste dos modelos preditivos para biomassa, substrato e produto foi obtido a partir da maior taxa de aceleração, contudo o fenômeno biológico foi melhor representado para a menor taxa de aceleração. Os modelos de Monod e de Levenspiel combinado com Ghose e Tyagi foram os mais apropriados para descrever o bioprocesso. / Whey and whey permeate, by-products of the dairy industry, are alternative substrates, rich in nutrients and with great potential for use in the ethanol production. Considering the need for improvements in fermentation processes, cell immobilization technology can positively contribute to more effective and advantageous bioprocesses. In this context, the aim of this work was to optimize the ethanol production from whey and whey permeate by different yeasts on immobilized batch fluidized bed bioreactors and in continuous systems, and also describe mathematically the bioprocess. In the first step, different strains of K. marxianus and cultivation media were tested in batch mode and the effects of dilution rate (D) and substrate concentration (C WP ) were investigated in continuous bioreactors. High ethanol yield (YEtOH/S) and ethanol productivities (QP) were obtained by K. marxianus CCT 4086, for both in shaker cultivation and in batch fluidized-bed bioreactors with immobilized cells in Ca-alginate (0.47 g L-1 e 2.53 g L-1 h-1). This strain was chosen for subsequent tests. Substantial increases in the fermentation parameters (YEtOH/S e QP) were obtained from the hexagonal experimental design in continuous bioreactors (0.51 g g-1 e 6.01 g L-1 h-1). Process improvements were achieved in two continuous fluidized-bed bioreactors operated in sequence, wherein high ethanol productivities (6.97 g L-1 h-1) and concentrations (70.4 g L-1) were obtained. Then, in a second step of this study, strains of S. cerevisiae were tested to bioconversion of lactose-hydrolysed whey and whey permeate into ethanol. Different immobilized strains in monoculture and coculture were used to the bioconversion of not concentrated or concentrated mediums in batch fluidized bed bioreactors. Similar values of the fermentation parameters (YEtOH/S e QP) were obtained for the strains S. cerevisiae (CAT-1 and PE-2). The co-culture of S. cerevisiae CAT- 1 and K. marxianus CCT 4086 increased four times the ethanol productivity in lactosehydrolyzed whey permeate and 69 % in lactose-hydrolyzed whey, but not attained the high values of K. marxianus CCT 4086 monoculture (0.49 g g-1 e 1.68 g L-1 h-1). Increases in the ethanol concentrations (79.1 g L-1) were obtained from concentrated media, and improvement in ethanol productivities was obtained by repeated batch (2.8 g L-1 h-1). In a third step, the mathematical modeling of the ethanol production from whey was performed, using K. marxianus CCT 4086 as biocatalyst due to the better results attained throughout of this work. The continuous A-stat system (accelerostat technique) was used for both free cell cultures and immobilized, and two acceleration rates were tested. Four unstructured mathematical models were analyzed, taking into account the limiting substrate and product inhibition. The results showed that the dilution rate (D) and the acceleration rate (a) affected cell physiology and metabolism. The steady state was attained for the lower acceleration rate (a = 0.0015 h-2), and in this condition a high ethanol yield was verified (0.52 g g-1). Cell immobilization increased 23 % of the ethanol yield for the highest acceleration rate (a = 0.00667 h-2) tested. High fit of the predictive models of biomass, lactose and ethanol concentrations were obtained from the high acceleration rate, however the biological phenomenon was better described for the lower acceleration rate. Among the set of models evaluated, Monod and Levenspiel combined with Ghose and Tyagi models were found to be more appropriate for describing the bioprocess.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LayanePAS_DISSERT.pdf: 3351469 bytes, checksum: 1ad14962b03f1602aecd7fcbcb8a6e1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The use of membrane filters in the post-treatment of sewage has been increasingly employed to obtain water quality, applicable to various forms of reuse. Despite the advantages presented using the permeate membranes, such as saving water and reducing water pollution, the concentrate generated in the process ends up being an inconvenience to the deployment of this technology due to lack of sustainable solutions for their management. Thus, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the use of membranes for microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrated in agriculture, using it as liquid fertilizer. The permeated membranes were also assessed in order to identify activities in which they could be reused. Five configurations were established from four types of membranes, so that each configuration represents a different system. The tests were conducted in batch mode, with triplicate for each configuration. The results indicated that permeated the microfiltration and ultrafiltration can be used in urban areas, in non-potable uses. Have the nanofiltration permeate can be reused in the industry, replacement cooling towers, and other non -potable uses required in the manufacturing unit. The permeate obtained in reverse osmosis met the intended uses for nanofiltration as well as the standards required for boiler feed, adding alkalizing being required to raise the pH to the recommended value. Concentrates generated in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis can be availed as liquid fertilizer in agriculture, but they must be diluted in the irrigation water, in order to adjust the salt concentration allowed for the least tolerant crops patterns / A utiliza??o de membranas filtrantes no p?s-tratamento de esgotos tem sido cada vez mais empregada para obten??o de ?gua com qualidade, aplic?vel a v?rias modalidades de re?so. Apesar das vantagens apresentadas com o uso do permeado de membranas, como a economia de ?gua e a redu??o da polui??o h?drica, o concentrado gerado no processo acaba sendo um inconveniente para a implanta??o dessa tecnologia, devido ? falta de solu??es sustent?veis para seu gerenciamento. Sendo assim, o principal objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o uso do concentrado de membranas de microfiltra??o, ultrafiltra??o, nanofiltra??o e osmose inversa na agricultura, utilizando-o como adubo l?quido. Os permeados das membranas tamb?m foram avaliados, a fim de identificar em que atividades os mesmos poderiam ser reutilizados. Foram estabelecidas cinco configura??es, a partir dos quatro tipos de membranas, de modo que cada configura??o representou um sistema distinto. Os ensaios foram realizados em batelada, com triplicata para cada configura??o. Os resultados indicaram que os permeados da microfiltra??o e ultrafiltra??o podem ser utilizados no meio urbano, em usos n?o pot?veis. J? o permeado da nanofiltra??o pode ser reutilizado na ind?stria, para reposi??o em torres de resfriamento, e nos demais usos n?o pot?veis requeridos na unidade fabril. O permeado obtido no processo de osmose inversa atendeu aos usos previstos para nanofiltra??o, bem como aos padr?es exigidos para alimenta??o de caldeiras, sendo necess?ria a adi??o de alcalinizante, para elevar o pH at? o valor recomendado. Os concentrados gerados na nanofiltra??o e osmose inversa podem ser aproveitados na agricultura como adubo l?quido, mas precisam ser dilu?dos na ?gua de irriga??o, a fim de adequar a concentra??o de sais aos padr?es permitidos para culturas menos tolerantes

O soro e o permeado de soro de queijo, subprodutos da indústria de laticínios, constituem-se substratos alternativos, ricos em nutrientes e de grande potencial para a produção de etanol. Diante da necessidade de melhorias em processos fermentativos, a tecnologia de imobilização celular pode contribuir positivamente para processos mais eficazes e vantajosos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar a produção de etanol a partir de soro e permeado de soro de queijo por diferentes leveduras em biorreatores de células imobilizadas operados em regime batelada e em sistema contínuo, bem como representar matematicamente o bioprocesso. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho, diferentes linhagens de Kluyveromyces marxianus e diferentes meios de cultivo foram testados em agitador rotacional e em biorreator de células imobilizadas, e os efeitos da taxa de diluição (D) e da concentração de substrato (C WP ) foram investigadas em biorreatores contínuos. Altos fatores de conversão (YEtOH/S) e de produtividade volumétrica (QP) foram obtidos pela linhagens K. marxianus CCT 4086 tanto em agitador rotacional quanto em biorreator com células imobilizadas em alginato de cálcio operado em regime batelada (0,47 g L-1 e 2,53 g L-1 h-1). Diante disso, esta linhagem foi escolhida para os testes posteriores. Aumentos consideráveis nos parâmetros de fermentação (YEtOH/S e QP) foram obtidos a partir do planejamento experimental hexagonal em biorreatores operados continuamente (0,51 g g-1 e 6,01 g L-1 h-1). Melhorias no processo ainda foram alcançadas em biorreatores contínuos de dois estágios operados em sequência, em que alta produtividade volumétrica (6,97 g L-1 h-1) e concentração de etanol (70,4 g L-1) foram observadas. Em uma segunda etapa deste trabalho, linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foram testadas para a bioconversão de soro e permeado de soro de queijo a etanol. Diferentes leveduras imobilizadas e estratégias de cultivo foram utilizadas para bioconverter meios não concentrados e concentrados, em biorreatores de leito fluidizado. Valores similares dos parâmetros fermentativos (YEtOH/S e QP) foram obtidos para o monocultivo das linhagens de S. cerevisiae (CAT-1 e PE-2). O co-cultivo de S. cerevisiae CAT-1 e K. marxianus CCT 4086 aumentou em quatro vezes a produtividade volumétrica em permeado de soro de queijo e em 69 % em soro de queijo, mas não superou os altos valores obtidos pela monocultura de K. marxianus CCT 4086 (0,49 g g-1 e 1, 68 g L-1 h-1). Aumentos na concentração de etanol foram alcançados a partir de meio concentrado (79,1 g L-1), e melhorias na produtividade volumétrica foram obtidas a partir de batelada repetida (2,8 g L-1 h-1). Em uma terceira etapa, foi realizada a modelagem matemática do bioprocesso da produção de etanol por soro de queijo a partir de K. marxianus CCT 4086, linhagem esta que conferiu os melhores resultados ao longo deste trabalho. O sistema contínuo A-stat (accelerostat technique) foi utilizado, tanto para cultivos de células livres quanto imobilizadas, onde duas taxas de aceleração foram testadas. Quatro modelos matemáticos não estruturados foram analisados, levando em consideração a limitação pelo substrato e a inibição pelo produto. Os resultados mostraram que as taxas de diluição (D) e de aceleração (a) afetam a fisiologia e o metabolismo celular. O estado estacionário foi alcançado para a menor taxa de aceleração (a = 0,0015 h-2), e um alto fator de conversão foi obtido (0,52 g g-1) nesta condição. A imobilização celular contribuiu para o aumento do fator de conversão em 23 % na condição de maior taxa de aceleração testada (a = 0,00667 h-2). Alto ajuste dos modelos preditivos para biomassa, substrato e produto foi obtido a partir da maior taxa de aceleração, contudo o fenômeno biológico foi melhor representado para a menor taxa de aceleração. Os modelos de Monod e de Levenspiel combinado com Ghose e Tyagi foram os mais apropriados para descrever o bioprocesso. / Whey and whey permeate, by-products of the dairy industry, are alternative substrates, rich in nutrients and with great potential for use in the ethanol production. Considering the need for improvements in fermentation processes, cell immobilization technology can positively contribute to more effective and advantageous bioprocesses. In this context, the aim of this work was to optimize the ethanol production from whey and whey permeate by different yeasts on immobilized batch fluidized bed bioreactors and in continuous systems, and also describe mathematically the bioprocess. In the first step, different strains of K. marxianus and cultivation media were tested in batch mode and the effects of dilution rate (D) and substrate concentration (C WP ) were investigated in continuous bioreactors. High ethanol yield (YEtOH/S) and ethanol productivities (QP) were obtained by K. marxianus CCT 4086, for both in shaker cultivation and in batch fluidized-bed bioreactors with immobilized cells in Ca-alginate (0.47 g L-1 e 2.53 g L-1 h-1). This strain was chosen for subsequent tests. Substantial increases in the fermentation parameters (YEtOH/S e QP) were obtained from the hexagonal experimental design in continuous bioreactors (0.51 g g-1 e 6.01 g L-1 h-1). Process improvements were achieved in two continuous fluidized-bed bioreactors operated in sequence, wherein high ethanol productivities (6.97 g L-1 h-1) and concentrations (70.4 g L-1) were obtained. Then, in a second step of this study, strains of S. cerevisiae were tested to bioconversion of lactose-hydrolysed whey and whey permeate into ethanol. Different immobilized strains in monoculture and coculture were used to the bioconversion of not concentrated or concentrated mediums in batch fluidized bed bioreactors. Similar values of the fermentation parameters (YEtOH/S e QP) were obtained for the strains S. cerevisiae (CAT-1 and PE-2). The co-culture of S. cerevisiae CAT- 1 and K. marxianus CCT 4086 increased four times the ethanol productivity in lactosehydrolyzed whey permeate and 69 % in lactose-hydrolyzed whey, but not attained the high values of K. marxianus CCT 4086 monoculture (0.49 g g-1 e 1.68 g L-1 h-1). Increases in the ethanol concentrations (79.1 g L-1) were obtained from concentrated media, and improvement in ethanol productivities was obtained by repeated batch (2.8 g L-1 h-1). In a third step, the mathematical modeling of the ethanol production from whey was performed, using K. marxianus CCT 4086 as biocatalyst due to the better results attained throughout of this work. The continuous A-stat system (accelerostat technique) was used for both free cell cultures and immobilized, and two acceleration rates were tested. Four unstructured mathematical models were analyzed, taking into account the limiting substrate and product inhibition. The results showed that the dilution rate (D) and the acceleration rate (a) affected cell physiology and metabolism. The steady state was attained for the lower acceleration rate (a = 0.0015 h-2), and in this condition a high ethanol yield was verified (0.52 g g-1). Cell immobilization increased 23 % of the ethanol yield for the highest acceleration rate (a = 0.00667 h-2) tested. High fit of the predictive models of biomass, lactose and ethanol concentrations were obtained from the high acceleration rate, however the biological phenomenon was better described for the lower acceleration rate. Among the set of models evaluated, Monod and Levenspiel combined with Ghose and Tyagi models were found to be more appropriate for describing the bioprocess.

O soro e o permeado de soro de queijo, subprodutos da indústria de laticínios, constituem-se substratos alternativos, ricos em nutrientes e de grande potencial para a produção de etanol. Diante da necessidade de melhorias em processos fermentativos, a tecnologia de imobilização celular pode contribuir positivamente para processos mais eficazes e vantajosos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar a produção de etanol a partir de soro e permeado de soro de queijo por diferentes leveduras em biorreatores de células imobilizadas operados em regime batelada e em sistema contínuo, bem como representar matematicamente o bioprocesso. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho, diferentes linhagens de Kluyveromyces marxianus e diferentes meios de cultivo foram testados em agitador rotacional e em biorreator de células imobilizadas, e os efeitos da taxa de diluição (D) e da concentração de substrato (C WP ) foram investigadas em biorreatores contínuos. Altos fatores de conversão (YEtOH/S) e de produtividade volumétrica (QP) foram obtidos pela linhagens K. marxianus CCT 4086 tanto em agitador rotacional quanto em biorreator com células imobilizadas em alginato de cálcio operado em regime batelada (0,47 g L-1 e 2,53 g L-1 h-1). Diante disso, esta linhagem foi escolhida para os testes posteriores. Aumentos consideráveis nos parâmetros de fermentação (YEtOH/S e QP) foram obtidos a partir do planejamento experimental hexagonal em biorreatores operados continuamente (0,51 g g-1 e 6,01 g L-1 h-1). Melhorias no processo ainda foram alcançadas em biorreatores contínuos de dois estágios operados em sequência, em que alta produtividade volumétrica (6,97 g L-1 h-1) e concentração de etanol (70,4 g L-1) foram observadas. Em uma segunda etapa deste trabalho, linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foram testadas para a bioconversão de soro e permeado de soro de queijo a etanol. Diferentes leveduras imobilizadas e estratégias de cultivo foram utilizadas para bioconverter meios não concentrados e concentrados, em biorreatores de leito fluidizado. Valores similares dos parâmetros fermentativos (YEtOH/S e QP) foram obtidos para o monocultivo das linhagens de S. cerevisiae (CAT-1 e PE-2). O co-cultivo de S. cerevisiae CAT-1 e K. marxianus CCT 4086 aumentou em quatro vezes a produtividade volumétrica em permeado de soro de queijo e em 69 % em soro de queijo, mas não superou os altos valores obtidos pela monocultura de K. marxianus CCT 4086 (0,49 g g-1 e 1, 68 g L-1 h-1). Aumentos na concentração de etanol foram alcançados a partir de meio concentrado (79,1 g L-1), e melhorias na produtividade volumétrica foram obtidas a partir de batelada repetida (2,8 g L-1 h-1). Em uma terceira etapa, foi realizada a modelagem matemática do bioprocesso da produção de etanol por soro de queijo a partir de K. marxianus CCT 4086, linhagem esta que conferiu os melhores resultados ao longo deste trabalho. O sistema contínuo A-stat (accelerostat technique) foi utilizado, tanto para cultivos de células livres quanto imobilizadas, onde duas taxas de aceleração foram testadas. Quatro modelos matemáticos não estruturados foram analisados, levando em consideração a limitação pelo substrato e a inibição pelo produto. Os resultados mostraram que as taxas de diluição (D) e de aceleração (a) afetam a fisiologia e o metabolismo celular. O estado estacionário foi alcançado para a menor taxa de aceleração (a = 0,0015 h-2), e um alto fator de conversão foi obtido (0,52 g g-1) nesta condição. A imobilização celular contribuiu para o aumento do fator de conversão em 23 % na condição de maior taxa de aceleração testada (a = 0,00667 h-2). Alto ajuste dos modelos preditivos para biomassa, substrato e produto foi obtido a partir da maior taxa de aceleração, contudo o fenômeno biológico foi melhor representado para a menor taxa de aceleração. Os modelos de Monod e de Levenspiel combinado com Ghose e Tyagi foram os mais apropriados para descrever o bioprocesso. / Whey and whey permeate, by-products of the dairy industry, are alternative substrates, rich in nutrients and with great potential for use in the ethanol production. Considering the need for improvements in fermentation processes, cell immobilization technology can positively contribute to more effective and advantageous bioprocesses. In this context, the aim of this work was to optimize the ethanol production from whey and whey permeate by different yeasts on immobilized batch fluidized bed bioreactors and in continuous systems, and also describe mathematically the bioprocess. In the first step, different strains of K. marxianus and cultivation media were tested in batch mode and the effects of dilution rate (D) and substrate concentration (C WP ) were investigated in continuous bioreactors. High ethanol yield (YEtOH/S) and ethanol productivities (QP) were obtained by K. marxianus CCT 4086, for both in shaker cultivation and in batch fluidized-bed bioreactors with immobilized cells in Ca-alginate (0.47 g L-1 e 2.53 g L-1 h-1). This strain was chosen for subsequent tests. Substantial increases in the fermentation parameters (YEtOH/S e QP) were obtained from the hexagonal experimental design in continuous bioreactors (0.51 g g-1 e 6.01 g L-1 h-1). Process improvements were achieved in two continuous fluidized-bed bioreactors operated in sequence, wherein high ethanol productivities (6.97 g L-1 h-1) and concentrations (70.4 g L-1) were obtained. Then, in a second step of this study, strains of S. cerevisiae were tested to bioconversion of lactose-hydrolysed whey and whey permeate into ethanol. Different immobilized strains in monoculture and coculture were used to the bioconversion of not concentrated or concentrated mediums in batch fluidized bed bioreactors. Similar values of the fermentation parameters (YEtOH/S e QP) were obtained for the strains S. cerevisiae (CAT-1 and PE-2). The co-culture of S. cerevisiae CAT- 1 and K. marxianus CCT 4086 increased four times the ethanol productivity in lactosehydrolyzed whey permeate and 69 % in lactose-hydrolyzed whey, but not attained the high values of K. marxianus CCT 4086 monoculture (0.49 g g-1 e 1.68 g L-1 h-1). Increases in the ethanol concentrations (79.1 g L-1) were obtained from concentrated media, and improvement in ethanol productivities was obtained by repeated batch (2.8 g L-1 h-1). In a third step, the mathematical modeling of the ethanol production from whey was performed, using K. marxianus CCT 4086 as biocatalyst due to the better results attained throughout of this work. The continuous A-stat system (accelerostat technique) was used for both free cell cultures and immobilized, and two acceleration rates were tested. Four unstructured mathematical models were analyzed, taking into account the limiting substrate and product inhibition. The results showed that the dilution rate (D) and the acceleration rate (a) affected cell physiology and metabolism. The steady state was attained for the lower acceleration rate (a = 0.0015 h-2), and in this condition a high ethanol yield was verified (0.52 g g-1). Cell immobilization increased 23 % of the ethanol yield for the highest acceleration rate (a = 0.00667 h-2) tested. High fit of the predictive models of biomass, lactose and ethanol concentrations were obtained from the high acceleration rate, however the biological phenomenon was better described for the lower acceleration rate. Among the set of models evaluated, Monod and Levenspiel combined with Ghose and Tyagi models were found to be more appropriate for describing the bioprocess.

The purpose of this Bachelor thesis was to establish a method for determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation in wastewater from cruise liners. COD fractions of interest were soluble biodegradable (SS), particulate biodegradable (XS), soluble unbiodegradable (SI) and particulate unbiodegradable (XI). Three types of wastewater (gray water, black water and permeate) were analysed and a method with a physiochemical approach was established. The method was originally elaborated by Jun Wu et al in the study “Wastewater COD biodegradability fractionated by simple physical–chemical analysis” (2014) Chemical Engineering Journal[ES1] [JB2]  258, p 450-459. The method was also used for comparison reasons of the COD fractionation in permeate before and after advanced treatment with nanofiltration and ozonation. Total COD in permeate was almost half of the initial value after nanofiltration and XI was eliminated. After ozonation no significant difference was observed neither in total COD concentration or fractionation pattern. The conclusion is that this method to determine the COD fractions has potential but it needs further optimization in form of adjusting the methods matrix specifically based on wastewater from cruise liners. / NAUTEK

The thesis deals with energy demands of wastewater treatment plants. The content is focused on inclusion of membrane modules to the wastewater treatment process. Two possible options of wastewater treatment are compared; first, convetional mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants with activation and installable tank; on the other hand, plants with activation with membrane module. In the practical part, three possible options of intensification are suggested. In the first part, new mechanisms for the plant are projected, in the second part, the energy demands of this tecnological equipment are treated, and in the last point, the item bugget is processed. The comparison of investment and operating costs is made in the conclusion of the thesis.

The Reverse Osmosis (RO) process has been considered to be one of the most widely utilised techniques for brackish water desalination for its capabilities to produce high-quality water. The RO process characterised by its low energy consumption compared to thermal distillation processes, leading to reduced overall water production cost. To systematically understand the transport phenomena of solvent and solutes via the membrane texture, several mathematical models were developed. This interestingly aids to conduct a huge amount of simulation and optimisation studies to judge the influence of control variables on the performance indexes and to adjust the key variables at optimum values to realise optimum production indexes. In this research, a specific accurate model for a single spiral wound RO process has been successfully developed and used to build accurate models for the multistage brackish water RO desalination process of two different designs. The robustness of the model developed was confirmed via validation against the experimental data collected from simple design of RO system and complicated design of RO system of Arab Potash Company (APC). This is followed by a thorough simulation of the RO process to explore the influence of operating conditions on the process performance indicators. Recently, several contributions were made in this thesis that specifically comprises the improvement of the original design of brackish water RO desalination process. The influence of a retentate recycle design is investigated on the process performance. Moreover, evaluation and minimisation of specific energy consumption (expressed in kWh/m3 of freshwater production) is carried out on the simple and complicated designs of RO process by implementing an energy recovery device. Also, the most suitable brand of membranes was explored for the RO system from a set of different brands of membrane to attain the highest-performance rejection at lowest energy consumption compared to the original membrane. Furthermore, a single optimisation framework was developed to mitigate the specific energy consumption of simple and complicated designs of brackish water RO desalination process. Finally, a thermodynamic limitations and exergy analysis of the complicated design of RO system are outlined via a thoroughly study to investigate the locations of high exergy destruction. These contributions were verified as they promoted the separation performance at a significant energy saving. / Mutah University, Jordan

Yes / In recent times two or more desalination processes have been combined to form integrated systems that have been widely used to resolve the limitations of individual processes as well as producing high performance systems. In this regard, a simple integrated system of the Multi Effect Distillation (MED)/Thermal Vapour Compression (TVC) and Permeate Reprocessing Reverse Osmosis (PRRO) process was developed by the same authors and confirmed its validity after a comparison study against other developed configurations. However, this design has a considerable amount of retentate flowrate and low productivity. To resolve this issue, two novel designs of MED and double reverse osmosis (RO) processes including Permeate and Retentate Reprocessing designs (PRRP and RRRO) are developed and modelled in this paper. To systematically assess the consistency of the presented designs, the performance indicators of the novel designs are compared against previous simple designs of MED and PRRO processes at a specified set of operating conditions. Results show the superiority of the integrated MED and double permeate reprocessing design. This has specifically achieved both economic and environmental advantages where total productivity is increased by around 9% and total retentate flowrate (disposed to water bodies) is reduced by 5% with a marginally reduced energy consumption.

This study was to investigate theory and application of Osmotic Distillation (OD). OD is a new novel membrane separation process used for the concentration of aqueous solutions such as fruit juices without the application of heat. The present work was undertaken to investigate flux limitations focusing on feedside, membrane and stripper side characteristics of OD. Once the limiting areas were identified, further studies were undertaken to determine methods of minimizing those limitations without losing the quality and integrity of the liquid feed. A laboratory scale OD system was used to simulate the industrial process which takes place during the production of grape juice concentrate for the fruit juice industry. Results of a UF pretreatment study showed that the use of UF membranes with pore diameters of 0.1 fÝm or less as a pretreatment for the subsequent OD of grape juice resulted in significant increases in OD flux over that observed for juice not subjected to UF. The study of the physical properties of the feed played an important role in the explanation of the OD process. The increase in OD flux was attributed to a reduction in juice viscosity as the result of the removal of protein and other high molecular weight components. Apart from an increase in OD flux, UF pretreatment of the grape juice proved to be beneficial in other areas of the OD process. HPLC measurements showed that the normal concentration of fermentable sugars in standard 68 oBrix concentrate can be achieved at a lower Brix value in feed subjected to UF pretreatment, further reducing the need to handle highly viscous feeds. UF pretreatment also resulted in an increase in juice surface tension consequently reducing the tendency for membrane wet-out to occur. The study of the deoxygenation of the feed solution shows that the removal of dissolved gases by the pre boiling method and the perstraction with chemical reaction (PCR) method both had a positive affect on OD flux. Pre boiling the brine resulted in an indirect reduction in dissolved oxygen in the feed. Pre boiling both the feed and brine, further increased the flux. Throughout the PCR study, it was evident that stripper side mass transfer of O2 was not limited by flowrate but was limited by higher stripper concentration. However, the latter had an insignificant effect when the sulfite-oxygen reaction was catalysed. The use of a catalyst and increase in temperature gave a significant improvement in overall mass transfer coefficient. Ten types of hydrophobic microporous membranes were tested for their influence on OD flux. While the pore diameter is a considerable factor in mass transport of gases through the membrane, it was also noted that the type of membrane material used had an affect on the overall mass transfer. All top three performing membranes had pore diameters of 0.2 x 10-6 m and were made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The choice of brine to use as the stripper was based on criteria that were confirmed by the brine studies performed here. The best performing stripper solutions demonstrating the greatest improvement in OD flux over the most commonly used brines, NaCl, CaCl2 and CH3COOK were aqueous solutions of potassium salts of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and blends thereof. These salts agreed with all the required characteristics of a suitable brine, demonstrating high solubility rates, supporting the ability to lower water vapour pressure. The study of the corrosion effects of brine salts confirmed the phosphate salts are superior demonstrating some of the lowest corrosion rates and highest pH.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Lepretti de Nadai.pdf: 10475653 bytes, checksum: 7df346ebd0d9a5c7cd7b241864ca6506 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Whey is considered one of the most polluting waste from the food industry, and its treatment a highly expensive process. An alternative for its reuse is applied to obtain biotechnological products. The objective of this study was to optimize the cell biomass production conditions of S. boulardii yeast in a batch system, using whey permeate. An experimental design was applied DCCR (a central composite design), and in response to cellular biomass, in order to evaluate the effect of four variables on cell biomass response. Fermentations were carried out at different pH, ammonium sulfate concentrations, and permeate. Two experiments with aeration to the fermentation medium were performed, aiming to increase the production of cell biomass. The highest cell biomass obtained in DCCR was 40,06 gL-1, under the following conditions: 7,5 gL-1 of ammonium sulfate, 1,25 gL-1 of magnesium sulfate, 1,5 gL-1 of monobasic potassium phosphate and 180 gL-1 of permeate, 30°C, agitation 100 rpm and pH 5,5. The investigated pH that favored the production of cell biomass was 4,5. The permeate concentrations which favored the production of biomass are included in the range of 180 to 220 gL-1. Thus, the study demonstrated that the whey permeate is a residue having great potential in producing cellular biomass using the yeast S. boulardii, showing how to dispose of this alternative, reducing negative impacts on the environment and decreasing costs for wastewater treatment industries. / O soro do leite é considerado um dos resíduos mais poluentes da indústria alimentícia, sendo seu tratamento um processo altamente dispendioso. Uma alternativa para a sua reutilização é a aplicação para a obtenção de produtos biotecnológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi otimizar as condições de produção de biomassa celular da levedura S. boulardii em sistema descontínuo, utilizando permeado de soro de leite. Foi aplicado um planejamento experimental DCCR (delineamento composto central rotacional), tendo como resposta a biomassa celular, com o intuito de avaliar o efeito de quatro variáveis sobre a resposta de biomassa celular. Foram realizadas fermentações com diferentes valores de pH, concentrações de sulfato de amônio e permeado. Foram realizadas dois ensaios com aeração ao meio fermentativo, objetivando o aumento na produção de biomassa celular. O maior valor de biomassa celular obtido no DCCR foi de 40,06 gL-1, sob as seguintes condições: 7,5 gL-1 de sulfato de amônio, 1,25 gL-1 de sulfato de magnésio, 1,5 gL-1 de fosfato monobásico de potássio e 180 gL-1 de permeado, 30ºC, agitação de 100 rpm e pH 5,5. O valor de pH investigado que favoreceu a produção de biomassa celular foi 4,5. As concentrações de permeado que favoreceram a produção de biomassa estão compreendidas na faixa de 180 à 220 gL-1. Assim, o estudo demonstrou que o permeado de soro de leite é um resíduo com grande potencial na produção de biomassa celular utilizando a levedura S. boulardii, mostrando-se como alternativa ao descarte deste, reduzindo os impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e diminuindo os custos de tratamento deste efluente para as indústrias.