Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés au cas d'adsorptions compétitives sur des zéolithes, de molécules polaires en phase gaz, sous irradiation micro-ondes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié de façon approfondie les mécanismes d'interactions onde-matière sur des systèmes adsorbant-adsorbant à l'aide de mesures de permittivités. Dans un second temps, des adsorptions ont été effectuées à l'échelle pilote et ont permis d'analyser les possibilités réelles, offertes par les micro-ondes. Le procédé de régénération adsorbant sous micro-ondes a été décrit à l'aide d'un modèle multi-physique et validé expérimentalement. Un procédé de purification d'un courant gazeux humide chargé en COV apolaire a été proposé. Ce procédé permet une récupération sélective et efficace des molécules d'eau et de toluène. Ce procédé s'appuie sur les différences de sélectivités d'adsorption de plusieurs zéolithes, ainsi que sur leurs pertes diélectriques contrastées. / In this thesis, we particularly focused on competitive sorption of polar/apolar gaseous mixtures on zeolites under microwave irradiations. In a first step, we precisely studied wave-material mechanisms occuring between an electromagnetic wave and an adsorbat-adsorbent couple by studying thier dieclectric properties. In a second step, co-sorptions under microwave on a bench test have been realised and analysed. They showed the real advantages that microwave can bring to tjis process. Then, a regeneration process have benn described with a pmutiphysic modelling and experimentally validated. A purification process of a humide gas flow loaded with an apolar VOC have been proposed. The case of toluene, as an apolar compound, has been experimentally treated. This process allows an efficient and selective recovery of water and toluene molecules. This process uses the sorption selectivity properties of several zeolites and their contrasted dielectric losses.

Cette étude est centrée sur la synthèse et la préparation de zéolithes modifiées par des métaux de transition avec leurs applications en catalyse sous irradiation microondes. Des travaux précédents ont montré l’intérêt de modifier des zéolithes avec des métaux de transition pour leur application sur des réactions d’oxydation et d’utiliser les microondes afin d’augmenter les vitesses de réaction. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié deux types de structure zéolithique (MEL et FAU) dopés par des métaux de transition (Co, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr) à différentes concentrations. Une étude classique de caractérisation a permis d’augmenter la connaissance sur la préparation de zéolithes modifiées et de comprendre leur influence sur l’activité catalytique. La réaction d’oxydation partielle du styrène pour la production du benzaldéhyde a été choisie comme réaction modèle. La zéolithe Co-ZSM-11 a présenté la meilleure activité catalytique dans cette étude ainsi que par rapport à d’autres catalyseurs présentés dans la littérature.Les réactions d’oxydation du styrène ont été étudiées sous irradiation microondes et sous chauffage conventionnel. Aucune différence sur l’activité des zéolithes dopées n’a été observée pour les deux types de chauffage. Les faibles valeurs de permittivités et perméabilités des zéolithes dopées par des métaux de transition rendent difficile l’intensification du procédé d’obtention de benzaldéhyde à partir de l’oxydation du styrène sous microondes. Les paramètres de la réaction modèle ont été optimisés et une étude cinétique a été menée avec la zéolithe Co-ZSM-11. Enfin, le chauffage par hystérésis diélectrique a été utilisé dans la synthèse de zéolithes ZSM-11. Le temps de synthèse a été considérablement réduit (80%) par rapport au temps nécessaire sous chauffage conventionnel. / This study focuses on the synthesis and preparation of modified zeolites with transition metals and theirs applications in catalysis under microwave irradiation. Previous works have shown interest in modifying zeolites with transition metals for their application to oxidation reactions and in using microwave irradiation in order to increase the reaction rates. In this thesis, we studied two types of zeolite structure (MEL and FAU) doped with transitionmetals (Co, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr) at different concentrations. A classic characterization study has increased the knowledge on the preparation of modified zeolites and the understanding of their influence on thecatalytic activity. The styrene partial oxidation reaction for benzaldehyde production was chosen as amodel reaction. Co-ZSM-11 zeolite presented the best catalytic activity in this study and also compared to other catalysts found in the literature. The styrene oxidation reactions were studied under microwave irradiation and under conventional heating. No difference in the activity of doped zeolites was observed for both types of heating. The low values of permittivity and permeability of zeolites doped with transition metals make difficult the intensification of the benzaldehyde production process from styrene oxidation under microwave. The parameters of the model reaction have been optimized and a reaction kinetic study was carried out by using the Co-ZSM-11 zeolite. Finally, the hysteresis dielectric heating was used in the synthesis of ZSM-11. The synthesis time was significantly reduced (80%) under microwave irradiation compared to conventional heating.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an effective tool to measure the geological properties. A lot of information can be interpreted from the GPR data, such as soil water content. One of the common approaches is to determine the apparent electrical permittivity from the transmission velocity of the impulse electromagnetic wave, and to use empirical relationships to estimate the soil water content. For example, Ferre equation & Topp equation are all expressing the relationship between soil water content and electrical permittivity. However, this method has some limitations; most notably the necessity to determine the velocity from a known depth to a reflecting surface. Therefore, another approach using the frequency dependent attenuation represented by a parameter called Q* was tested and studied in this thesis. The Q* method was evaluated using laboratory measurements, which consists of a series of experiments. A new empirical model was established using experiments where Q* was estimated from measurements on a soil sample with known water contents using two types of antennas (1.6 GHz & 2.3 GHz). Finally, the adaptability of Topp equation and Ferre equation were verified, and a new empirical equation was defined. What’s more, the other method using Q* was proved to be feasible.

In this thesis, different methods for measuring the relative dielectric constant is investigated using simulations and experimental approaches. The first method is known as the S-parameter inversion method. In this method formulae is used to calculate the characteristic impedance of the microstrip line from measured S-parameters. To calculate the value of relative dielectric constant, four expressions for the microstrip line that relate the characteristic impedance to the relative dielectric constant were used. Second method uses an implementation of a band-pass filter and is commonly known as the band-pass filter method. In this method, a band-pass microstrip filter was designed using a predicted relative dielectric constant value. Center frequency of the band-pass filter is chosen to be at the frequency of interest, since relative dielectric constant will be determined around this frequency. The designed band-pass filter was manufactured and the frequency response was measured. To determine the true relative dielectric constant one changes the relative dielectric constant parameter used in the simulation until it matches the measured response of the manufactured PCB. Third method is called the quarter wavelength stub method. It uses implementations of a microstrip quarter wavelength stub because it resonance at different frequencies. The relative dielectric constant is determined using the frequencies on which the reflection occurred. In the fourth method, called the two microstrip line method, two lines of different lengths were designed and the phase difference between the propagating waves were measured. The phase difference and difference in length of the two lines is then used to calculate the relative dielectric constant. The thesis shows that a majority of the methods generates a similar result, thus indicates that they are suitable to determine the relative dielectric constant of any given substrate. The two methods that gave the most accurate results are the quarter wavelength stub method and the band-pass filter method. S-parameter inversion method is the method that has high variations in the results. Since the characteristic impedance that is calculated using the S-parameters are sensitive towards any sort of disturbances. The resulting relative dielectric constant aren't within the expected range for FR-4 both higher and lower values were obtained. The band-pass filter method gives the most accurate results of the methods. As the resulting relative dielectric constant are within the expected range for FR-4. Quarter wavelength stub method gives the results of the relative dielectric constant that are within the expected values of FR-4 and the variation is moderate. Two microstrip line method shows deviations in the results and has non-linearity as well. This is probably coming due to resonance of the line that gives rise to a phase change. This method is also acceptable since the results of the relative dielectric constant are within the expected range for FR-4.

This thesis aims to study how flat dielectric lenses can be designed. The usage of flat lenses is steadily increasing as they are smaller and less bulky than traditional convex lenses. Instead of a lens with a curved surface the permittivity in the lens is varied to achieve the same effect. Two different computational methods were investigated when approaching this problem: physical and geometrical optics. In physical optics the incoming radio waves are treated as waves in contrast to geometrical optics where it is considered as rays. Both methods are used as approximations of Maxwell's equations. The variation of permittivity in the lens was formulated as an optimisation problem where the lens' focusing abilities were maximised. The optimisation was implemented with an interior point method. Both arbitrary permittivity distributions as well as predetermined distributions were examined in this work. All optimised lens models were then simulated in a full wave commercial simulation software to verify and compare the two. The simulations showed that both approaches gave promising results as they focused the electromagnetic wave in a satisfying way. However the physical optics approach was more prominent as the focused radio waves had a much higher magnitude than the approach based on geometrical optics. The conclusion was therefore that physical optics is the preferred approach.

There is an increasing interest in using new composite materials in microwave devices, to reduce size and weight while maintaining similar performances. A new promising material group is named magneto-dielectric materials, which have the permittivity and permeability values both larger than one. Compared to the commercially used dielectric materials, magneto-dielectric materials can achieve a larger miniaturization factor with the equivalent properties as dielectric materials. There is a very limited availability of commercial magneto-dielectric materials. A recent addition was from Rogers Corporation with MAGTREX 555, [1], that is available as a printed circuit board laminate. The material is limited to 500 MHz operational frequency due to its increased magnetic and dielectric losses. In this thesis the purpose is to understand the loss mechanisms, characterize and understand the state-of-the-art magneto-dielectric materials at microwaves, and to produce a magneto-dielectric material in the lab to understand the material better. A new material was developed with magneto-dielectric properties. The material was based on a polymer base of polystyrene that serves as a dielectric material and doped with nickel nanoparticles that produce the magnetic properties. The contents of the nanoparticles in the mix is a design variable. Nickel-polystyrene samples with different nickel contents of 0%, 2.3% and 4.5%, were produced in the lab and measured in-house to understand the loss mechanism and RF performance.

Planar and cylindrical waveguides with linear cladding and a core with real, field dependent permittivity are considered, in particular even and odd modes are investigated.Assuming a plane wave with TE-polarization, Maxwell´s equations for the electric field lead to a nonlinear differential equation whose solution is approximated by means of a Green s function and an iteration method. Referring to a photorefractive permittivity with external field, the approximate solution is compared with the numerical solution; furthermore, the amplitude of even modes in the planar waveguide is compared with the analytically determined amplitude. In both cases, the agreement is satisfactory.The conditions of convergence of the iteration are investigated for a photorefractive permittivity with external field. It is shown that they are fulfilled for suitable choice of the width of the waveguide and the propagation constant. By means of the iteration method, the change of the linear dispersion relation due to the field dependent permittivity is described.The ratio of the power flow in the core to the total power flow is linearized in order to investigate the influence of weak nonlinearity.

La détermination des propriétés des matériaux soumis à des chocs est un enjeu essentiel dans de nombreux domaines industriels. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle méthode fondée sur l’interrogation en bande millimétrique d’un solide soumis à un choc. Deux paramètres doivent être mesurés simultanément, la vitesse du choc et la vitesse matérielle associée afin de pouvoir construire la polaire de choc du matériau d’étude. Dans un premier temps, un état de l’art des techniques de mesure existantes est réalisé pour cibler les performances et limites de l’existant. Dans un second temps, on s’intéresse à la modélisation de la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans des milieux à plusieurs interfaces en mouvement et avec un gradient d’indice pour représenter des cas de choc soutenu et non soutenu. Enfin, des campagnes expérimentales d’impact plan sont présentées sur différents matériaux, inertes et explosifs, pour confronter la théorie développée aux résultats de mesure. Pour le cas des chocs soutenus, les résultats sont en très bon accord et permettent de valider le modèle. Le cas des chocs non soutenus est plus complexe. Une approche par réseau de neurones est envisagée pour permettre de remonter aux vitesses et aux indices de réfraction. Enfin, des mesures de la permittivité complexe de nombreux explosifs sont présentées. / The mechanical properties of solids under shock wave loading are a key factor in many industrial applications. This work aims at defining a new approach for the simultaneous measurement of shock wave and particle velocity during a shock event, using millimeter wave interrogation. With the two determined parameters, the shock polar of any material can be derived. First, a review of the classical methods to determine these quantities is presented, to identify the advantages and limits of such techniques. A modelization work is then performed to understand the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a stratified mediumwith moving interfaces and different refractive index in each of the layers. Such a configuration can be used to describe both steady and unsteady shocks on solids. Last, experimental results of plane impact tests on both inert and reactive materials are presented and analyzed to comfort the modelization. For steady shocks, the results are in very good agreement and prove the developed model to be adequate. The case of unsteady shocks is more complex, and a neural network approach is described to solve the problem. Finally, new data on the permittivity of high explosives and a new setup are described.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20815号 / 工博第4419号 / 新制||工||1687(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 関 修平, 教授 佐藤 啓文, 教授 梶 弘典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

The driving force behind this thesis was the need for developing tissue mimicking materials that can mimic the dielectric properties of various biological soft tissues to aid in the development and testing of electromagnetic medical devices. Materials that can mimic the dielectric properties of human skin, adipose, muscle, malignant and healthy fibroglandular tissue, liver, pancreas, and kidney within the frequency range of 500 MHz to 20 GHz have been characterized and tested. The tissue mimicking materials are used to construct biological phantoms for studies that involve the investigation of wireless medical telemetry and a microwave breast cancer detection device.