No research method has yet been identified to best measure South African avocado R&D effectiveness. The research question was which criteria were best in measuring R&D effectiveness and what was the level of satisfaction with these criteria.

No research method has yet been identified to best measure South African avocado R&D effectiveness. The research question was which criteria were best in measuring R&D effectiveness and what was the level of satisfaction with these criteria.

The New Zealand avocado industry is worth $39.7 million in exports of 'Hass' avocados. Crop yields grew steadily from 1996 to 2001 to reach an average of 8.86 tonnes/ha. Since then however, crop yields have remained steady. To increase returns to growers, crop yields must increase. Avocado leaves in New Zealand become yellow in winter and it is hypothesised that chilling, followed by photoinhibition, is leading to photooxidation. Leaf yellowing leads to reduced photosynthetic capacity and early leaf abscission, at a time when carbon fixation and carbohydrate reserves are needed to support developing flowers, subsequent fruit set and vegetative flush, in addition to the existing mature crop. The focus of this research was to determine the underlying causes of yellowing in 'Hass' avocado leaves during winter. It is suspected that it is a result of the creation of free-radical oxygen that causes photooxidation of leaf components under excess light during low temperature conditions, such as experienced on clear winter mornings in the Bay of Plenty. An orchard in Katikati, in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand was selected has it had a history of leaf yellowing. Two open flow, differential gas exchange measurement systems, The CIRAS-1 and the CMS-400 were used to monitor leaf photosynthetic performance over the course of the 2006 winter, with particular focus on the month of August. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured with a Walz Mini-PAM, leaf colour with a Minolta Chroma meter CR-200b and chlorophyll content with Minolta SPAD chlorophyll meter (in addition to traditional extraction techniques). There was conclusive evidence that the cold nights resulted in decreased net photosynthesis over the winter, with the depression starting in May and ending around the middle of August, dates that coincide closely with the period when days with mean temperatures less than 10 C occurred. The decrease in photosynthesis appears to be due to a direct effect on the carbon reduction pathway and in unusual in that full recovery seems to occur at the same time during the day. No photodamage of significance was found and the avocado seems to be highly protected against high light when photosynthesis is inhibited. This investigation found that leaf yellowing is not caused by photodamage following depressed photosynthesis. A new hypothesis is proposed which suggests that leaf yellowing is produced by the re-allocation of nitrogen from leaves during cold weather during flowering. It is suggested that the chilled leaves are seen as unproductive, old or shaded leaves by the plant and nutrient resources are re-allocated away from these leaves. A foliar application of 1% low biuret urea and 0.5% magnesium sulphate is currently used by avocado growers to restore leaf colour in leaves that have become yellow over winter. An experiment was carried out on yellowed leaves on 23rd August 2006 to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. This study concluded that the treatment was able to restore some leaf colour, but had no effect on leaf photosynthetic function.

El trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en el vivero del Instituto de Investigación, Producción y Extensión Agraria (INPREX), de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Nacional JORGE BASADRE GROHMANN – Tacna, cuyos objetivos fueron Lograr que el injerto de la variedad Hass responda positivamente en patrón Topa Topa, así como la yema más adecuada de la variedad Hass en patrón Topa Topa. El experimento se realizó durante los meses de febrero hasta agosto del 2012. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completos aleatorios con cuatro repeticiones, con una distribución de los tratamientos, donde se evaluaron dos tipos de yema (terminal y axilar) las cuales se injertaron con tres técnicas (púa, corona, ingles doble). El análisis de los resultados demostró que tanto el número de injertos prendidos a los 60 días y a los 180 días, altura del injerto, número de hojas y área foliar de la hoja, no existe interacción de los factores de yema e injerto, es decir que los efectos son independientes de cada factor. Se concluyó que los injertos de inglés dobles y yema axilar; inglés doble y yema terminal; púa y yema terminal obtuvieron el 100% de números prendidos a los 180 días. Para la altura de los injertos el que tuvo una mayor longitud fue el injerto de inglés doble con un promedio de 18,12 cm. Este mismo injerto obtuvo el mayor número de hojas con 23 hojas pero en la yema axilar. El área foliar alcanzó un máximo en el injerto corona y yema terminal con 63,72 cm2.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_11949_Dissertação Final - Brena Ramos Athaydes20180417-130407.pdf: 2565845 bytes, checksum: 072a11064c6f5b933c9397ac59474608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / A úlcera péptica é uma das doenças mais comuns que afetam a população mundial. É caracterizada por um desbalanço entre os fatores protetores (produção de muco e bicarbonato, antioxidantes e prostaglandinas) e agressores (estresse oxidativo, anti-inflamatórios não-esteroidais e Helicobacter pylori) da mucosa gástrica. O processo inflamatório ulceroso induz a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e o estresse oxidativo, que cronicamente podem levar ao câncer gástrico. No Brasil, há relatos do uso das sementes de Persea americana Mill. (abacateiro) para o tratamento de doenças gástricas, no entanto, sem evidências científicas. Algumas pesquisas também já destacaram seus efeitos antioxidante e antimicrobiano. Nesse contexto, avaliamos a atividade antioxidante, anti-H. pylori, o efeito imunomodulador e o efeito antitumoral em células de adenocarcinoma gástrico, do extrato hidroalcoólico (SCE) e das frações acetato de etila (SEAP) e hexânica (SHP) obtidos a partir das sementes de abacate. SEAP apresentou os melhores resultados; portanto, também realizamos o perfil químico e o estudo dos efeitos gastroprotetores em modelo agudo de úlcera gástrica induzida por indometacina da SEAP, através de análise histológica e quantificação dos parâmetros bioquímicos da inflamação. SEAP e SHP foram eficientes em inibir o crescimento de células tumorais gástricas e na atividade anti-H. pylori, confirmada por alterações na morfologia bacteriana. A SEAP apresentou os melhores resultados na captura de ABTS+, DPPH, O2-, H2O2, HOCl e inibição da enzima HRP, além de modular a inflamação por inibir significativamente a produção de IL-6. O estudo cromatográfico por ESI FT-ICR MS da SEAP revelou a presença de flavonoides, fenilpropanoides e taninos, como ácido cafeioilquínico, catequina e epicatequina (confirmados por CLAE-DAD) e derivados de quercetina e kaempferol. SEAP reduziu as características das lesões gástricas nas análises macroscópica e histológica, além de aumentar a produção de muco. Nos parâmetros do estresse oxidativo, houve redução significativa dos níveis de AOPP e MDA com aumento da atividade da SOD. Estes resultados mostram que as sementes de P. americana Mill. são capazes de inibir as vias envolvidas na formação de úlcera e câncer gástrico devido à presença de composto fenólicos, sendo uma alternativa estratégica no tratamento de doenças gástricas. Palavras-chaves: Helicobacter pylori, Estresse Oxidativo, Persea americana, Polifenois, Gastroproteção.

This study covered both the Hass and Fuerte varieties of avocado pears. The quality of extracted avocado oil produced by different extraction techniques was assessed to determine the effect the extraction method had on the nutritional and storage value of the oil. While microwave extraction produced the highest yield of oil (70.0 %), supercritical fluid extraction produced oil with a wider range of fatty acids. Although the Hass variety produced a higher oil yield, oil extracted from the Fuerte variety was shown to have a higher monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio, which makes the latter oil more beneficial to health. Oils of the Fuerte variety also possessed a higher concentration of co-extracted metals, which makes it more susceptible to lipid oxidation. The overall choice for the most efficient extraction method was microwave extraction as it produced the highest yield and quality of oil. The impact of soil quality on elemental uptake into locally grown avocado fruit sampled from six different locations was determined. Of the 14 selected metals investigated, avocado fruit was found not to accumulate Cd, Co, Cr, Pb and Se. Generally, the concentration of elements in both varieties of fruit was in the order of Mg > Ca > Al > Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Ni > As. Relative bioaccumulation plots were used to establish the essential and non-essential elements for normal growth of avocado fruit. It was found that the plant has an involuntary uptake mechanism for As due to similarity in ion species to P, which is an essential element. The impact of soil quality parameters pH, cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter were determined and their impact on plant-soil interactions was analysed. Statistical analysis revealed a plethora of metal interactions at the plant-soil interface. However, the plant was still seen to control uptake of specific elements such as Cu, Fe and Ca, due to its physiological requirements. CEC was found to have a greater effect on availability of elements than pH and SOM. Geoaccumulation indices indicated moderate enrichment of Pb in soils; however this result had no bearing on the elemental uptake of the fruit at all sites. Comparisons to recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for human diet reveal the average contribution of avocado to be 70% and 45% for Cu and Mn, respectively. Low levels of As was found in fruit which warrants continued monitoring of this element in the plant due to its similarity to P. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

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Submitted by Renorbio (renorbioba@ufba.br) on 2017-08-15T14:32:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ Zulane Lima Sousa_ Atividades biológicas de extratos e frações das folhas de Persea americana e Syzygium malaccense_ 2016.pdf: 3239265 bytes, checksum: 5c62167b6ccb9fb8640e54efc7cd1af4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2017-08-28T13:56:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ Zulane Lima Sousa_ Atividades biológicas de extratos e frações das folhas de Persea americana e Syzygium malaccense_ 2016.pdf: 3239265 bytes, checksum: 5c62167b6ccb9fb8640e54efc7cd1af4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T13:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ Zulane Lima Sousa_ Atividades biológicas de extratos e frações das folhas de Persea americana e Syzygium malaccense_ 2016.pdf: 3239265 bytes, checksum: 5c62167b6ccb9fb8640e54efc7cd1af4 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia – FAPESB / Os produtos naturais são fonte de substâncias biologicamente ativas, especialmente as plantas, as quais passaram por anos de processos adaptativos contra fatores abióticos, como temperaturas extremas, falta de água, luz e nutrientes, assim como fatores bióticos, como insetos e micro-organismos. Esse processo adaptativo permitiu o desenvolvimento de metabólitos secundários que hoje são alvo para o estudo de compostos bioativos. Na área médica, a necessidade de novas drogas antimicrobianas ocorre devido ao crescente número de casos de micro-organismos resistentes às drogas de uso atual, além do que no caso dos antifúngicos, muitos são tóxicos, devido à similaridade de células eucariotas humanas e fúngicas. Na área agronômica, o problema de perda de produção pela ação de fitopatógenos é preocupante, principalmente para aquelas culturas que ainda não têm um método de controle eficaz e humanamente e ambientalmente seguros, como é o caso do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao Linn.) infectado por Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime and Phillips-Mora, que causa a vassoura de bruxa. Com base nisto, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de buscar substâncias bioativas em extratos das folhas de Persea americana Miller e Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry, plantas já utilizadas na medicina tradicional contra doenças infecciosas. A fração diclorometanólica de P. americana (PAD) apresentou atividade contra M. perniciosa com concentração de 500 µg/mL, apresentando 0,3% de sobrevivência quando comparado ao controle sem tratamento (p<0,05). Através dos estudos realizados, essa ação provavelmente é devida à presença de flavonoides nessa fração, os quais possivelmente agem sobre a membrana plasmática do fungo, levando-o à morte. Já o extrato bruto metanólico de S. malaccense (SMM) apresentou atividade contra Enterococcus faecalis resistente à vancomicina (ATCC 51299) e Staphylococcus aureus multirresistente (ATCC 43300), com concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 100 μg/mL. A fração aquosa de S. malaccense (SMA) mostrou atividade contra Candida albicans (CIM = 50 μg/mL) e Candida krusei (CIM = 6,25 μg/mL). A fração etanólica (SME) apresentou atividade contra Candida parapsilosis e C. albicans (CIMs = 100 μg/mL). Dessa maneira, tanto a fração PAD pode ser utilizada como uma alternativa para o controle da vassoura de bruxa, como as frações SMM, SMA e SME podem ser utilizadas para a elaboração de formulações farmacêuticas para o uso terapêutico. / Natural products are sources of biologically active substances, especially plants, which have gone through years of adaptive processes against abiotic factors such as extreme temperatures, and water, light and nutrients lack, as well as biotic factors such as insects and micro-organisms attacks. This adaptive process allowed the development of secondary metabolites that are now targeted for the study of bioactive compounds. In the medical field, the need for new antimicrobial drugs is due to the increasing number of cases of microorganisms resistant to currently useed drugs and in the case of antifungals many are toxic due to the similarity of human and fungal eukaryotic cells. In agronomy, the problem of lost production by plant pathogens action is worrying, especially for those crops that do not yet have an effective control method humanly and environmentally safe, as is the case of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao Linn.) infected with Moniliophthora pernicious (Stahel) Aime and Phillips-Mora, which causes witches' broom. Based on this, this study was conducted with the objective of seeking bioactive compounds in extracts of Persea americana Miller and Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry leaves, plants already used in traditional medicine against infectious diseases. P. americana dichloromethane fraction (PAD) showed activity against M. perniciosa at concentration of 500 µg/mL, with 0.3% survival when compared to the untreated control (p <0.05). Through studies carried out, this action is probably due to the presence of flavonoids in this fraction, which possibly acts on the plasma membrane of the fungus, leading to death. S. malaccense crude methanol extract (SMM) showed activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 51299) and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 µg/mL. The S. malaccense aqueous fraction (SMA) showed activity against Candida albicans (MIC = 50 µg/mL) and Candida krusei (MIC = 6.25 µg/mL). The S. malaccense ethanol fraction (SME) showed activity against Candida parapsilosis and C. albicans (MIC = 100 µg/mL). Thus, the PAD fraction may be used as an alternative for the control of witch's broom, as well as the SMM, SMA and SME fractions can be used for the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations for therapeutic use.

Submitted by Marcela Caetano Lopes (macaetano20@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-21T18:46:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcela.pdf: 1292116 bytes, checksum: 2f2853581d18a20e0717ac6c4f392da3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-03-21T18:59:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_mc_me_botfca.pdf: 1232320 bytes, checksum: fc96f73cbdab01db0bb82cfe728c8f83 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-21T18:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_mc_me_botfca.pdf: 1232320 bytes, checksum: fc96f73cbdab01db0bb82cfe728c8f83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A utilização do lodo de esgoto como fonte alternativa de adubação, além de promover economia em fertilizantes químicos e melhorar a qualidade física do solo, viabiliza aumento na produtividade das culturas agrícolas. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses de lodo de esgoto na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos de abacateiro ‘Hass’. O experimento foi conduzido e realizado na Fazenda Jaguacy Brasil, produtora e exportadora de abacates ‘Hass’, localizada no município de Bauru-SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e 5 tratamentos, constando de 4 plantas por parcela. A área útil de cada parcela foi composta por duas plantas, destinadas à colheita total dos frutos, em março de 2016 e 2017. As plantas encontram-se no espaçamento 8 x 6 m (208 plantas/hectare), com aproximadamente 9 anos de idade, a irrigação foi realizada por gotejadores. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro doses de lodo de esgoto, com 20% de umidade (15, 30, 45 e 60 kg/planta), aplicadas em dose única no primeiro semestre dos anos de 2016 e 2017, e o controle, sem adição de lodo de esgoto, durante os ciclos de cultivos. Realizou-se análise dos frutos quanto à produtividade acumulada para os dois anos agrícolas, às características físicas e químicas, a análise química do tecido vegetal e do solo, a quantificação de metais pesados na polpa dos frutos e o índice de cor verde das plantas de abacateiro. Pode-se verificar que a adubação com lodo de esgoto na cultura do abacate proporcionou uma queda linear na produtividade acumulada em função das doses, possivelmente pela alta suscetibilidade da planta à toxidez por Cl. Para os teores foliares, a adubação com lodo de esgoto promoveu um aumento dos elementos N e P para as plantas de abacateiro ‘Hass’. Na solução do solo, a aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto influenciou as variáveis K, Ca, CTC, SB e V%, sendo que, para os micronutrientes, apenas o S sofreu variação. / The use of sewage sludge as an alternative fertilizer source, in addition to promote a decrease on chemical fertilizer use and enhancing soil physical quality, enables an increase in crop yield.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of sewage sludge levels on the yield and quality of avocado ‘Hass’.The experiment was set at Jaguacy Brasil farm, producer and exporter of ‘Hass’ avocado, located at Bauru-SP. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates and five treatments, in which each plot was constituted by 4 avocado plants. Useful area of each plot was constituted by two plants, with total fruit harvest in March 2016 and 2017. The plants were distant of each other by 8 × 6 m (208 plants ha-1), with approximately 9 years old, irrigation was performed by dripping. Treatments were constituted by four sewage sludge levels with 20% moisture (15, 30, 45 and 60 kg/plant) applied as a single level in the first semester of both years and control, without sludge along the crop cycle. It was performed the analysis of the fruits as for cumulative yield for both crop season, the physical and chemical characteristic, vegetal tissue and soil chemical analysis, heavy metal quantification on fruit pulp and green color index of avocado plants. It was verified that the fertilization with sewage sludge on avocado promoted a linear decrease on cumulative yield due to levels, probably owing to the high susceptibility of the plant to toxicity of Cl. The sludge fertilization increased foliar concentrations of N and P in the ‘Hass’ avocado plants. The sludge fertilization levels in the soil influenced the variables K, S, Ca, CEC, BS and V%. / 130370/2016-9

Submitted by DANIEL MODENESE null (dmodenese@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-08T17:22:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Daniel Modenese.pdf: 1753488 bytes, checksum: b8d38c1216adcd36dc0fe1d4bd506c42 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-02-08T17:55:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 modenese_drt_dr_bot.pdf: 1773958 bytes, checksum: 7825e8496ffa50c2b050734880513e9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T17:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 modenese_drt_dr_bot.pdf: 1773958 bytes, checksum: 7825e8496ffa50c2b050734880513e9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Abacates ‘Hass’ foram utilizados no desenvolvimento e aceitabilidade de massas alimentícias. Foram testados, desenvolvidos e avaliados pães e massas de macarrão tipo talharim utilizando-se da polpa de abacate como ingrediente. No pão avaliou-se a substituição total da gordura e parcial da água, e no macarrão, a substituição total do ovo, por polpa de abacate. O pão foi testado sensorialmente para definição de sua formulação e tempo de cocção ideal, e o macarrão, de sua formulação e espessura ideal. Os parâmetros ideais foram utilizados para avaliação do tempo de armazenamento do pão (5 dias) e do macarrão (360 dias). Para a polpa in natura, o pão e o macarrão foram caracterizados teores de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta, lipídeos, fibra bruta, açúcar redutor (AR) e açúcar redutor total (ART), assim como foram avaliados a cor instrumental, macro e micronutrientes. Durante o tempo de armazenamento do pão e do macarrão foram avaliados os teores de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, umidade, cinzas, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante total, assim como análises de cor instrumental, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Para a avaliação estatística, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey em nível de 5% (p<0,05). Em relação ao tempo de armazenamento do pão e do macarrão, os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e regressão. Foi observado redução de umidade, de luminosidade L* no miolo do pão, de chroma do miolo e da casca e de ºhue do miolo, aumento do ºhue da casca e variação da atividade antioxidante total e dos compostos fenólicos. As notas (de 1 a 9) dos atributos sensoriais aparência, aroma, sabor, textura e aceitação global foram mais altas (entre 7,23 e 7,88) no dia 1, médias (entre 6,38 e 6,90) no dia 3 e mais baixas (entre 5,22 e 6,52) no dia 5, e as notas de intenções de compra (de 1 a 5) ficaram acima de 3 até o dia 4. Para o macarrão cru e cozido, houve redução do teor de AR, ART, pH, chroma e ºhue, e aumento do teor de amido e cinzas. No macarrão cru foi observado diminuição de umidade e aumento de luminosidade L*, assim como variação na atividade antioxidante total e elevação na umidade do cozido. As médias dos atributos ficaram entre 6,00 e 7,80 e as notas de intenções de compra acima de 3 durante os 360 dias de avaliação sensorial do macarrão. / 'Hass' avocados were used in the development and acceptability of pasta products. Noodles-type pasta and bread were tested, developed and evaluated using the avocado pulp as ingredient. It was evaluated, in the bread, the total replacement of fat and partial of water , and in the noodles, the total replacement of egg, by avocado pulp. The bread was sensory tested to define its ideal formulation and cooking time and the noodles its ideal formulation and thickness. The ideal parameters were used to evaluate the storage time for bread (5 days) and noodles (360 days). For the pulp in natura, the bread and noodles it was characterized soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, moisture, ashes, crude protein, lipids, crude fiber, reducing sugar (RS) and total reducing sugar (TRS). The instrumental color, macro and micronutrients were also evaluated. During bread and noodles storage time, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity were evaluated, as well as instrumental color, microbiological and sensorial analyzes. For the statistical evaluation, the data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test at a level of 5% (p <0.05). In relation to bread and noodles storage time, the results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. It was observed in bread, decrease of moisture, L * luminosity in crumb, chroma in crumb and crust, and ºhue in crumb, increase of crust ºhue and variation of total antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds. The grades (from 1 to 9) of the sensory attributes appearance, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability were higher (between 7.23 and 7.88) on day 1, medium (between 6.38 and 6.90) on day 3 and lower (between 5.22 and 6.52) on day 5, and the purchasing order grades (from 1 to 5) were above 3 until day 4. For the raw and cooked noodles, there was a decrease in RS , TRS, pH, chroma and ºhue, and increase in starch and ash. It was observed In the raw noodles decrease of moisture and increase in L * luminosity, and in the cooked noodles a variation in the total antioxidant activity and increase in the moisture. The grades of the sensory attributes were between 6.00 and 7.80 and the purchase intention grades above 3 during the 360 days of noodles evaluation.