The increasing digitalization of society has led to new legal issues related to the protection of personal integrity, particularly the protection of personal data. Digitalization allows for greater possibilities for private individuals to access the personal data of others. As the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is not applicable on treatment of personal data by individuals, there is a risk of a loophole forming allowing breaches of personal integrity committed by individuals.                        This paper clarifies the meaning of the term ‘personal integrity’ in a digital context, focusing on how digital integrity is separate from physical integrity, and which key elements constitute personal integrity, be it physical or digital. The paper also discusses how the term previously has been used in legal documents, notably in the UDHR, the EU Charter (focus on dignity) and Swedish legislation (focus on the personal sphere). Furthermore, the paper examines whether the protection of personal integrity can motivate an infringement of the right to personal autonomy of the individual in question.                        The discussion on personal integrity is followed by an analysis of the protection on a physical and digital level respectively in order to clarify whether the different protections can be considered equivalent, and to what extent it would be appropriate for them to be so. This is done taking into account that strengthening protections of personal information would require limiting the individual’s right to autonomy, which in turn infringes upon their dignity.                       The consequences that can arise by an intrusion of the digital integrity can be serious, wherefore one could argue that the protection thereof should be as strong as the protection from intrusions of the individual’s physical integrity. Should the consequences of intrusion of personal integrity be as strong on both the physical and digital level, then the protection of digital integrity may need to be strengthened. This could potentially require further infringements of the individual’s right to autonomy. Such an infringement must therefore always be preceded by an appropriate proportionality assessment, aiming to find a solution minimizing the total infringement on the rights of the individual.

The purpose of the essay is to examine and analyze if individuals are ensured anefficient protection against violations of personal integrity when using cookiesonline. This is done through both a de lege lata and a de lege ferenda perspective.To do this a technical perspective of what cookies are is applied, as well as howthey can amount to a threat to personal integrity. What personal integrity is andhow it can be protected are questions which are answered through the methodof legal dogmatics as well as the EU legal method, while the question if the protectionis sufficient is answered through the method of legal informatics. The investigation in the matter led to the result of a definition of what is tobe understood by personal integrity within the framework of the essay, whichcan be described as the right to have control over the spread of sensitive information.In addition to this it is shown in the essay that personal integrity in relationto cookies is protected through the means of collecting consent before placingcookies. The mechanism of collecting consent is in theory an appropriate wayto ensure control for the individual. Even so, practical studies in the field indicatethat the regulation does not meet compliance by the market participants sufficientlywhen collecting consent to the use of cookies. Due to this it cannot beclaimed that personal integrity is efficiently protected in practice. Since the de lege lata result show indications of lack of compliance the conclusionis that the current regulations are not sufficiently enough protecting personalintegrity of individuals. The forthcoming e-Data protection Regulationmight offer some solutions to this compliance issue, but as shown in the de legeferenda-discussion there is a need to combine regulatory solutions with technicaltools to enforce a comprehensive compliance by the market participants in practice.The combined solution will give both individuals and supervisory authoritiesthe tools necessary to protect personal integrity, while the collection of consentcan continue to be the regulatory mechanism used to protect personal integrity.

Ett sätt att samla information på är genom third – party cookies. Denna studie vill diskutera hur personlig information samlas in genom third – party cookies och dess påverkan på användares personliga integritet. Denna studie vill svara på hur personlig information som samlas in genom third – party cookies kan diskuteras ur ett användarperspektiv. Studien vill även framföra svar på hur medvetna studenter på Malmö universitet är angående third – party cookies och vad deras åsikt är om third – party cookies. Metoden som har valts är en litteraturstudie som kommer att fungera som en grund för en enkätundersökning.Denna studies slutsats är att third – party cookies kan bryta mot den personliga integriteten hos en användare på nätet. Third – party cookies är reglerad av lagar men det finns fortfarande sätt som företag kan profilera och spåra användare, därför bryter den mot den personliga integriteten. Även efter introduktionen av GDPR finns det fortfarande hemsidor som inte fullt ut följer lagarna. Denna studie har även som slutsats att studenter på Malmö unviersitet inte är särskilt medvetna om third – party cookies. Dem känner även att personlig integritet väldigt viktigt. Därför håller dem inte med den datainsamling som sker genom third – party cookies. / One way to gather information is the use of third-party cookies. This study wants to discuss personal data collected through third-party cookies and its impact on the users personal integrity. This study wants to answer how personal data collected through third-party cookies can be discussed from a user perspective. The study also wants to provide answers to how aware students at Malmo University are about third-party cookies and what their opinion is on third - party cookies. The method of choice is a literature study that will work as a foundation for a survey. This study has concluded that third-party cookies can breach personal integrity when the user is on the internet. Third-party cookies are regulated by laws but there still are several ways that companies can profile and track the users, thereby breaching personal integrity. Even after the introduction of GDPR there are still some websites that does not fully comply with the rules. The study also concluded that the participants, students at Malmo University, are not widely aware of what third-party cookies are. They also think that personal integrity is of utter importance. Thereby they do not agree with personal data being collected through third-party cookies.

Compared to the use of a traditional mobile phone, a smartphone user may experience advanced computing capability and connectivity. Internet connection along with advanced technology allows users to access the web, GPS navigation system, WIFI hotspot, etc. Today it is considerably easier for smartphone users to benefit from the global Internet connection with its extended range. A service that has expanded enormously and shaped a whole new industry in a short period of time, is location-based services (LBS). The service shows location information using coordinates providing the geographical position of a mobile device. Depending on the user’s location and preferences, mobile service providers may introduce context-related information to the user. However, LBS does not only involve opportunities, improvements, and benefits for societies. The use of digital technologies, with such spread as location-based services has obtained, may result in major integrity issues.   The aim of this qualitative investigation is to explain and describe location-based services. The purpose is to, through structured interviews, create an understanding of the users’ perception of LBS and investigate their attitudes, behavior and privacy concerns. The following understanding might be of value to application development companies regarding the comprehension of user behavior and attitudes. In turn, it could be of assistance for these companies in reaching the users in order to maximize the use of their applications.   The analysis showed that the respondents of this study are receptive to location-based services as long as it provides them with value. However, privacy concerns might intervene but are in most cases overlooked. The user’s perceived value is by the informants considered to be more important than the minor obstacles of LBS. In terms of LBS usage behavior, the respondents willingness to share location information differs among them and is based on different reasonings. The indication of user acceptance also differs. However, the informants’ perception of LBS purpose was discussed from both user and business perspective. It was concluded that it might be an indication of user acceptance since the respondents were able to recognize value deriving from location-based services. Additional LBS behavior is recognized in the process of allowing LBS access to apps.

<p>Due to the wide usage of different databases administrated by the Swedish government to keep control over its citizen’s the issue has arisen concerning if this information is subject for other purposes then originally acknowledged. Executives induced in recruitment for labour has over the years extended their need for information accumulated by these systems. Especially data from the criminal records registry are now being used as a normal step in the employment process among a vastly growing spectrum of enterprises and businesses all over the country. This thesis aims to illuminate the subject by grasp to what extent the described behaviour can be considered legally accepted according to the law or if these actions are inflicting with the foundational juridical principles that has to be ensured by the Swedish government due to our constitutional law.</p><p>A strict jurisprudential method has been applied throughout the entire thesis to ensure the reliability of the results. The diversity of sources has gently been put together to assure the overall quality. Relevant information for the task has been analysed to illustrate how fine the line really is between the employers’ demand for information and personal integrity. Usage of information concerning crime as a measurement to evaluate individuals in the employment process can in general not be supported due to the information presented in this thesis. The overall reason to this statement is based on the assumption that employers misuse their rights with reference to the purposes which originally were predetermined to secure the criminal records registry from external access.</p>

Due to the wide usage of different databases administrated by the Swedish government to keep control over its citizen’s the issue has arisen concerning if this information is subject for other purposes then originally acknowledged. Executives induced in recruitment for labour has over the years extended their need for information accumulated by these systems. Especially data from the criminal records registry are now being used as a normal step in the employment process among a vastly growing spectrum of enterprises and businesses all over the country. This thesis aims to illuminate the subject by grasp to what extent the described behaviour can be considered legally accepted according to the law or if these actions are inflicting with the foundational juridical principles that has to be ensured by the Swedish government due to our constitutional law. A strict jurisprudential method has been applied throughout the entire thesis to ensure the reliability of the results. The diversity of sources has gently been put together to assure the overall quality. Relevant information for the task has been analysed to illustrate how fine the line really is between the employers’ demand for information and personal integrity. Usage of information concerning crime as a measurement to evaluate individuals in the employment process can in general not be supported due to the information presented in this thesis. The overall reason to this statement is based on the assumption that employers misuse their rights with reference to the purposes which originally were predetermined to secure the criminal records registry from external access.

Bakgrund:För företag är sociala medier en stor marknadsföringsplats som blir allt viktigare. Samtidigt som detta, utifrån ett företagsperspektiv upplevs som en effektiv marknadsföringskanal, så är det inte säkert att konsumenter ser det på detta viset då detta kan inkräkta på deras personliga integritet.                             Syfte:Syftet med rapporten är att förklara hur relationen mellan konsument och företag kan förstärkas genom direkt marknadsföring via sociala medier samt vilken roll den personliga integriteten har i samband med detta. Teori: Studien har sin utgångspunkt inom den personliga integriteten och den personliga nyttan som direktmarknadsföring bidrar till. Forskningen visar även detta genom ett företagsperspektiv, vad de använder för marknadsföringsstrategier. Metod: Insamlingen av resultatet har skett med hjälp av en kvantitativ undersökning i form av en enkät, antalet respondenter som deltog var 70 individer. Den tidigare forskningen gjorde det möjligt att associera svaren från enkäten till vad respondenterna ser för nytta med direktmarknadsföring samt vad deras ställning är till den personliga integriteten. Analys:I resultatet visar det sig att ett samband finns mellan obehag och den personliga integriteten. De framkommer också att konsumentens oro minskar genom att skapa en stark relation till företaget. Slutsats:Studien visar att den relationen konsumenterna har till företaget spelar en stor roll gällande deras personliga integritet. Känner konsumenten att de har en stark relation till företaget är de större chans att de litar på att lämna ut sina personuppgifter till företaget. Har de en liten eller ingen relation är det större chans att de känner en viss oro kring intrånget mot den personliga integriteten. / Background:For companies, social media marketing is a major marketingplace. This form of marketing has recently grown even more, but this can be seen as a violation of the personal integrity. Purpose:The purpose of this report is to explain how the relationship between consumer and business can be enhanced by direct marketing through social media and whether personal integrity matters in this regard. Theory:The theories about the relationship between consumer and company and whether personal privacy is influenced by direct marketing through social media.With a business perspective, the study shows which marketing strategies companies are useing.  Method:The data has been collected with help of a quantitative method in the form of a survey. The number of respondents who participated was 70 individuals. Previous research made it possible to associate the answers from the survey that were analyzed in order to how the respondents look at the relationship they havewith the company, as well as their standpoint on personal integrity.   Result:The results show that there appears to be a connection between concern and discomfort regarding personal integrity. They also show that the consumers concern is reduced by creating a strong relationship with the company.  Conclusion:The conclusion describes the relationship the consumers have to the company, this play a major role in their personal integrity. If the consumer feels that they have a strong relationship with the company, they are more likely to share their personal information to the company. If they have a little or no relationship at all, there is a bigger chance that they feel a certain concern about the violation of their personal integrity.

Den 25e maj i år 2018 träder den nya dataskyddsförordningen, även kallad ”General Data Protection Regulation” från EU i kraft. Det just nu rådande EU-direktivet som behandlar dataskydd är från år 1995, och mycket har förändrats sedan dess. Därför är det av hög grad aktuellt med en ny moderniserad förordning som passar bättre in i en växande digital värld. I dagsläget är det Sveriges personuppgiftslag, PuL som styr över hur personuppgifter skall behandlas. PuL kommer att ersättas av GDPR och detta kommer att medföra strängare lagar kring informationshantering av personliga uppgifter och även fler rättigheter till varje enskild individ. Ett exempel på det är att personer kommer att kunna ifrågasätta syftet med varför deras data hanteras och hur den skyddas. Det blir samtidigt en utmaning för företag att se över sina IT-system, så att informationen hanteras korrekt och lever upp till de nya regler som GDPR innefattar. I denna studie kommer detta problemområde att behandlas och då främst en djupdykning inom fitnessbranschen. För att kunna genomföra detta har fyra olika gym valts ut och undersökningen kommer att fokusera på hur de hanterar förändringar och utmaningar i sitt förberedande arbete för att uppnå kraven i GDPR. Det kommer även att vara inriktat på vilken typ av hälsodata som samlas in samt den tekniska hanteringen ur ett integritets- och säkerhetsperspektiv. / On 25 May in 2018, the new data protection regulation, also known as the "General Data Protection Regulation" of the EU, comes into force. The current EU directive dealing with data protection is from 1995, and much has changed since then. Therefore, it is highly relevant to a new modernized regulation that fits better into a growing digital world. At present, Sweden's Personal Data Act, PuL, governs how personal data are to be processed. PuL will be replaced by GDPR and this will impose stricter laws on information management of sensitive data and also more rights to each individual. An example of it is that people will be able to say that they want their data deleted and not have it stored. At the same time, it is a challenge for companies to review their IT systems, so that information is handled properly and meets the new requirements that GDPR includes. In this study this problem area will be addressed and then mainly a deep diving in the fitness industry. In order to accomplish this, four different gyms have been selected and the survey will focus on how they handle changes and challenges in their preparatory work to achieve the requirements of the GDPR. It will also focus on the type of health data collected and the technical management.

This essay has examined the current debate between freedom of speech and personal integrity in the in Swedish news media. Freedom of speech and personal integrity is a controversial debate and they are two values that creates opinions and conflicts between different instances in the society. The essay´s methodology is a critical discourse analysis and the study has gained ground in both theory and methodology in Norman Faircloughs critical discourse analysis with its three dimensions; text, discourse practice and the sociocultural practice. The study is based on 17 reviewed articles, the articles are all published in the Swedish press and includes the current debate between freedom of speech and personal integrity. The two sides have strong arguments and what is clarified is that the democracy will be threatened if laws concerning freedom of expression are taken, and especially journalists are not happy about the proposal. What also emerges in the study was that the technology development is seen as the reason for why regulations are needed in the society. The internet has created a new arena to find and retrieve information about other citizens but also made it possible to disseminate information without any ethical approaches.

Profiling users online and directed online advertising has become a major business with companiessuch as Google and Facebook as frontier companies. Through incidents such as the CambridgeAnalytica scandal, the public has started to take notice of both the positive and the negative sides of thebusiness. The data given to companies with a data driven business model can make the user experiencemore personalized and therefore better. On the other hand the data collected could be seen as privacyreducing and exploitation of users. This study aims to foresee opportunities and new ways to develop adata driven business model which has the user's interests in mind and still remains profitable. Withempirical data through interviews and theories the study will show that data driven business modelshave big potential to be profitable and simultaneously make the user more aware or even make datadelivery in the user’s best interest. The main methods to do this is by implementing privacy dashboards,transparency and moving the pieces in the business model to make the user central in the businessmodel.