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Qualitative experiences of personalization algorithms : The strategies used by university students (to counteract ideological homogeneity) when navigating social media feeds and their experience with personalization algorithms. / Kvalitativa erfarenheter av personifieringsalgoritmerBjernersjö, Mathilda, Wikdahl, Alicia January 2020 (has links)
Purpose – At the beginning of this year the number of social media user worldwide was recorded to be at 3.80 billion and is estimated to keep rising (Kemp, 2020). Along with this connectivity, new concepts have been acknowledged that have caused some controversy. These concepts have been named echo chambers and filter bubbles. This study investigates how social media users experience personalisation algorithms and the perceived existence of filter bubbles and echo chambers on various social media platforms and channels. Furthermore, it explores to what extent these users make use of strategies when navigating their social media feeds and if they believe that said strategies have any effect on personalisation algorithms, filter bubbles, and echo chambers. Method – Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants currently studying at Jönköping University. The interviews were then transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach. Findings – The perception of students at Jönköping University is that filter bubbles and echo chambers exist in a varying degree of visibility and commonality depending on the situation and medium. These are also experienced to be interconnected with personalisation algorithms. The experience of personalisation algorithms is mainly positive, as it allows the users to easily navigate the feed but negative implications are also mentioned. These are isolation, the negative strengthening and creation of filter bubbles or echo chambers. However, the algorithm is not believed to be the only thing responsible for the creation. The users believe that their own navigation and strategies can have such an effect. The strategies that users use are (1) Passive navigation, (2) Source evaluation, (3) Multiple source searching, (4) Responsibility taking, and the (5) Creation of filter bubbles. The effect these have on filter bubbles, personalisation algorithms and echo chambers is helping, to an extent, alleviate some of the negative effects that these are experienced to have. However, the passive navigation and creation of filter bubbles have a somewhat opposite effect as they help the creation or maintaining of filter bubbles and personalisation algorithms. Implications – The findings in this study build on existing evidence of echo chambers being more easily formed when the topic of discussion is of a political nature, as it is described by Barberá, Jost, Nagler, Tucker, and Bonneau (2015) in their research on how echo chambers form on Twitter. Furthermore, these findings could be considered to disagree with the research of Dubois and Blank (2018) who found that people who had a high political interest were less likely of ending up in an echo chamber. Although, due to their research taking all media into account, such as television, radio, newspaper, and so forth, while the current study is focused on social media alone the comparison is a bit more difficult to make. Finally, in the study made by Seargeant and Tagg (2019), it was concluded that the personalisation algorithms are not the sole contributor to filter bubbles forming on Facebook and that the users play a key role in how their online environment is shaped. The results of this study build on their research that the users do use strategies when navigating that affect what is being shown to them on their social media feeds. However, the participants of the current study claimed that the algorithms played a pretty large role too, which is not quite in line with the research conducted by Seargeant and Tagg (2019). Limitations – The generalisability of this study is limited due to the small sample size chosen to conduct this study, although instead, it provides deeper insight into the relationship between humans and their social media platforms and channels. Moreover, a bias that should be acknowledged is that when conducting interviews there is a risk of encountering response bias, which is when the participants assume the purpose of the study and adapt their answers to fit what they believe the researcher(s) want to hear. To avoid this precautions were taken when designing the questions to make sure that they would not lead the participants in any directions.
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Learning to drive with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. Empirical studies of an online tutor and a personalised warning display on the effects of learnability and the acquisition of skill.Simon, Julien 14 November 2005 (has links)
Beside all the technical challenges concerning sensor quality and control algorithms one of the main issues related to the introduction of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) constitutes the human-machine interaction. This covers not only the physical interface between the driver and the system but also the understanding and cognitive model the driver needs to operate the system. The explorative analysis of a long-term field study of the use of ACC, was aimed at identifying characteristics of the learning process and their potential implications for conceptualising novel displays to increase, particularly in the early phases, usability and safety of the system through the adaptation of information to the drivers. The analysis of the learning aspects derived from drivers’ interaction with the system enabled the identification of learning aims for the usage of an ACC system and an objective classification of observable behaviours from which different levels of skill can be interpreted. It was concluded that by responding to the difficulties met by users in the actual situation and by adapting the information to the drivers’ experience, drivers’ learning progress could be accelerated through better comprehensibility and predictability of the system. To this aim, two innovative help-systems were conceived, implemented and evaluated in terms of drivers driving behaviour and interactions with the ACC system, in the BMW fixed-base driving simulator. A learn-adaptive, multi-modal, on-line tutor system that covered interactions with the system at every level of the driving task (Reichart, 2001) for which learning must be effectuated, was tested with 11 participants. A personalised learning model of the driver was used to relate the drivers’ prior usage of the system and his situational experience, to give the driver additional advice and explanation in order to shorten the learning period. A main effect was found between the experimental groups’ understanding of the system and in participants’ ability to predict when to reclaim control of the system, as measured by the reduction in unnecessary interventions and reduced number of panic reactions. The use of cognitive apprenticeship methods (Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1993) on an online adaptation of feedback showed a positive influence on the learning process, increasing the speed of the learning process towards the acquisition of skill. The second experiment’s objective was to develop an interface that most effectively helped drivers learn to predict the need to reclaim control and the appropriate sensitivity of response in take-over situations. Drivers interactions with a didactic, two-step warning display, based on a time algorithm that was personalised to drivers maximum preferred deceleration level, was tested with 24 participants. Display effects were observed in time-to-collision, reaction times, the number of false alarms (unnecessary driver interventions) and misses (collision or near collisions). Significant differences were also found in distance error, adequate deceleration rates, panic braking and reaction times on the peripheral detection task. These results were also largely supported by the subjective measures. The proposed concepts have shown methods of reducing the ADAS learning phase and accelerating drivers behaviour to a skill level. The theoretical and empirical work described in this thesis plays an important role in deriving recommendations for systems that reduce the amount of learning demand on the driver and eliminates learnability issues that can lead to safety-critical traffic situations.
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PROFILING - CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONSFilipowska, Agata 06 August 2020 (has links)
Profiling is an approach to put a label or a set of labels on a subject, considering the characteristics of this subject. The New Oxford American Dictionary defines profiling as: “recording and analysis of a person’s psychological and behavioral characteristics, so as to assess or predict his/her capabilities in a certain sphere or to assist in identifying a particular subgroup of people”. This research extends this definition towards things demonstrating that many methods used for profiling of people may be applied for a different type of subjects, namely things.
The goal of this research concerns proposing methods for discovery of profiles of users and things with application of Data Science methods. The profiles are utilized in vertical and 2 horizontal scenarios and concern such domains as smart grid and telecommunication (vertical scenarios), and support provided both for the needs of authorization and personalization (horizontal usage).:The thesis consists of eight chapters including an introduction and a summary.
First chapter describes motivation for work that was carried out for the last 8 years together with discussion on its importance both for research and business practice. The motivation for this work is much broader and emerges also from business importance of profiling and personalization. The introduction summarizes major research directions, provides research questions, goals and supplementary objectives addressed in the thesis. Research methodology is also described, showing impact of methodological aspects on the work undertaken.
Chapter 2 provides introduction to the notion of profiling. The definition of profiling is introduced. Here, also a relation of a user profile to an identity is discussed. The papers included in this chapter show not only how broadly a profile may be understood, but also how a profile may be constructed considering different data sources.
Profiling methods are introduced in Chapter 3. This chapter refers to the notion of a profile developed using the BFI-44 personality test and outcomes of a survey related to color preferences of people with a specific personality. Moreover, insights into profiling of relations between people are provided, with a focus on quality of a relation emerging from contacts between two entities.
Chapters from 4 to 7 present different scenarios that benefit from application of profiling methods.
Chapter 4 starts with introducing the notion of a public utility company that in the thesis is discussed using examples from smart grid and telecommunication. Then, in chapter 4 follows a description of research results regarding profiling for the smart grid, focusing on a profile of a prosumer and forecasting demand and production of the electric energy in the smart grid what can be influenced e.g. by weather or profiles of appliances.
Chapter 5 presents application of profiling techniques in the field of telecommunication. Besides presenting profiling methods based on telecommunication data, in particular on Call Detail Records, also scenarios and issues related to privacy and trust are addressed.
Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 target at horizontal applications of profiling that may be of benefit for multiple domains.
Chapter 6 concerns profiling for authentication using un-typical data sources such as Call Detail Records or data from a mobile phone describing the user behavior. Besides proposing methods, also limitations are discussed. In addition, as a side research effect a methodology for evaluation of authentication methods is proposed.
Chapter 7 concerns personalization and consists of two diverse parts. Firstly, behavioral profiles to change interface and behavior of the system are proposed and applied. The performance of solutions personalizing content either locally or on the server is studied. Then, profiles of customers of shopping centers are created based on paths identified using Call Detail Records. The analysis demonstrates that the data that is collected for one purpose, may significantly influence other business scenarios.
Chapter 8 summarizes the research results achieved by the author of this document. It presents contribution over state of the art as well as some insights into the future work planned.
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Adaptive, adaptable, and mixed-initiative in interactive systems: An empirical investigation. An empirical investigation to examine the usability issues of using adaptive, adaptable and mixed-iniative approaches in interactive systems.Al Omar, Khalid H. January 2009 (has links)
This thesis investigates the use of static, adaptive, adaptable and mixed-initiative
approaches to the personalisation of content and graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
This empirical study consisted of three experimental phases. The first examined the
use of static, adaptive, adaptable and mixed-initiative approaches to web content.
More specifically, it measured the usability (efficiency, frequency of error
occurrence, effectiveness and satisfaction) of an e-commerce website. The experiment
was conducted with 60 subjects and was tested empirically by four independent
groups (15 subjects each). The second experiment examined the use of adaptive,
adaptable and mixed-initiative approaches to GUIs. More specifically, it measured the
usability (efficiency, frequency of error occurrence, effectiveness and satisfaction) in
GUI control structures (menus). In addition, it investigated empirically the effects of
content size on five different personalised menu types. In order to carry out this
comparative investigation, two independent experiments were conducted, on small
menus (17 items) and large ones (29 items) respectively. The experiment was
conducted with 60 subjects and was tested empirically by four independent groups
(15 subjects each). The third experiment was conducted with 40 subjects and was
tested empirically by four dependent groups (5 subjects each). The aim of the third
experiment was to mitigate the drawbacks of the adaptive, adaptable and mixedinitiative
approaches, to improve their performance and to increase their usability by
using multimodal auditory solutions (speech, earcons and auditory icons). The results
indicate that the size of content affects the usability of personalised approaches. In
other words, as the size of content increases, so does the need of the adaptive and
mixed-initiative approaches, whereas that of the adaptable approach decreases. A set
of empirically derived guidelines were also produced to assist designers with the use
of adaptive, adaptable and mixed-initiative approaches to web content and GUI
control structure.
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Retail atmospherics effect on store performance and personalised shopper behaviour: A cognitive computing approachBehera, R.K., Bala, P.K., Tata, S.V., Rana, Nripendra P. 19 June 2021 (has links)
Yes / Abstract Purpose: The best possible way for brick-and-mortar retailers to maximise engagement with personalised shoppers is capitalising on intelligent insights. The retailer operates differently with diversified items and services, but influencing retail atmospheric on personalised shoppers, the perception remains the same across industries. Retail atmospherics stimuli such as design, smell and others create behavioural modifications. The purpose of this study is to explore the atmospheric effects on brick-and- mortar store performance and personalised shopper’s behaviour using cognitive computing based in-store analytics in the context of emerging market. Design/methodology/approach: The data are collected from 35 shoppers of a brick-and-mortar retailer through questionnaire survey and analysed using quantitative method. Findings: The result of the analysis reveals month-on-month growth in footfall count (46%), conversation rate (21%), units per transaction (27%), average order value (23%), dwell time (11%), purchase intention (29%), emotional experience (40%) and a month-on-month decline in remorse (20%). The retailers need to focus on three control gates of shopper behaviour: entry, browsing and exit. Attention should be paid to the cognitive computing solution to judge the influence of retail atmospherics on store performance and behaviour of personalised shoppers. Retail atmospherics create the right experience for individual shoppers and forceful use of it has an adverse impact. Originality/value: The paper focuses on strategic decisions of retailers, the tactical value of personalised shoppers and empirically identifies the retail atmospherics effect on brick-and-mortar store performance and personalised shopper behaviour.
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Cooperating broadcast and cellular conditional access system for digital televisionShirazi, Hamidreza January 2009 (has links)
The lack of interoperability between Pay‐TV service providers and a horizontally integrated business transaction model have compromised the competition in the Pay‐TV market. In addition, the lack of interactivity with customers has resulted in high churn rate and improper security measures have contributed into considerable business loss. These issues are the main cause of high operational costs and subscription fees in the Pay‐TV systems. This paper presents a novel end‐to‐end system architecture for Pay‐TV systems cooperating mobile and broadcasting technologies. It provides a cost‐effective, scalable, dynamic and secure access control mechanism supporting converged services and new business opportunities in Pay‐TV systems. It enhances interactivity, security and potentially reduces customer attrition and operational cost. In this platform, service providers can effectively interact with their customers, personalise their services and adopt appropriate security measures. It breaks up the rigid relationship between a viewer and set‐top box as imposed by traditional conditional access systems, thus, a viewer can fully enjoy his entitlements via an arbitrary set‐top box. Having thoroughly considered state‐of‐the‐art technologies currently being used across the world, the thesis highlights novel use cases and presents the full design and implementation aspects of the system. The design section is enriched by providing possible security structures supported thereby. A business collaboration structure is proposed, followed by a reference model for implementing the system. Finally, the security architectures are analysed to propose the best architecture on the basis of security, complexity and set‐top box production cost criteria.
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KS3/4 Wider curriculum choice : personalisation or social control? : a contemporary study of influences on Year 9 students’ decision-making in an English comprehensive schoolMartin, Jennifer January 2011 (has links)
This research concerns tensions between ‘personalisation’, a neo-liberal concept adapted by New Labour to empower and motivate students and ‘performativity’, an aspect of governance whereby institutional effectiveness is monitored by statistical outcomes. Their ambiguous reconciliation in Personalised Learning (DfES 2004a) continues to develop in schools and colleges. A research focus on Key Stage 3/4 wider curriculum choice, one of five key but under-researched elements in this policy, provides the opportunity to explore this paradox. Involving an investigation into the recent experience of 14-15 year olds in an inner city English comprehensive school, the degree of equity afforded students in decision-making, based on teacher perceptions of students as achievers and underachievers may reveal conflicting values in the management of this process. Taking an ethnographic approach to case study development, triangulation of method and source is used to test internal validity. Analysis of interview data from a range of pastoral staff provides outline images of the institutional management of student choice. A comparative statistical analysis using data from anonymous student questionnaires provides an independent account of the effects of this interpretation on the student stakeholder role. From the questionnaire sample, qualitative data from twenty student interviews offers further insight into the processing of decisions. Relying on respondent validation procedures throughout, for ethical reasons the identification of student interviewees as ‘achievers’ or ‘underachievers’ is retrospective. Demonstrating how student access to the KS4 optional curriculum operates, the research reveals power differences firstly between the student cohort and ‘gate-keeping’ pastoral staff and secondly between individual students. While some evidence of social control through self-surveillance, implied through Foucauldian criticism of neo-liberal strategies (Rose and Miller 1992) may exist, the extreme social and economic deprivation of the area is used to justify this institutional interpretation of the stakeholder role through the moral imperative of social inclusion.
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Arquitetura com sistema pré-fabricado modular volumétrico : modelo generetivo e diretrizes de fixaçãoTeribele, Alessandra January 2016 (has links)
A arquitetura pré-fabricada apresenta vantagens provenientes da industrialização, mas sua produção pode levar à repetição e padronização, gerando edifícios excessivamente similares. Constituem desafios importantes, para a personalização da edificação produzida através de Sistemas Pré-Fabricados Modulares Volumétricos, a combinação de módulos unidos, na sua maioria, por vértices coincidentes. Considerando que soluções compositivas alternativas implicam na diversificação de posição da junção entre módulos, o objetivo deste trabalho é especificar um modelo generativo que ofereça múltiplas alternativas compositivas vinculadas às diretrizes de junção. O desenvolvimento do modelo considerou, separadamente, três tipos de prisma: retangular, trapezoidal e triangular. Explorando seus componentes estruturais – pilar, viga e conexões -, extraiu-se, a partir dos padrões compositivos gerados, os tipos de encontro necessários para vincular tais componentes. Quatro conjuntos conectivos genéricos foram usados na simulação das junções e definição das diretrizes conectivas. O paradigma da Gramática de Formas associado aos tipos de encontro necessários para criar vínculos entre os componentes estruturais permitiu gerar, automaticamente, alternativas compositivas. O uso do modelo confirmou que, alternativas compositivas com unidades volumétricas tridimensionais, dependem simultaneamente de atributos geométricos e construtivos do conjunto conectivo usado para fixar os módulos entre si. Ao mesmo tempo, demonstrou que a variação compositiva pode ser ampliada através da exploração da relação compositiva-conectiva, respeitados os atributos conectivos e diferentes graus de ajustes nos conjuntos conectivos utilizados. / The prefab architecture has advantages from industrialization, but its production can lead to repetition and standardization, generating excessively similar buildings. They constitute important challenges for customizing the building produced by Prefabricated Volumetric Modular Systems that require combination of modules united mostly by coincident vertices. Whereas alternative compositional solutions imply the diversification position of the junction between modules, the objective of this work is to specify a generative model that offers multiple compositional alternatives linked to joint guidelines. The development of the model considered separately three types of prism: rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular. Exploring the structural components - pillar, beam and connections - it is extracted from the generated compositional standards, types of meeting necessary to link these components. Four generic connective sets were used in the simulation of the joints and connective guidelines. The paradigm of grammar of forms associated with the types of meeting needed to create links between the structural components enabled to generate, automatically, compositional alternatives. The model use confirmed that, compositional alternatives with threedimensional volumetric units depend simultaneously on geometric and constructive attributes of the connective assembly used to secure the modules together. At the same time it showed that the compositional variation could be enlarged through the exploration of the connective-compositional relationship, observing the connective attributes and different degrees of adjustment in connective sets used.
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The value of personalised consumer product design facilitated through additive manufacturing technologyAbdul Kudus, Syahibudil I. January 2017 (has links)
This research attempted to discover how Additive Manufacturing (AM) can best be used to increase the value of personalised consumer products and how designers can be assisted in finding an effective way to facilitate value addition within personalisable product designs. AM has become an enabler for end-users to become directly involved in product personalisation through the manipulation of three-dimensional (3D) designs of the product using easy-to-use design toolkits. In this way, end-users are able to fabricate their own personalised designs using various types of AM systems. Personalisation activity can contribute to an increment in the value of a product because it delivers a closer fit to user preferences. The research began with a literature review that covered the areas of product personalisation, additive manufacturing, and consumer value in product design. The literature review revealed that the lack of methods and tools to enable designers to exploit AM has become a fundamental challenge in fully realising the advantages of the technology. Consequently, the question remained as to whether industrial designers are able to identify the design characteristics that can potentially add value to a product, particularly when the product is being personalised by end-users using AM-enabled design tools and systems. A new value taxonomy was developed to capture the relevant value attributes of personalised AM products. The value taxonomy comprised two first-level value types: product value and experiential value. It was further expanded into six second-level value components: functional value, personal-expressive value, sensory value, unique value, co-design value, and hedonic value. The research employed a survey to assess end-users value reflection on personalised features; measuring their willingness to pay (WTP) and their intention to purchase a product with personalised features. Thereafter, an experimental study was performed to measure end-users opinions on the value of 3D-printed personalised products based on the two value types: product value and experiential value. Based on the findings, a formal added value identification method was developed to act as a design aid tool to assist designers in preparing a personalisable product design that embodies value-adding personalisation features within the product. The design method was translated into a beta-test version paper-based design workbook known as the V+APP Design Method: Design Workbook. The design aid tool was validated by expert designers. In conclusion, this research has indicated that the added value identification method shows promise as a practical and effective method in aiding expert designers to identify the potential value-adding personalisation features within personalisable AM products, ensuring they are able to fully exploit the unique characteristics and value-adding design characteristics enabled by AM. Finally, the limitations of the research have been explained and recommendations made for future work in this area.
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Arquitetura com sistema pré-fabricado modular volumétrico : modelo generetivo e diretrizes de fixaçãoTeribele, Alessandra January 2016 (has links)
A arquitetura pré-fabricada apresenta vantagens provenientes da industrialização, mas sua produção pode levar à repetição e padronização, gerando edifícios excessivamente similares. Constituem desafios importantes, para a personalização da edificação produzida através de Sistemas Pré-Fabricados Modulares Volumétricos, a combinação de módulos unidos, na sua maioria, por vértices coincidentes. Considerando que soluções compositivas alternativas implicam na diversificação de posição da junção entre módulos, o objetivo deste trabalho é especificar um modelo generativo que ofereça múltiplas alternativas compositivas vinculadas às diretrizes de junção. O desenvolvimento do modelo considerou, separadamente, três tipos de prisma: retangular, trapezoidal e triangular. Explorando seus componentes estruturais – pilar, viga e conexões -, extraiu-se, a partir dos padrões compositivos gerados, os tipos de encontro necessários para vincular tais componentes. Quatro conjuntos conectivos genéricos foram usados na simulação das junções e definição das diretrizes conectivas. O paradigma da Gramática de Formas associado aos tipos de encontro necessários para criar vínculos entre os componentes estruturais permitiu gerar, automaticamente, alternativas compositivas. O uso do modelo confirmou que, alternativas compositivas com unidades volumétricas tridimensionais, dependem simultaneamente de atributos geométricos e construtivos do conjunto conectivo usado para fixar os módulos entre si. Ao mesmo tempo, demonstrou que a variação compositiva pode ser ampliada através da exploração da relação compositiva-conectiva, respeitados os atributos conectivos e diferentes graus de ajustes nos conjuntos conectivos utilizados. / The prefab architecture has advantages from industrialization, but its production can lead to repetition and standardization, generating excessively similar buildings. They constitute important challenges for customizing the building produced by Prefabricated Volumetric Modular Systems that require combination of modules united mostly by coincident vertices. Whereas alternative compositional solutions imply the diversification position of the junction between modules, the objective of this work is to specify a generative model that offers multiple compositional alternatives linked to joint guidelines. The development of the model considered separately three types of prism: rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular. Exploring the structural components - pillar, beam and connections - it is extracted from the generated compositional standards, types of meeting necessary to link these components. Four generic connective sets were used in the simulation of the joints and connective guidelines. The paradigm of grammar of forms associated with the types of meeting needed to create links between the structural components enabled to generate, automatically, compositional alternatives. The model use confirmed that, compositional alternatives with threedimensional volumetric units depend simultaneously on geometric and constructive attributes of the connective assembly used to secure the modules together. At the same time it showed that the compositional variation could be enlarged through the exploration of the connective-compositional relationship, observing the connective attributes and different degrees of adjustment in connective sets used.
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