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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
331

Influência do pH final na bioquímica e qualidade do músculo Longissimus dorsi de animais Bos taurus indicus machos inteiros / Influence of ultimate pH in the biochemistry and quality of muscle Longissimus dorsi of Bos taurus indicus bulls

Clara Lucía Contreras Baron 15 January 2016 (has links)
O pH final (pHf) no músculo post mortem é amplamente utilizado como um indicador potencial de maciez e é um fator importante associado à qualidade de carne. O Brasil é líder mundial nas exportações de carne bovina, porém não são conhecidos os valores de pHf do músculo pós-abate e seu impacto na qualidade da carne de animais machos inteiros Bos taurus indicus. Baseado no exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar o atual \"status\" dos valores de pHf 24 h post mortem apresentados no frigorífico comercial, e a influência do pHf na proteólise muscular e parâmetros de qualidade como perda por gotejamento, cor e maciez de machos inteiros avaliados aos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de maturação. Foi realizado um estudo preliminar, com 399 carcaças em abatedouro comercial, para conhecer a ocôrrencia pHf de animais machos inteiros abatidos no Brasil, podendo-se identificar três faixas de pHf: pHf 5,5 até 5,8 (baixo-normal); pHf 5,81 até 6,3 (intermediário); pHf > 6,3. Músculos Longissimus dorsi (n=12) foram porcionados em bifes, embalados a vácuo, classificados nos três diferentes grupos de pHf e maturados a 2°C por 0 (48h), 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Foram avaliadas características de perda por gotejamento, cor, força de cisalhamento, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, colágeno total e solúvel, assim como proteólise miofibrilar. Carnes pertencentes ao grupo de pHf alto, apresentaram maior maciez (P<0,05) desde o início do experimento, quando comparado aos outros grupos do estudo. Bifes de pHf intermediário apresentaram os valores de força de cisalhamento mais elevados (P<0,05), o que indica um processo de maciez mais lento quando comparado com os outros grupos de pHf. Perdas por gotejamento, diminuem com o aumento nos valores de pHf (P< 0,05). Valores de L*, a*, b*, não apresentam diferenças entre os grupos de pH. O índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (MFI) foi maior em carne de pHf alto, seguido pelo grupo de pHf baixo-normal, e os menores valores pertenceram ao grupo de pHf intermediário (P<0,05) através do tempo de maturação. A degradação das proteínas como desmina e troponina-T foi maior e mais visível no pHf alto e baixo-normal desde as 48 h post mortem em comparação com o pHf intermediário, onde foram observadas as bandas de sua degradação quase ao final do período experimental. Proteínas chave como filamina e nebulina apresentaram maior degradação desde as 48 horas post mortem no pHf alto e mais lenta no pHf intermediário. Não foram observadas diferenças (P> 0,05) nos valores de colágeno total e solúvel nos diferentes grupos de pHf e nem através do tempo de maturação. Em geral, o grupo de pHf intermediário (5,8-6,3) apresentou maior inconsistência quanto às características de maciez e fragmentacão miofibrilar, consequência de uma proteólise tardia. / The ultimate pH (pHu) of the postmortem muscle is broadly use as a potential meat tenderness indicator and is an important factor related to meat quality. Brazil is the bovine meat exporter world leader; nevertheless the values of the postmortem pHu of the muscle and its impact on the meat quality of Bos indicus taurus bulls, are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research was to establish the values of pHu after 48 hours postmortem and its impact over the meat quality through the characterization of the biochemical processes that occurs in the muscle Longissimus dorsi of Bos taurus indicus bulls. In order to know the actual pHu of the Brazilian bulls, a preliminary study were made, using 399 carcasses of a commercial slaughter house and resulting three levels of pHu: pHu 5,5 to 5,8 (low-normal); pHu 5,81 to 6,3 (intermediate); pHu > 6,3 (high). Twelve muscles Longissimus dorsi were cut into steaks, classified into the three groups of pHu, vacuum packed up and matured at 2°C for 0 (48h), 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Drip loss, color, shear force, myofibril fragmentation index, total and soluble collagen and miofibrillar proteolysis were evaluated. The high pHu meat presented more tenderness from the beginning of the experiment (P<0,05) when compared with the other groups. The medium pHu steaks presented the highest shear force values (P<0,05), indicating a slower tenderization process in relation to the other pHu groups. The drip loss values diminished as the value of pHu rised (P< 0,05). The values of L*, a*, b* did not show significant differences within the groups of pHu. The highest miofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) through the maturation time, was found in the high pHu meat, followed by the low pHu group and then by the intermediate pHu group (P<0,05). At 48 hours postmortem, degradation of proteins, like desmin and troponin-T, was higher and more evident in the high and low-normal pHu when compared to the intermediate pHu, where the bands and its degradation were only observed by the end of the experiment. Key proteins like filamin and nebulin, showed higher degradation rate from the 48 h postmortem in the high pHu group, and a slower degradation in the intermediate pHu group. No differences were observed through the pHu groups, nor through the maturation time (P<0,05), for total and soluble collagen values. Then, it is possible to say that the meat quality of Bos taurus indicus bulls, especially the tenderness, is related to the pHu, and can be affected by the proteolytic systems activity. In general, the tenderness and the MFI were more inconsistent in the medium pHu group (5,8-6,3) than in the two other pHu groups, as a consequence of a late proteolysis.
332

Efeitos da posição da carcaça durante o resfriamento na qualidade da carne bovina / Effects of the position of the carcass during the chilling period in the quality of beef

Mücke, Denise 18 January 2006 (has links)
Dez novilhos Nelores, com média de 36 meses, foram abatidos no Abatedouro-Escola da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da PCAPS-USP e lados alternados de suas carcaças foram resfriados pelo sistema tradicional, tendão de Aquiles do traseiro especial (TA), ou na forma horizontal (HO). As carcaças foram resfriadas por 48 horas, entre 0-2ºC. Foi avaliada a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS). Em seguida, foram retiradas amostras dos músculos Longissimus dorsi (LD), Quadríceps femoris (QF), Supraspinatus (SU), Psoas major (PM) e Semitendinosus (ST), embaladas a vácuo, maturadas por 5 dias em câmara de resfriamento e congeladas para posterior análises. Não houve diferença entre a EGS e a AOL para o LD dos tratamentos TA e HO. As amostras foram descongeladas em câmara fria vinte e quatro horas antes das análises e a seguir a maciez foi avaliada pelo método Warner Bratzler Shear Force. Não houve diferença na maciez dos músculos SU, PM e ST, independente do tratamento. Porém, a força de cisalhamento do QF (p=0,0291) foi menor para o HO (5,13 kg) do que para o TA (6,24 kg). O mesmo foi observado para o músculo LD (p=0,0068), com valores de força de cisalhamento de 6,38 kg para HO e 7,73 kg para TA. O LD e QF de carcaças mantidas na posição horizontal foram mais macios. Outras pesquisas que avaliem o índice de fragmentação miofibrilar e o comprimento do sarcômero devem ser realizadas. / Ten Nellore steer carcasses, with average age of 36 months were slaughtered at the meats lab of FZEA – USP and alternate right or left sides were placed in the cooler hung either by the Achilles tendon (TA) or horizontally placed over pallets, outside facing up (HO). Carcass were chilled for 48 hours at 0 – 2ºC. After the chilling period, loin eye area (LEA) and fat thickness (FT) were measured. One inch thick samples from each of the following muscles were removed, loin, tenderloin, eye round, knuckle and chuck tender and after 5 days in the cooler were frozen for future analysis. There was not a statistical difference for LEA and FT between treatments. After thawing the samples were analyzed for shear force through the Warner Bratzler device and there was not statistical difference for the tenderloin, eye round and chuck tender muscles between treatments. The shear force of the knuckle (5.13 Kg) was lower (p=0.029) for the HO treatment than for the TA (6,24 Kg). The loin also had a shear force of 6,4 Kg statistically lower (p=0.007) for the HO treatment when compared to 7.7 Kg for the TA treatment. The loin and knuckle of the carcasses cooled horizontally were more tender. Further studies evaluating MFI and sarcomere length must be done.
333

Estudo da relação entre os diferentes graus de hipercontratilidade do corpo do esôfago e o refluxo gastroesofágico / Investigating the relationship between different degrees of hypercontractility body of the esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux

Melo, Karla Cristina Pinheiro de 09 February 2011 (has links)
O esôfago em quebra nozes (EQN) é uma afecção de diagnóstico manométrico, descrita em 1977, caracterizada por hipercontratilidade do corpo esofágico. Na década de 1990, surgiram publicações relacionando o EQN ao refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE), que desde então vem sendo motivo de controvérsias. A polêmica existente quanto à esta relação e a escassez de trabalhos avaliando o refluxo nas formas menos intensas de hipercontratilidade motivaram a realização do presente estudo. OBJETIVOS: Estudar pacientes com suspeita clínica de refluxo e com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico, classificada de acordo com sua intensidade em: discreta e acentuada, em relação aos dados demográficos, às manifestações clínicas, achados endoscópicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. Paralelamente, objetiva-se avaliar os mesmos parâmetros em um grupo referencial, composto por indivíduos sem queixas típicas de refluxo e sem alterações endoscópicas e manométricas do esôfago. MÉTODOS: Selecionou-se, retrospectivamente, para compor o grupo de estudo, pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico ao estudo manométrico, classificada de acordo com sua intensidade em dois sub-grupos: I. com hipercontratilidade discreta (154 180 mmHg ) e II. com hipercontratilidade acentuada EQN (> 180 mmHg). Avaliou-se também, um grupo referencial (III), composto por indivíduos sem queixas típicas de RGE e sem alterações endoscópicas e manométricas do esôfago. Analisou-se dados demográficos, clínicos, endoscópicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. RESULTADOS: Cento e oito indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo: 29 pacientes no Grupo I, 58 no Grupo II e 21 no Grupo III. O sexo feminino predominou nos três grupos, sem diferença estatística significante entre eles. Em relação às queixas clínicas predominantes, não houve diferença significante entre os grupos em relação à ocorrência de queixas típicas (GI: 58,6% x GII: 50,0%) e em relação à presença de queixas atípicas (GI: 13,8%, GII: 29,3% e GIII: 14,3%). O Grupo referencial apresentou ocorrência significantemente maior de queixas extra-esofágicas (GI: 27,6%, GII: 20,7% e GIII: 47,6%) e de outras queixas (GI: 0,0%, GII: 0,0% e GIII: 38,0%). Quanto aos achados endoscópicos, observou-se que a ocorrência de esofagite foi significantemente maior nos pacientes do Grupo I (76,2% x 46,3%). A ocorrência de refluxo patológico, à pHmetria, foi GI: 44,8%, GII: 36,2% e GIII: 19,0%. Apesar dessa maior ocorrência de refluxo patológico nos grupos de estudo (GI e GII), tal diferença não atingiu níveis de significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: Não há diferença significante entre pacientes com hipercontratilidade discreta e acentuada do corpo esofágico, em relação aos dados demográficos, clínicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. Há diferença significante apenas em relação à ocorrência de esofagite endoscópica, que predomina nos pacientes com hipercontratilidade discreta. Não há diferença significante entre os pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico quando comparados com os sem hipercontratilidade, em relação aos dados demográficos, ocorrência de queixas atípicas e presença de refluxo gastroesofágico patológico. Dentre os parâmetros avaliados, há diferença significante apenas em relação à ocorrência de queixas extra-esofágicas e de outras queixas sugestivas de refluxo, que predominam nos pacientes sem hipercontratilidade. Pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico tendem a apresentar refluxo gastroesofágico em níveis superiores aos que não apresentam hipercontratilidade. Porém, com o tamanho da amostra estudada, não foi possível confirmar tal hipótese / The \"Nutcracker esophagus \" (NE) is a disease of manometric diagnosis, described in 1977, characterized by hypercontractility esophageal body. In the 1990s, there were publications relating the NE to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which has since been the subject of controversy. Such controversy and a lack of studies evaluating reflux in less intense form of hypercontractility motivated the present study. OBJECTIVES: To study patients with clinically suspected reflux and esophageal body hypercontractility, classified according to their intensity: mild and severe, in relation to demographic data, clinical manifestations, endoscopic, manometric and pH monitoring findings. In parallel, the objective is to evaluate the same parameters in a reference group composed of individuals without typical complaints of reflux and without endoscopic and esophageal manometry abnormalities. METHODS: It was selected, retrospectively, to compose the study group, patients with esophageal body hypercontractility at the manometric study, classified according to their intensity into two sub-groups: I. hypercontractility discrete (154-180 mmHg) and II. hypercontractility sharply - NE (> 180 mmHg). It was also evaluated, a reference group (III), composed of individuals without typical complaints of GERD and without endoscopic and esophageal manometry abnormalities. We analyzed demographic, clinical, endoscopic, manometric and pH monitoring findings. RESULTS: One hundred and eight subjects were enrolled: 29 patients in Group I, 58 in Group II and 21 in Group III. Females predominated in all groups, no statistically significant difference between them. In relation to the predominant clinical complaints, no significant difference between groups regarding the occurrence of typical complaints (GI: 58.6% x GII: 50.0%) and for the presence of atypical complaints (GI: 13.8 %, GII: 29.3% and GIII: 14.3%). The reference group showed significantly higher incidence of extra-esophageal complaints (GI: 27.6%, GII: 20.7% and GIII: 47.6%) and \"other complaints\" (GI: 0.0%, GII: 0.0% and GIII: 38.0%). Regarding the endoscopic findings, we observed that the occurrence of esophagitis was significantly greater in Group I (76.2% x 46.3%). The occurrence of pathological reflux, with pH monitoring, was GI: 44.8%, GII: 36.2% and GIII: 19.0%. Despite this higher incidence of pathological reflux in the study groups (GI and GII), this difference did not reach statistical significance levels. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference between patients with mild and severe hypercontractility esophageal body in relation to demographic, clinical, manometric and pH monitoring findings. There is a significant difference only in relation to the occurrence of endoscopic esophagitis, which predominates in patients with mild hypercontractility. There is no significant difference between patients with esophageal hypercontractility body when compared with those without hypercontractility in relation to demographic data, occurrence of atypical complaints and presence of gastroesophageal reflux. Among the parameters evaluated, there was significant difference only in relation to the occurrence of extra-oesophageal complaints and other complaints suggestive of reflux predominantly in patients without hypercontractility. Patients with esophageal hypercontractility body tend to have gastroesophageal reflux in excess of those that do not have hypercontractility. However, with the sample size was not possible to confirm this hypothesis
334

[en] FIBER OPTIC PH SENSOR FOR PIPELINES AND OIL WELL PERMANENT MONITORING / [pt] SENSOR DE PH A FIBRA ÓPTICA PARA MONITORAÇÃO PERMANENTE EM DUTOS E POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO

MANOEL FELICIANO DA SILVA JUNIOR 06 April 2004 (has links)
[pt] A detecção da corrosão metálica em estruturas complexas e de difícil acesso apresenta dificuldades que até o presente não foram satisfatoriamente contornadas nos diversos setores industriais. Os sensores para avaliação da corrosão metálica baseiamse normalmente em corpos de sacrifício ou na monitoração da reação catódica que ocorre junto com o processo de oxidação e redução da corrosão. Condições ambientais, como temperatura, pressão, vazão, composição química e pH, têm influência direta sobre a agressividade do meio e seu conhecimento é fundamental para a previsão das taxas de corrosão. Na indústria do petróleo a corrosão metálica pode significar a falha prematura de equipamentos e vazamentos, causando onerosas operações de manutenção e pondo em risco a segurança e o meio ambiente. O presente trabalho mostra a concepção e desenvolvimento de um sensor de pH a fibra ótica para monitoração permanente de poços de petróleo. Dois princípios de medição foram avaliados. O primeiro, baseia-se na medida da variação do índice de refração efetivo em uma rede de Bragg, especialmente preparada para este fim, imersa em um meio contendo indicadores comerciais de pH. A segunda concepção utiliza a variação de volume proporcionada por um polímero sensível ao pH para deformar uma rede de Bragg. Os resultados experimentais obtidos demonstraram que a segunda técnica possibilita uma maior sensibilidade para as condições de operação do sensor. Esta segunda solução viabiliza também a utilização de múltiplos sensores, em uma única fibra óptica, monitorando ao mesmo tempo outras grandezas físicas que influenciam diretamente as taxas de corrosão, como pressão, temperatura e vazão. O sensor foi avaliado em meio ácido, sob diferentes condições de temperatura, produzindo resultados se sensibilidade melhor 0,01 unidades de pH. Novas investigações ainda precisam ser conduzidas para se chegar a um protótipo que possa ser testado em condições reais de operação de um poço de petróleo. / [en] Evaluation of corrosion rates in hard-to-access equipments, such as those found in petroleum production, is still a difficult task. Sensors for corrosion rate evaluation are normally based on sacrifice bodies or in the cathodic reaction that occurs with the oxidation and reduction reactions of the corrosion process. Environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, chemical composition, and pH, are fundamental factors of environment severity and have a direct influence on corrosion rate predictions. In the Petroleum Industry, metallic corrosion may cause premature failure of equipments and fluid leaks, often resulting in expensive maintenance operations and posing safety and environmental risks. This work presents new concepts for fiber optic pH sensors that may be applied for permanent monitoring of petroleum wells. Two measurements principles were evaluated. The first one is based on measurements of refractive index changes in commercial pH indicators. The second solution explores a pH sensitive polymer, whose changes in volume strains a fiber Bragg grating. Experiments reported here show that the second technique has a better sensitivity, particularly under the operation conditions found in oil wells. It also allows the use of multiple fiber optic sensors simultaneously monitoring other physical quantities, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate, which directly affect corrosion rates. The sensor was tested in acid environment, with special attention paid to temperature, solubility and response time. The sensitivity achieved was better than 0.01 pH units. More experiments still need to be performed in order to produce a prototype that will be testes in real operation conditions in producing petroleum well.
335

Synthèse et caractérisation de systèmes micellaires stimuli-sensibles à partir d’huile de lin / Synthesis and characterisation of stimuli-responsives micellar systems from linseed oil

El Asmar, Arlette 03 November 2017 (has links)
L'intérêt des copolymères amphiphiles se retrouve dans de multiples applications telles que le: supports catalytique, la bio-séparation ou encore la vectorisation de principe actif. L'étude de leu auto-association sous forme micellaire est très étendue notamment via l'utilisation de polymère: intelligents. Cette classe de polymères présente un changement de comportement lors d'un modification de son environnement. Ainsi des polymères pH et thermo-sensibles ont été sélectionnés dans le but d'étudier des systèmes micellaires composés d'un cœur hydrophobe issus de l'huile de lin et d'une couronne hydrophile stimuli-sensible. Cependant, pour chaque application visée, la synthèse de macromolécules de composition et/ou d'architecture complexe possédant de nouvelles propriétés est nécessaire. Afin de contourner les limitations de cette approche, uni alternative reposant sur le mélange physique de copolymères a été étudiée dans le but de moduler les propriétés et combiner deux sensibilités. / Amphiphilic copolymers have attracted a large interest as they find numerous applications in catalyst support, bio-separation devices and drug delivery systems. Their auto-association in aqueous media forming micelles are well-studied, particularly by the use of smart polymers which display a significant physicochemical change in response to modification of their environment. In this work, pH and temperature responsive polymers have been studied for the elaboration of micellar systems composed of a hydrophobic core from linseed oil and hydrophilic stimuli-sensitive coronna. However the common approach is to design one specific macromolecule for one given application, with sometimes complex composition and/or architecture. We aim to investigate a straight-forward pathway towards micellar systems with finely tuned sensitivities by the cooperative self-assembly of two different copolymers to manipulate the physico-chemical behavior of the final mixed system.
336

Kinetika i mehanizam uklanjanja odabranih metala iz vode adsorpcijom na aminofunkcionalizovanom ugljeničnom nanomaterijalu / The kinetics and mechanism of removal of selected metals from water by adsorption on amino functionalized carbon nanomaterials

Šućurović Aleksandra 27 September 2017 (has links)
<p>Predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije bio je ispitivanje adsorpcionog pona&scaron;anja As(III) i odabranih metala (Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cr(VI)) na amino- funkcionalizovanim vi&scaron;eslojnim ugljeničnim nanocevima, MWCNT-NH<sub>2 </sub>, na četiri odabrane pH vrednosti (3; 4,5; 6 i 11) i pri različitim sastavima vodenog rastvora (prisustvo hlorida, nitrata, sulfata i fosfata), a u cilju ispitivanja mogućnosti primene MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub> za uklanjanje arsena i jona metala iz vodenih rastvora u oblasti relativno niskih koncentracija (0,01-3 mg L <sup>-1</sup> ). Fokus ove doktorske disertacije<br />je bio na utvrđivanju mehanizma procesa adsorpcije u ispitivanim uslovima.&nbsp;&nbsp; Adsorpciju arsena i metala na MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub> najbolje je opisao reakcioni model pseudo-drugog reda &scaron;to&nbsp; znači da adsorpcija može biti pripisana uspostavljanju hemijskih interakcija između adsorbata i vezivnih grupa na povr&scaron;ini adsorbenta. Modelovanje brzine Weber Morris-ovim difuzionim modelom ukazalo je&nbsp; na to da unutarčestična difuzija, iako sporiji korak&nbsp; od eksterne difuzije, nije jedini ograničavajući korak u procesu adsorpcije, već su za to odgovorne i interakcije ispitivanih jona sa vezivnim mestima na povr&scaron;ini adsorbenta.&nbsp; U ravnotežnim uslovima, na različitim pH vrednostima, adsorpcija se mogla opisati&nbsp; Langmuir-ovim i Freundlich-ovim adsorpcionim modelima. Kapacitet i afinitet adsorbenta, kao i sam mehanizam adsorpcije, značajno su bili uslovljeni pH vredno&scaron;ću rastvora, kako zbog karakteristika povr&scaron;ine ispitivanog adsorbenta uslovljenih pH vredno&scaron;ću, tako i zbog uticaja pH vrednosti rastvora na pojavne hemijske oblike u kojima se arsen i metali nalaze. Ispitivanje uticaja anjona pokazalo je da je prisustvo hlorida povećalo afinitet povr&scaron;ine MWCNT-NH<sub>2 </sub>ka jonima arsena i svih metala u oblasti niskih<br />koncentracija, dok je prisustvo hlorida, nitrata, sulfata i fosfata pozitivno uticalo na afinitet povr&scaron;ine (od 2 do 8 puta veći u odnosu na dejonizovanu vodu) MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub><br />ka Cu(II) u oblasti vi&scaron;ih koncentracija. Najmanji uticaj anjona na afinitet povr&scaron;ine ka vezivanju metala primećen je kod hroma. Pretpostavljeni&nbsp; mehanizmi uklanjanja arsena i odabranih metala u prisustvu anjona ukljuĉuju reakcije građenja različitih vrsta spolja&scaron;nje-&nbsp; i unutra&scaron;nje-sfernih kompleksa, jonske izmene, kao i&nbsp; elektrostatičke interakcije koje se ostvaruju između pozitivno naelektrisane povr&scaron;ine MWCNT-NH<sub><span style="font-size: 8.33333px;">2</span></sub>&nbsp;i anjona, na pH vrednostima manjim od 6,4, a koje menjaju afinitet<br />povr&scaron;ine ka jonima arsena i metala. Rezultati ove doktorske disertacije pokazuju da se ispitivani adsorbent, MWCNT-NH<sub>2 </sub>,&nbsp; može koristiti za uklanjanje arsena i te&scaron;kih metala iz vode u prisustvu različitih anjona i da, svojim adsorpcionim karakteristikama, može konkurisati komercijalnim i&nbsp; ekonomski pristupačnim adsorbentima.</p> / <p>The subject of this doctoral thesis was the examination of the adsorption behaviour of As(III), and selected metals (Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cr(VI)) on the amino-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub>, at four pH values (3, 4.5, 6, and 11) with different compositions of aqueous solutions (in the presence of chlorides, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates), in order to examine the possibilities of applying MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub> in removal of arsenic and metal ions from aqueous solutions in relatively low concentration (0,01- 3mg L<sup>-1</sup>). The focus of this doctoral thesis was to establish the mechanism of adsorption process in given conditions. Arsenic and metal adsorption on MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub> were best described with the pseudo-second order kinetic model, which assumes that adsorption can be attributed to the establishment of chemical reactions between the adsorbate, and the binding groups at the surface of adsorbent. The Weber - Morris diffusion model indicated that intercellular diffusion, although being a slower step than external diffusion, is not the only limiting step in the adsorption process, but also that the interactions of ions with the adsorbent surface binding sites, are responsible. In equilibrium, at different pH values, the adsorption could be described by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The capacity and affinity of the adsorbent, and adsorption mechanism, were considerably determined by the pH value of the solution, either because of the characteristics of the surface of the investigated adsorbent depending on pH value, or the effect of the solution&rsquo;s pH value on the chemical forms of arsenic and other metals. Investigation of the influence of the anion showed that the presence of chloride increased affinity of the surface of MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub> to arsenic ions and to all metals in low concentration ranges, while presence of chlorides, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates had a positive impact on the affinity of the surface (2 or 8 times greater than for deionized water) MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub> for Cu(II) in high concentration ranges. The smallest impact of anions to affinity of the surface to bond metals was noticed for chromium. The assumed mechanisms of removing arsenic and selected metals in the presence of anions include reactions of forming various kinds of outer- and inner-spheric complexes, ionic exchange, as well as electrostatic interaction which occur between positively charged surface of MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub> and anions, for pH &lt; 6.4, and which change affinity of the surface towards arsenic and metal ions. Results of this doctoral thesis show that the investigated adsorbent, MWCNT-NH<sub>2</sub>, can be used for the removal of arsenic and heavy metals from water, in the presence of different anions, and that with its adsorbent characteristic it can compete with commercially, and economically more affordable adsorbents.</p>
337

Změny vnitrobuněčného pH kvasinek za stresových podmínek / Changes of intracellular pH in yeast cells under stress conditions

Divín, Radek January 2015 (has links)
Title: Changes of intracellular pH in yeast cells under stress conditions Author: Radek Divín Department: Institute of Physics of Charles University Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Jaromír Plášek, CSc. Abstract: Specific values of intracellular pH (pHi) can affect all biochemical processes in a cell and this phenomenon is closely connected with the degree of importance of changes in the intracellular pH under the stress conditions. In the Master Thesis, the yeast cells Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as a model of organism eukaryotic cells. Monitoring of intracellular pH of the cells was performed by the method of synchronous fluorescence scan technique of genetically encoded fluorescent probes pHluorin which was located in the cytosol of the cells. The cells were exposed to stress conditions due to the chemical changes in the environment. Consequently, their ability to maintain a stable value of the intracellular pH in various acidic environments was studied in more detail. The attention was also focused on the impact on optimizing of glucose cytosolic pH. The work was centered on the changes in intracellular pH under the influence of the presence of KCl in suspension. Furthermore, the decrease of cytosolic pH of monitored cells by protonophore CCCP was investigated. The effect of stress environment on the...
338

Charakterizace nových HILIC stacionárních fází / Characterization of new HILIC stationary phases

Vaclová, Jana January 2020 (has links)
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography is a frequently used separation method for analysis of polar compounds. It is an alternative method to reversed-phase chromatography, where these compounds show insufficient or very weak retention. A high number of stationary phases are currently available for HILIC and new ones are still being developed. The aim of this diploma thesis was to characterize and compare three relatively new HILIC columns containing an unmodified silica gel (HILIC-A), aminopropyl modified silica (HILIC-B) and polyhydroxyl chain modified silica (HILIC-N) as stationary phase. Based on the study of the effect of acetonitrile content in mobile phase on the retention of a model set of peptides, a multimodal retention mechanism was demonstrated. Analysis of 18 model analytes with different pKa values showed, that the composition of aqueous part of mobile phase (buffer), more specifically it's concentration and pH value, has a significant impact on retention of ionized analytes and peptides on the studied stationary phases. A significant contribution of ionic interactions to retention was observed on HILIC-B and HILIC-A columns. The retention of basic compounds on the HILIC-B column increased with increasing ionic strength, while it decreased on the HILIC-A column. Increasing the...
339

Eficiência da crescente estimulação elétrica de média voltagem em meias carcaças Bos taurus indicus no final do abate na qualidade do contrafilé durante a maturação

Oliveira, Janaina Prieto de January 2020 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Resumo: Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência de estímulos elétricos com tensões crescentes durante a estimulação de meias carcaças no final do abate na qualidade do contrafilé até 28 dias de maturação. Metade das meias carcaças esquerdas de 40 novilhos Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), não castrados, com predomínio de cobertura de gordura mediana, foram submetidas ao Protocolo A (20, 40, 60 e 80 VRMS) e a outra metade foi submetida ao Protocolo B (50 VRMS). Ambos os protocolos com 12,5 Hz durante 52 segundos. As respectivas meias carcaças direitas não foram estimuladas (Controle A e Controle B). O pH e a temperatura das meias carcaças foram monitorados durante as 40 horas de resfriamento (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 e 40 horas) e os respectivos contrafilés foram maturados por 2, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias post-mortem. As duas combinações de estimulação elétrica de média voltagem aceleraram a taxa de declínio do pH (refletido na temperatura e no tempo que o pH cai para 6), resultando em valores médios para força de cisalhamento de 4,66 kgf pra o Protocolo A e 4,62 kg para o Protocolo B com diferença entre seus controles os quais apresentaram 5,36 kg e 5,29 kg respectivamente, mantendo essa característica durante a maturação. O comprimento dos sarcômeros não foi diferente (P>0,05) entre os protocolos e seus controles. O uso da estimulação elétrica com tensões crescentes não resultou em melhores características qualitativas da carne em relação a estimulação elétrica de tensão contínua. A força da esti... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of electrical stimulation with increasing voltage during the stimulation of bovine half carcasses on the quality of 28 days aged strip loins. Half of the left half carcasses from 40 Nellore steers (Bos taurus indicus), intact, from the same feedlot, with median fat coverage, were submitted to Protocol A (20, 40, 60 and 80 VRMS) and the other half to Protocol B (50 VRMS). Both protocols with 12.5 Hz for 52 seconds. The respective right half carcasses were not stimulated (Control A and Control B). The pH and temperature were monitored during 40 hours of cooling (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 40 hours) and the strip loins were aged for 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-mortem. Both combinations of medium voltage electrical stimulation accelerated the pH decline rate (reflected in temperature and the time that pH drop to 6), resulting in lower values for shear force 4.66 kgf for Protocol A, and 4.62 for Protocol B, with 5.36 kgf and 5,29 kgf for its respectively controls, maintaining this characteristic during aging time. The length of the sarcomere was not different (P>0.05) between the protocols and their controls. The use of an electrical stimulation with increasing tensions did not result in better qualitative characteristics of the meat in comparison to the continuous tension electrical stimulation. The strength of the electrical stimulation, the visual contractions, and the pH difference area (∆pH) did not have a proportional effect on ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
340

The pH-responsive behaviour of poly(acrylic acid) in aqueous solution is dependent on molar mass

Swift, Thomas, Swanson, L., Geoghegan, M., Rimmer, Stephen 2016 January 1921 (has links)
Yes / Fluorescence spectroscopy on a series of aqueous solutions of poly(acrylic acid) containing a luminescent label showed that polymers with molar mass, Mn < 16.5 kDa did not exhibit a pH responsive conformational change, which is typical of higher molar mass poly(acrylic acid). Below this molar mass, polymers remained in an extended conformation, regardless of pH. Above this molar mass, a pH-dependent conformational change was observed. Diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that low molar mass polymers did not undergo a conformational transition, although large molar mass polymers did exhibit pH-dependent diffusion. / Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded CASE award PhD. Part funded by flocculant manufacturer SNF (UK) Ltd.

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