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Phagocytic cells respond to activation by a variety of stimuli by generating oxygen-derived free radicals. The characteristics of the production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by human neutrophils has been compared with that produced by human monocytes. The majority of work in this thesis is concerned with the employment of an assay which measures hydrogen peroxide produced by stimulated human neutrophils in vitro, but which also has been found to detect the generation of another peroxide, the identity of which is uncertain. The use of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 pathway inhibitors has provided indirect evidence for the identification of the unknown peroxide as 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE). These inhibitors have also provided the opportunity to investigate differences in the oxidative metabolism of human neutrophils induced by various stimuli. In addition, the effects of two cyclooxygenase inhibitors, diclofenac and piroxicam, on neutrophil activity in vivo has been investigated. Whilst neutrophil activity of some individuals was inhibited, this was not consistent and not significant. Incubation of a variety of analogues of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors diclofenac and fenclofenac with stimulated neutrophils in vitro has allowed an insight into the structure-activity relationships of these drugs' effects on neutrophil activity. It was found that the position of substitution of various groups in the ring structure remote from the acid group had the biggest single influence on activity. Finally, the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and peripheral vascular disease has been compared with that of neutrophils from healthy controls. The neutrophils from the progressive systemic sclerosis group were found to have increased activity both ex vivo and following incubation with heat-aggregated IgG. This has been shown to be associated with enhanced expression of Fc receptors on these cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 valerio_mja_dr_botfm.pdf: 1362288 bytes, checksum: 92bb90e388b3c540e45ec3f19d6b0e1d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Na paracoccidioidomicose, os estudos sobre os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro destacam o papel das células fagocitárias que participam ativamente dos mecanismos efetores diretos contra o fungo e da modulação da resposta inflamatória. Dentre essas células, nos últimos anos, os estudos têm se voltado para os neutrófilos, que exercem um importante papel efetor e modulador principalmente durante os estágios iniciais da infecção. As funções dessas células, incluindo as antimicrobicidas, podem ser reguladas por citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias. Apesar dos mecanismos celulares e moleculares desse processo não estarem completamente entendidos, trabalhos nos últimos anos têm mostrado de forma bastante consistente o envolvimento dos “Toll Like Receptors” (TLRs). Neste contexto, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: 1- Avaliar a expressão de TLR2 e TLR4 por neutrófilos humanos pré-ativados com GM-CSF, IL-15, TNF-a ou IFN-g e desafiados com cepa virulenta de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cepa 18 (Pb18). 2- Avaliar a participação desses receptores na atividade fungicida, produção de H2O2 e das citocinas: IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-a e IL-10 por neutrófilos humanos pré-ativados com GM-CSF, IL-15, TNF-a, IFN-g e desafiados com Pb18. Nos ensaios referentes ao primeiro objetivo, as células foram tratadas por 18 horas com cada uma das citocinas ou LPS, posteriormente desafiadas com Pb 18 por 4 horas e avaliadas quanto a expressão de TLR2 e TLR4 por citometria de fluxo. Nos referentes ao segundo objetivo, as células foram ativadas com os mesmos estímulos, submetidas ao bloqueio de TLR2 e TLR4, através da incubação das células com anticorpos monoclonais específicos, desafiadas com Pb18 por 4 horas e analisadas quanto a atividade fungicida, produção de H2O2 e das citocinas IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-a e IL-10, por Elisa. Os resultados... / In paracoccidioidomycosis, phagocytic cells appear to provide one of the major lines of host defense. In this context, in last years, various studies have focused on the role of neutrophils that are involved in primary response to the fungus. Neutrophil functions are regulated by pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this process are not fully understood, but there are strong evidences about the involvement of “Toll Like Receptors” (TLRs). In this context, we aimed to evaluate TLR2 and TLR4 expression on human neutrophils primed with the cytokines GM-CSF, IL- 15, TNF-a or IFN-g and challenged with a virulent strain of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18). Moreover, we asked if these receptors have a role on fungicidal activity, H2O2 and IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and IL-10 production, by primed and challenged cells. In first assays, neutrophils were incubated with each of cytokines or LPS by 18 h, challenged with Pb18 by 4 h and evaluated by TLR2 and TLR4 expression by flow cytometry. In other assays, cells were incubated with each of cytokines or LPS by 18h, submitted to TLR2 and TLR4 blocking by specific monoclonal antibodies, challenged with Pb18 for 4 h and evaluated for fungicidal activity, H2O2 and IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and IL-10 production, by ELISA. All cytokines increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Pb18 increased TLR2 expression inducing an additional effect to that of cytokines. On the contrary, it inhibited TLR4 expression. All cytokines increased neutrophils fungicidal activity, but this process was not associated with TLR2 or TLR4 expression. All cytokines and Pb18 increased H2O2 production, but in the same manner to fungicidal activity, the process was not associated to TLR2 or TLR4 expression. Neutrophils activation with GM-CSF and TNF-a resulted in a significative increase on IL-8... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Na paracoccidioidomicose, os estudos sobre os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro destacam o papel das células fagocitárias que participam ativamente dos mecanismos efetores diretos contra o fungo e da modulação da resposta inflamatória. Dentre essas células, nos últimos anos, os estudos têm se voltado para os neutrófilos, que exercem um importante papel efetor e modulador principalmente durante os estágios iniciais da infecção. As funções dessas células, incluindo as antimicrobicidas, podem ser reguladas por citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias. Apesar dos mecanismos celulares e moleculares desse processo não estarem completamente entendidos, trabalhos nos últimos anos têm mostrado de forma bastante consistente o envolvimento dos "Toll Like Receptors" (TLRs). Neste contexto, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: 1- Avaliar a expressão de TLR2 e TLR4 por neutrófilos humanos pré-ativados com GM-CSF, IL-15, TNF-a ou IFN-g e desafiados com cepa virulenta de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cepa 18 (Pb18). 2- Avaliar a participação desses receptores na atividade fungicida, produção de H2O2 e das citocinas: IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-a e IL-10 por neutrófilos humanos pré-ativados com GM-CSF, IL-15, TNF-a, IFN-g e desafiados com Pb18. Nos ensaios referentes ao primeiro objetivo, as células foram tratadas por 18 horas com cada uma das citocinas ou LPS, posteriormente desafiadas com Pb 18 por 4 horas e avaliadas quanto a expressão de TLR2 e TLR4 por citometria de fluxo. Nos referentes ao segundo objetivo, as células foram ativadas com os mesmos estímulos, submetidas ao bloqueio de TLR2 e TLR4, através da incubação das células com anticorpos monoclonais específicos, desafiadas com Pb18 por 4 horas e analisadas quanto a atividade fungicida, produção de H2O2 e das citocinas IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-a e IL-10, por Elisa. Os resultados... (REsumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In paracoccidioidomycosis, phagocytic cells appear to provide one of the major lines of host defense. In this context, in last years, various studies have focused on the role of neutrophils that are involved in primary response to the fungus. Neutrophil functions are regulated by pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this process are not fully understood, but there are strong evidences about the involvement of "Toll Like Receptors" (TLRs). In this context, we aimed to evaluate TLR2 and TLR4 expression on human neutrophils primed with the cytokines GM-CSF, IL- 15, TNF-a or IFN-g and challenged with a virulent strain of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18). Moreover, we asked if these receptors have a role on fungicidal activity, H2O2 and IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and IL-10 production, by primed and challenged cells. In first assays, neutrophils were incubated with each of cytokines or LPS by 18 h, challenged with Pb18 by 4 h and evaluated by TLR2 and TLR4 expression by flow cytometry. In other assays, cells were incubated with each of cytokines or LPS by 18h, submitted to TLR2 and TLR4 blocking by specific monoclonal antibodies, challenged with Pb18 for 4 h and evaluated for fungicidal activity, H2O2 and IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and IL-10 production, by ELISA. All cytokines increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Pb18 increased TLR2 expression inducing an additional effect to that of cytokines. On the contrary, it inhibited TLR4 expression. All cytokines increased neutrophils fungicidal activity, but this process was not associated with TLR2 or TLR4 expression. All cytokines and Pb18 increased H2O2 production, but in the same manner to fungicidal activity, the process was not associated to TLR2 or TLR4 expression. Neutrophils activation with GM-CSF and TNF-a resulted in a significative increase on IL-8... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ângela Maria Victoriano de Campos Soares / Coorientador: Luciene Alarcão Dias Melicio / Banca: José Maurício Sforci / Banca: Sueli Aparecida Calvi / Banca: Gil Bernardi / Banca: Wafa Hanna Koury Cabrera / Doutor

The main goal of this thesis was to study cancer immunotherapy based on combination of ligands of TLR and phagocytic receptor agonists. This study is focused on looking for proper and save TLR stimulation and specific anchoring of phagocytic ligands.

The main goal of this thesis was to optimize the current therapeutic approach using TLR agonists and anchored agonists of phagocytic receptor to treating cancer. The study is focused on searching a suitable agonist of TLR as the replacement of LPS.

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação mineral injetável de cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) sobre a resposta imunológica e o desempenho de bovinos de corte a pasto, foram avaliadas vacas no período pré-parto (experimento I) e seus bezerros até pós desmama (experimento II). O experimento foi realizado na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da USP, Campus de Pirassununga-SP. No experimento I, foram avaliadas sessenta vacas prenhas por inseminação, distribuídas aleatoriamente em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (T e S). No tratamento testemunha (T), as vacas receberam soro fisiológico como placebo, e no tratamento suplementado (S) receberam mineral injetável via subcutânea (75 mg de cobre e 250 mg de zinco), com aproximadamente 75 dias antes do parto. Foram avaliados os teores de Cu e Zn séricos, IgG e IgM, ceruloplasmina e a atividade fagocitária. Os dados experimentais foram analisados utilizando-se o PROC MIXED do SAS (SAS, 2009), com o nível de significância de 5% para interpretação estatística de todos os testes. Os teores de cobre, zinco, IgM, IgG, ceruloplasmina e a atividade fagocitária das vacas não apresentaram diferença (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Da mesma forma, não houve influencia (p>0,05) das vacas nos teores de Cu e Zn séricos, na resposta imunológica e no desempenho dos bezerros aos 70 dias de idade (primeira coleta de sangue). O fornecimento de Cu e Zn injetável aos 75 dias antes do parto não alterou os teores de zinco, cobre e ceruloplasmina sérica, bem como a resposta imunológica até 30 dias após o parto. Como não houve diferença significativa entre as mães, foi considerado que os bezerros eram provenientes de vacas homogêneas. Assim, no experimento II, cinquenta e quatro bezerros filhos destas vacas, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 2 tratamentos: (T) - bezerros não suplementados, que receberam soro fisiológico como placebo; (S) - bezerros suplementados com cobre (15 mg aos 70 dias, 45 mg aos 140 dias e 60 mg aos 210 dias) e zinco (50 mg aos 70 dias, 150 mg aos 140 dias e 200 mg aos 210 dias). Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue com aproximadamente 70, 140, 170, 210 e 240 dias de idade, para avaliação dos teores de Cu e Zn sérico, ceruloplasmina, IgG e IgM e a atividade fagocitária. A suplementação parenteral de Cu e Zn aos 70, 140 e 210 dias não alteraram (p>0,05) os teores de Cu e Zn séricos, a resposta imunológica, o desempenho, a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase e a atividade fagocitária de bezerros Nelore. A falta de resposta ao suplemento mineral injetável deveu-se possivelmente ao fato dos bezerros já estarem recebendo as quantidades adequadas de cobre e de zinco nas suas dietas. / This study evaluated the effect of injectable Cu and Zn on the immune response and performance of beef cattle on pasture, cows were evaluated in the antepartum period (experiment I) and their calves to post weaning (experiment II). The experiment was perfomed at the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Campus Pirassununga. In experiment I, sixty pregnant Nelore cows by insemination were divided in a completely randomized design in two treatments. In the control treatment (T), the 30 cows received saline as placebo, the supplemented (S) received mineral injection subcutaneously (75 mg of copper and 250 mg of zinc), 75 days prior to parturition, when also received clostridiosis vaccine. It were evaluated the serum levels of Cu and Zn, IgG, and IgM, ceruloplasmin, SOD and phagocytic activity. Experimental data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS, 2009), with 5% significance level for statistical interpretation of all tests. The levels of copper, zinc, IgM, IgG, ceruloplasmin and the phagocytic activity of the cows had no statistical difference (p>0.05) between treatments. Similarly, there wasn\'t influence (p>0.05) of cows for Cu and Zn serum, immune response and performance of calves at 70 days of age (first blood sample). The supply of Cu and Zn injection at 75 days before delivery did not change the levels of zinc, copper and serum ceruloplasmin and the immune response 30 days after delivery. Since there was no significant difference between the mothers, it was considered that the calves were from homogeneous cows. In experiment II, fifty four calves born from these cows were distributed completely randomized design with 2 treatments: (T) - calves not supplemented that receive solution saline as placebo and (S) - calves supplemented with injectable mineral applied subcutaneously containing copper (15 mg at 70 days, 45 mg at 140 days and 60 mg at 210 days) and zinc (50 mg at 70 days, 150 mg at 140 days and 200 mg at 210 days. Blood samples were realized with approximately 70, 140, 170, 210 and 240 days of age. Were assessed levels of serum Cu and Zn, ceruloplasmin, IgG and IgM and the phagocytic activity. Parenteral supplementation of Cu and Zn at 70, 140 and 210 days didn\'t alter (p>0.05) the contents of Cu and Zn serum, the immune response, performance, activity of superoxide dismutase and the phagocytic activity of Nelore calves. The lack of response to injectable mineral supplement possibly was due to the fact that the calves were already taking adequate amounts of copper and zinc in their diets.

Οι λοιμώξεις από διάφορους παθογόνους μικροοργανισμούς αποτελούν σημαντική αιτία νοσηρότητας και θνησιμότητας κατά τη διάρκεια της περιγεννητικής περιόδου. Η αυξημένη ευαισθησία των νεογνών σε βακτηριακές λοιμώξεις έχει αποδοθεί σε ανωριμότητα της έμφυτης ανοσίας. Θεωρείται ότι ένας από τους μηχανισμούς που ευθύνεται είναι η μειωμένη φαγοκυτταρική λειτουργία των ουδετερόφιλων και μονοκυττάρων. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να διερευνήσουμε την φαγοκυτταρική ικανότητα των νεογνικών ουδετερόφιλων και μονοκυττάρων στο αίμα του ομφάλιου λώρου και στο περιφερικό αίμα 3 ημέρες μετά τη γέννηση. Μέθοδος: Διερευνήσαμε την φαγοκυτταρική ικανότητα των ουδετερόφιλων και μονοκυττάρων σε μια ομάδα 42 νεογνών. Η in vitro φαγοκυτταρική δραστηριότητα υπολογίστηκε με βάση το Phagotest kit (Opregen Pharma, Heidelberg, Γερμανία) χρησιμοποιώντας κυτταρομετρία ροής, η οποία εκτιμά την πρόσληψη E. Coli από τα φαγοκύτταρα, στον ομφάλιο λώρο και στο περιφερικό αίμα την τρίτη μέρα ζωής. Τυχαία επιλεγμένοι 15 ξένοι υγιείς ενήλικες συμπεριελήφθησαν στη μελέτη και αποτέλεσαν την ομάδα ελέγχου-controls. Αποτελέσματα: Η φαγοκυτταρική ικανότητα των ουδετερόφιλων στο αίμα του ομφάλιου λώρου ήταν σημαντικά μειωμένη σε σύγκριση με εκείνη των ενηλίκων. Την 3η μεταγεννητική ημέρα η φαγοκυτταρική ικανότητα των ουδετερόφιλων είχε αυξηθεί σε σύγκριση με εκείνη στο αίμα του ομφάλιου λώρου και δεν διαφέρει σημαντικά από εκείνη των ενηλίκων. Η φαγοκυτταρική ικανότητα των μονοκυττάρων δεν διέφερε από αυτή των ενηλίκων, τόσο κατά τη γέννηση όσο και την τρίτη μεταγεννητική μέρα. Συμπέρασμα: Η μελέτη μας έδειξε ότι η πρόσληψη του E. Coli από τα φαγοκύτταρα είναι μειωμένη στα νεογνά (πρόωρα και τελειόμηνα) στη γέννηση, σε σύγκριση με τους ενήλικες. Αυτή η ατέλεια είναι παροδική, καθώς την 3η ημέρα μετά τη γέννησή η φαγοκυτταρική ικανότητα των νεογνών φτάνει στα επίπεδα των ενηλίκων. / Infections by a variety of pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality during perinatal period. The susceptibility of neonates to bacterial infections has been attributed to immaturity of innate immunity. It is considered that one of the impaired mechanisms is the phagocytic function of neutrophils and monocytes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phagocytic ability of neonates at birth and the third postnatal day. Methods: The phagocytic ability of neutrophils and monocytes of 42 neonates was determined using the Phagotest flow cytometry method, that assesses the intake of E. Coli by phagocytes, in cord blood and in peripheral blood 3 days after birth. Fifteen healthy adults were included in the study as controls. Results: The phagocytic ability of neutrophils in the cord blood of neonates was significantly reduced compared to adults. The 3rd postnatal day the reduction of phagocytic ability of neutrophils was no longer significant compared to adults. The phagocytic ability of monocytes did not show any difference from that of adults either at birth or the 3rd postnatal day. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the intake of E. Coli by phagocytes is impaired at birth in both preterm and full term neonates compared to adults. This defect is transient, with the phagocytic ability in neonates reaching that of the adults 3 days after birth.