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Wh-indefinites in Chinese have received great attention and discussion in the literature. This thesis investigates the status of Chinese wh-indefinites and their behaviors in the so-called donkey sentence. A typical example of wh-indefinite will be like the following: (4) Ta bu xiang zai shuo shenme le he not want again say what LE ¡¥He does not want to say anything again.¡¦ ¥L¤£·Q¦A»¡¤°»ò¤F¡C In this thesis, accounts of wh-indefinites as variables, polarity items and quantifiers from Huang (1982), Li (1992), Cheng (1991, 1994) and Lin (1996, 1998) are provided and this thesis discusses the problems each account presents. Countering Li¡¦s (1992) work, this work argue that wh-indefinite like zenmeyang ¡¦how¡¦ and weishenme ¡¥why¡¦ cannot be directly treated as variables since they feature variables only if they appear after an auxiliary (under which situation they will express purpose or method) in a donkey sentence according to Tsai (1999, 2000), see the following examples: (5) a. Akiu hui wei (le) shenme cizhi wo jiu hui wei (le) shenme cizhi¡@ Akiu will for LE what resign I then will for LE what resign ¡¥If Akiu will resign for the purpose x, I will then also resign for the purpose x.¡¦ ªüQ·|¬°¡]¤F¡^¤°»òÃ㾡A§Ú´N·|¬°¡]¤F¡^¤°»òÃ㾡C b. *Akiu wei (le) shenme hui cizhi wo jiu wei (le) shenme hui cizhi Akiu for LE what will resign I then will LE what will resign Intended ¡¥If Akiu will resign because of the reason x, I will then also resign because of the reason x. *ªüQ¬°¤F¤°»ò·|Ã㾡A§Ú´N¬°¤F¤°»ò·|Ã㾡C (Tsai¡¦s 2000, 15 glossed and translated by the author) Avoiding treating wh-indefinites as variables, we may treat them as quantifiers according to Huang¡¦s observation. But Huang¡¦s (1982) quantifier account of wh-indefinites is also rejected because I observe that wh-indefinites do not exhibit island sensitivity. Then we are led to another treatment: treating wh-indefinites as polarity items because they are sensitive to polarity environment. Aside from the sensitivity to polarity environment, Lin¡¦s (1996) work argues that wh-indefinites are licensed as polarity items if the sentence is subject to NEEC- non-entailment of existence condition. NEEC tells us that if (part of) a sentence does not have the existential import of object; wh-words can be licensed as wh-indefinites. This faces challenge because there are cases presupposing existential import yet the wh-indefinite is licensed. In chapter 3, two types of donkey sentences are identified in Cheng and Huang¡¦s (1996) work and are accounted with different approaches-Unselective Binding and E-type analysis. Though accepting their viewpoint generally, Lin (1996) makes a distinction between one-case and multi-case reading and opens the possibility of universal interpretation in ruguo-conditionals. Later I introduce Indirect binding approach to account both types of donkey sentences. Indirect Binding argues that some quantified expression plays the role as associating the indefinite with the anaphoric element in donkey sentences: (6) [Everyone who ti keeps a dogj]i like itj. The example here captures the very basic idea of Indirect Binding: the chunk of expression, which has the indefinite a dog in its scope, c-commands the pronoun it and hence relates it to the indefinite. I extend it to the analysis of Chinese donkey sentences and discover that although Indirect Binding does not target at a particular status, the condition that the indirect binder must c-command the indefinite seems to suggest that c-commanding is the way of licensing a wh-indefinite, which echoes Li¡¦s and Cheng¡¦s analyses. In Chapter 4, I introduce wh-indefinites in Japanese and Korean respectively and conclude that quantificational force comes from the environment but not from wh-indefinites themselves, countering Huang (1982). Finally, I suggest that licensing a wh-word as a wh-indefinite is through being c-commanded by the relevant operators. It is so because of Li¡¦s and Cheng¡¦s observation of wh-indefinites licensing and also of a condition in Indirect Binding that indirect binders must c-command the indefinite in order to have it as in its scope, as I have mentioned. This thesis then provides a viewpoint that perhaps, wh-indefinites can be treated uniformly as polarity items considering that Indirect Binding approach explains their behavior in donkey sentences. This thesis also opens the door for analyzing wh-indefinites in donkey sentences under Indirect Binding in other languages. Keywords¡G Wh-indefinite, polarity item, variable, quantifier, donkey phenomenon, Indirect Binding

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impostor phenomenon (IP), an internal feeling of intellectual phoniness that was originally discovered in a group of highly successful women (Clance & Imes, 1979), by administering Harvey's IP Scale, Ratter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (LOC) and a demographic questionnaire to 126 college students (73 women and 53 men). The goal of this study was to examine the relationships between the impostor phenomenon locus of control, gender, level of education, generation status, age and race. Results indicated a significant positive relationship between the impostor phenomenon and locus of control. No other constructs were found to be significantly related to the impostor phenomenon. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 126-128.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 85 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-85).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 59 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52).

This thesis addresses a topic which to date has not received any sustained attention within the field of health and social care. The thesis explores the understanding that lecturers in health and social care have of the nature of truth and how their conceptions of truth impact on their teaching and on their relationship with students. The study was conducted through interviews with nine lecturers, from five universities and several disciplines within health and social care, which allowed them to explore their understanding of truth in relation to their teaching. A phenomenological approach was employed, as this enabled the participants to describe the phenomenon of truth as it presented itself to them through their own lived experience and as it was imbricated in their teaching. In order to analyse the lived experience of the lecturers I used an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach because it is concerned with the interpretation of particular experiences of a phenomenon. One of the key findings that emerged from the analysis was that none of the lecturers believed that there was one version of truth but rather multiple truths or realities, often based on uncertainty rather than a certainty. The suggestion was that what was being taught in class was a theory of provisional validity rather than an absolute truth and this heavily influenced the way these lecturers saw their role within their students’ journeys towards their own versions of truth and authenticity. The study participants held that if students could become comfortable with questioning truth and accepting that more than one version of the truth exists, then they were enabled to deploy the art of critical evaluation and analysis within their own learning. Underpinning my analysis of my findings regarding the lecturers’ perceptions of their role in encouraging critical thinking and authenticity is the work of Barnet and Kreber. Barnet (2007) claimed that in order to become authentic, an element of critical thinking is required and Kreber (2013) builds on this when she suggests that authenticity is associated with being true to self in a critical social theory sense. Further key findings are very much related to the unique dimension of my study being placed within health and social care and include the connections between the nature of truth and matters such as: the participant’s identity as a health and social care professional and the influence this has on their teaching; how conceptions of truth impact on the health and social care knowledge base within the disciplines of the participants and how this discipline knowledge underpins their teaching; the relationship between the participants’ conceptions of the nature of truth and the professional attributes that feature in the participants’ teaching; and how the understanding of the nature of truth links into the health and social care curricula. The thesis concludes by discussing implications for theory and practice that appear to flow from the findings of this study.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo defender a viabilidade de uma Semiologia da Tradução a partir dos princípios semiológicos reservados à língua pelo renomado linguista Émile Benveniste. Para tanto, o fenômeno tradutório não é considerado senão pela relação entre línguas que o tradutor estabelece no exercício de seu ofício, sobre a qual a Semiologia da Língua e, por conseguinte, a própria Enunciação, frutos da reflexão benvenistiana acerca da linguagem, dão testemunho. A primeira o faz através do princípio de unidades significantes atestado nos modos de significação da língua, a saber, o semiótico e o semântico, cuja significância cede à língua o status de interpretante da sociedade; a segunda, através das propriedades semânticas que fazem evidenciar as diferenças linguísticas na produção de discurso como manifestação da enunciação. Assim, a hipótese de uma Semiologia da Tradução é sustentada, no primeiro capítulo, pela comprovação de que o fenômeno tradutório é atravessado pela língua de maneira a tomar-lhe emprestado o funcionamento significante que rege suas leis e, no segundo capítulo, pela descrição dos domínios semiótico e semântico que possibilita pensar para a tradução um modo específico de significação, descrito, em pormenores, no terceiro e último capítulo. Com o intuito de produzir um discurso sobre a tese benvenistiana de que o semântico é a possibilidade da tradução, enquanto o semiótico é a impossibilidade, o original e a tradução são tomados como duas línguas-discurso que configuram um sistema cujo mecanismo de significância protagoniza uma relação de interpretância, onde a língua-discurso-alvo é o interpretante da língua-discurso-fonte, fazendo emergirem das diferenças que o tradutor estabelece entre uma e outra as unidades de tradução – uma noção teórica de unidade de significação muito particular pela qual se acredita poder descrever as leis que regem todo sistema tradutório. / This study aims to prove the viability of a Semiology of Translation regarding the semiotic principles reserved to the Language by the well-known linguist Émile Benveniste. The phenomenon of translation is considered as the relationship between languages established by the translator during the translation process, which is attested by the Semiology of Language and, therefore, the Enunciation itself – both as a result of Benveniste’s reflection on language. The first one attests it through the unit of signification principle verified in the two modes of meaning combined in language – the semiotic and semantic modes – whose significance makes the language the interpreting system of society. The second one attests it through the semantic properties that clarify the linguistic differences in the production of speech as a manifestation of the enunciation. Thus, the hypothesis of a Semiology of Translation is sustained in the first chapter by proving that the phenomenon of translation is crossed by the Language so as to copy both its significant mechanism and laws; and in the second chapter by describing both semiotic and semantic modes in order to enable the development of a specific mode of meaning for the phenomenon of translation, which is finally portrayed in detail in the third and final chapter. In order to draw a conclusion about Benveniste’s idea of the semantic mode as the possibility of translation and the semiotic mode as its impossibility, the original and the translation are both taken by the concept of language-speech that sets a translation system whose significant mechanism portrays a interpreting relationship where the target language-speech is the interpreter of the source language-speech, making emerge from the differences that the translator establishes between one and another a theoretical notion of the translation unit which it is believed to describe the laws governing all translation systems.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo defender a viabilidade de uma Semiologia da Tradução a partir dos princípios semiológicos reservados à língua pelo renomado linguista Émile Benveniste. Para tanto, o fenômeno tradutório não é considerado senão pela relação entre línguas que o tradutor estabelece no exercício de seu ofício, sobre a qual a Semiologia da Língua e, por conseguinte, a própria Enunciação, frutos da reflexão benvenistiana acerca da linguagem, dão testemunho. A primeira o faz através do princípio de unidades significantes atestado nos modos de significação da língua, a saber, o semiótico e o semântico, cuja significância cede à língua o status de interpretante da sociedade; a segunda, através das propriedades semânticas que fazem evidenciar as diferenças linguísticas na produção de discurso como manifestação da enunciação. Assim, a hipótese de uma Semiologia da Tradução é sustentada, no primeiro capítulo, pela comprovação de que o fenômeno tradutório é atravessado pela língua de maneira a tomar-lhe emprestado o funcionamento significante que rege suas leis e, no segundo capítulo, pela descrição dos domínios semiótico e semântico que possibilita pensar para a tradução um modo específico de significação, descrito, em pormenores, no terceiro e último capítulo. Com o intuito de produzir um discurso sobre a tese benvenistiana de que o semântico é a possibilidade da tradução, enquanto o semiótico é a impossibilidade, o original e a tradução são tomados como duas línguas-discurso que configuram um sistema cujo mecanismo de significância protagoniza uma relação de interpretância, onde a língua-discurso-alvo é o interpretante da língua-discurso-fonte, fazendo emergirem das diferenças que o tradutor estabelece entre uma e outra as unidades de tradução – uma noção teórica de unidade de significação muito particular pela qual se acredita poder descrever as leis que regem todo sistema tradutório. / This study aims to prove the viability of a Semiology of Translation regarding the semiotic principles reserved to the Language by the well-known linguist Émile Benveniste. The phenomenon of translation is considered as the relationship between languages established by the translator during the translation process, which is attested by the Semiology of Language and, therefore, the Enunciation itself – both as a result of Benveniste’s reflection on language. The first one attests it through the unit of signification principle verified in the two modes of meaning combined in language – the semiotic and semantic modes – whose significance makes the language the interpreting system of society. The second one attests it through the semantic properties that clarify the linguistic differences in the production of speech as a manifestation of the enunciation. Thus, the hypothesis of a Semiology of Translation is sustained in the first chapter by proving that the phenomenon of translation is crossed by the Language so as to copy both its significant mechanism and laws; and in the second chapter by describing both semiotic and semantic modes in order to enable the development of a specific mode of meaning for the phenomenon of translation, which is finally portrayed in detail in the third and final chapter. In order to draw a conclusion about Benveniste’s idea of the semantic mode as the possibility of translation and the semiotic mode as its impossibility, the original and the translation are both taken by the concept of language-speech that sets a translation system whose significant mechanism portrays a interpreting relationship where the target language-speech is the interpreter of the source language-speech, making emerge from the differences that the translator establishes between one and another a theoretical notion of the translation unit which it is believed to describe the laws governing all translation systems.