<p> "It is only as an aesthetic phenomenon that existence and the world are eternally justified." This sentence, repeated twice in The Birth of Tragedy, and standing as it does as the essential purpose and motivation of the book, seems to be an intentional turning about of the Lutheran doctrine of sole fide. Here art appropriates to itself what is essentially a religious function; art is the realm of human activity where experiences are ordered and intensified, and subsequently, where redemption is to be gained. In formulating his ideas on art and on Greek tragedy Nietzsche was influenced by Wagner. It was Wagner's music, above all else, that opened up to Nietzsche new problems for art and religion. The musical dissonance of Tristan opened up to Nietzsche the secret key to Greek tragedy. It was the recognition of the Dionysian origin of tragedy, of its origin out of the spirit of music, that enabled Nietzsche to discover the essence of tragedy free from the conventional aesthetics, which expected tragedy to answer the criterion of the plastic arts, that is, of beauty. The Birth of Tragedy announced to the world, as Nietzsche wrote to Wagner, that "practically nothing remains of traditional theories of 'AEsthetics'." In what follows an interpretation of the religious significance of this new aesthetics will be offered by way of a study of the role of Wagner's Tristan and Isolde in The Birth of Tragedy.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

We study the Fourier restriction phenomenon in settings where there is no underlying proper smooth subvariety. We prove an (Lp, L2) restriction theorem in general locally compact abelian groups and apply it in groups such as (Z/pLZ)n, R and locally compact ultrametric fields K. The problem of existence of Salem sets in a locally compact ultrametric field (K, | · |) is also considered. We prove that for every 0 < α < 1 and ǫ > 0 there exist a set E ⊂ K and a measure μ supported on E such that the Hausdorff dimension of E equals α and |bμ(x)| ≤ C|x|−α 2 +ǫ. We also establish the optimal extension of the Hausdorff-Young inequality in the compact ring of integers R of a locally compact ultrametric field K. We shall prove the following: For every 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 there is a Banach function space Fp(R) with σ-order continuous norm such that (i) Lp(R) ( Fp(R) ( L1(R) for every 1 < p < 2. (ii) The Fourier transform F maps Fp(R) to ℓp′ continuously. (iii) Lp(R) is continuously included in Fp(R) and Fp(R) is continuously included in L1(R). (iv) If Z is a Banach function space with the same properties as Fp(R) above, then Z is continuously included in Fp(R). (v) F1(R) = L1(R) and F2(R) = L2(R).

Research has described and many clinicians have reported the anorectic patient as socially disconnected, having a disembodied sense of self, perfectionist expectations, and inadequate and shameful feelings. The more intense the internal war, the more food-focused and self-defeating behavior ensues, thwarting one's ability to receive value, self-acceptance, and love. Addressing the anorexia phenomenon, this study considered, from a sociological perspective, the dynamics of attachment and shame. On the basis of 4 propositions and using a multi-method, case-replication design, attachment and shame patterns for 5 restrictive and 5 normal eaters were compared, as determined by scores from the Parental Bonding Instrument, Inventory of Parental and Peer Attachment, Internalized Shame Scale, and personal interviews. Analysis was progressive, as propositions were tested by pattern-matching steps of rating, comparing, and interpreting recurring responses to self-report and interview questions. All anorectics reported a dominant mother, with whom 4 were over attached and struggled ambivalently for autonomy, and a quiet, inexpressive father, whom 4 considered frequently absent or unavailable. As compared to normal eaters, anorectics' trust and communication scores were lower for both parents and peers. Generally, anorectics showed markedly higher internalized shame. Findings indicated that nonoptimal parental bonding patterns were related to shame. The maternal bonding pattern of affectionless control (high protection, low care) showed the highest shame score, although affectionate constraint (high protection, high care), the most frequently found pattern, also showed a high shame level. There were polarized differences between restrictive and normal eaters, especially in regards to self-hatred, low self-esteem, and suicide ideation. Anorectics also reported more inferiority and peer alienation. Other emergent findings were noted. A modification of a self-definition/relatedness illustration was suggested, as well as a model for the development of anorexia. Social implications, treatment suggestions, and future research recommendations were also presented.

Student Number: 0008522F Master of Science Faculty of Engineering & The Built Environment School of Mechanical, Industrial & Aeronautical Engineering / An aircraft travelling at supersonic speeds close to the ground generates a bow wave, which is reflected off the ground surface. When the aircraft enters a valley, the three-dimensional bow wave is reflected off the valley walls, such that it could focus behind the aircraft. Complex threedimensional wave surfaces will result. The real situation of an aircraft entering a valley can be modelled and tested experimentally in a shock tube. To simulate the process a planar shock wave, generated in a shock tube, is moved over several notched wedge configurations. Schlieren photographs were produced to identify the resulting complex three-dimensional wave structures and then verified by three-dimensional CFD. The valley geometries investigated are rectangular, triangular, parabolic and conical. Three hill geometries were also investigated. The three-dimensional reflected surfaces from the rectangular valleys were found to vary only slightly as the valley floor inclination is increased. As the incident wave interacts with both the wedge and valley floor surfaces two prominent reflections occur. A primary reflected wave surface is generated from regular reflection off the wedge. This surface flows over into the valley contacting the incident wave at a second contact point. A secondary reflected wave is found underneath the primary reflected wave, generated due to Mach reflection occurring over the full width off the valley floor. The area of the incident wave between the second contact point and the triple point is seen to bow out into the downstream flow. The Mach stem of the reflection off the valley floor tends to become less pronounced for the larger valley floor inclination angles. In all the rectangular valleys, a shear layer is present, cascading down the valley wall and then along the valley entrance. The shear layer tends to decrease in size as the valley floor inclination increases. Both prominent reflected shock surfaces are almost conical in nature at close proximity to the valley wall. The triangular valleys show similar reflection patterns as the rectangular valleys. As the incident shock wave initially interacts with the wedge surface only regular reflection occurs. The resulting reflected wave forms the primary reflected surface which flows over into the valley. The reflection changes to Mach reflection as the incident wave interacts with the valley floor. The Mach stem of the reflection off the valley floor increases in characteristic height as one moves from the valley entrance wall to the plane of symmetry. The Mach stem is much smaller for the higher valley floor inclinations. A secondary reflected wave is found underneath the primary reflected surface. The secondary wave is Mach reflection near the plane of symmetry which turns iii to regular reflection closer to the valley wall. The primary and secondary reflected surfaces merge near the plane of symmetry and again along the wedge surface. A shear layer is found to cascade down the valley entrance wall for all geometries, decreasing in strength as the valley inclination angle increases. The parabolic valleys show similar reflection patterns as the triangular valleys. As the incident wave interacts with both the wedge and valley surfaces two reflections occur. The reflection off the wedge surface is regular. As the incident wave flows over into the valley the initial reflection off the valley floor is regular. This regular reflection then turns into Mach reflection the closer one moves to the symmetry plane. The Mach reflection off the valley floor forms a secondary reflected wave underneath the primary reflected wave that is found to flow over into the valley. The primary reflected wave contacts the incident wave at a second contract point found above the triple point. This contact point moves closer to the triple point and eventually along the secondary reflected wave as the incident wave advances downstream. The second contact point at a single time instant is also seen to move closer to the triple point as one moves closer to the plane of symmetry. A shear layer is found cascading down the valley entrance wall. The secondary reflected wave of the Mach reflection off valley floor forms a semi-circular surface which contacts the floor just after the shear layer. The Mach reflection off the valley floor changes to regular reflection as the surface begins to climb up along the valley entrance wall. The conical valleys once again show similar reflection patterns as those found in the other valley geometries. As the incident wave interacts with both the wedge and valley surfaces two reflections occur. Regular reflection occurs off the wedge surface with the resulting primary reflected wave flowing over into the valley. This primary reflected wave contacts the incident shock at a second contact point in the valley. The reflection off the valley floor is regular close to the valley entrance wall changing to Mach reflection nearer the symmetry plane. The reflected wave from the Mach reflection forms the secondary reflected surface found beneath the primary reflected wave. The secondary reflected Mach wave changes to regular reflection as the surface nears the valley wall, with the reflection point travelling along the valley floor until coincident with the valley entrance wall, where it then travels along the entrance wall. The second contact point found on the incident wave is found above the triple point and moves down the incident shock to eventually coincide with the triple point. A weak shear layer is found to cascade down the valley entrance wall. A weak separation also occurs at the entry point of the valley. iv The three hill geometries, triangular, parabolic and conical, all display similar reflection patterns. As the incident wave advances downstream regular reflection occurs off both the wedge and hill surfaces. The reflected waves come together at a point off the surface. At this point a double triple point occurs with two resulting Mach stems. One Mach stem contacts the wedge surface while the other contacts the hill surface. The resulting double Mach stem surface wraps around the base of the hill getting progressively tighter the closer it gets to the incident wave. The only major differences between all three geometries is the shape of the resulting reflected wave off the hill surface (which tends to follow the same geometric shape as the hill) and the distance between the two triple points for the conical and parabolic hills tends to be larger than that found for the triangular hill.

Esta dissertação aborda o tema do Florianismo, isto é o fenômeno político-militar brasileiro que girou em torno da figura do Marechal Floriano Peixoto. Este fenômeno durou de 1891 a 1897, e abarcou o governo presidencial de Floriano (1891-1894) e a ação política contemporânea e posterior de seus seguidores. Nosso objetivo é analisar o papel do Florianismo na implantação da ordem republicana que vigorou até 1930, ordem dominada pelos republicanos paulistas e seus aliados. / The present dissertation tackles the subject of Florianism, the brazilian political-military phenomenom which grew around the figure of Marshall Floriano Peixoto. This phenomenon took place between 1891 and 1897, and comprised Floriano’s presidential government (1891-1894) as well as the contemporary and subsequent political action of his followers. Our objective is to analyse the role of Florianism in the establishment of the republican order which lasted until 1930, an order ruled by São Paulo’s republicans and their allies.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo defender a viabilidade de uma Semiologia da Tradução a partir dos princípios semiológicos reservados à língua pelo renomado linguista Émile Benveniste. Para tanto, o fenômeno tradutório não é considerado senão pela relação entre línguas que o tradutor estabelece no exercício de seu ofício, sobre a qual a Semiologia da Língua e, por conseguinte, a própria Enunciação, frutos da reflexão benvenistiana acerca da linguagem, dão testemunho. A primeira o faz através do princípio de unidades significantes atestado nos modos de significação da língua, a saber, o semiótico e o semântico, cuja significância cede à língua o status de interpretante da sociedade; a segunda, através das propriedades semânticas que fazem evidenciar as diferenças linguísticas na produção de discurso como manifestação da enunciação. Assim, a hipótese de uma Semiologia da Tradução é sustentada, no primeiro capítulo, pela comprovação de que o fenômeno tradutório é atravessado pela língua de maneira a tomar-lhe emprestado o funcionamento significante que rege suas leis e, no segundo capítulo, pela descrição dos domínios semiótico e semântico que possibilita pensar para a tradução um modo específico de significação, descrito, em pormenores, no terceiro e último capítulo. Com o intuito de produzir um discurso sobre a tese benvenistiana de que o semântico é a possibilidade da tradução, enquanto o semiótico é a impossibilidade, o original e a tradução são tomados como duas línguas-discurso que configuram um sistema cujo mecanismo de significância protagoniza uma relação de interpretância, onde a língua-discurso-alvo é o interpretante da língua-discurso-fonte, fazendo emergirem das diferenças que o tradutor estabelece entre uma e outra as unidades de tradução – uma noção teórica de unidade de significação muito particular pela qual se acredita poder descrever as leis que regem todo sistema tradutório. / This study aims to prove the viability of a Semiology of Translation regarding the semiotic principles reserved to the Language by the well-known linguist Émile Benveniste. The phenomenon of translation is considered as the relationship between languages established by the translator during the translation process, which is attested by the Semiology of Language and, therefore, the Enunciation itself – both as a result of Benveniste’s reflection on language. The first one attests it through the unit of signification principle verified in the two modes of meaning combined in language – the semiotic and semantic modes – whose significance makes the language the interpreting system of society. The second one attests it through the semantic properties that clarify the linguistic differences in the production of speech as a manifestation of the enunciation. Thus, the hypothesis of a Semiology of Translation is sustained in the first chapter by proving that the phenomenon of translation is crossed by the Language so as to copy both its significant mechanism and laws; and in the second chapter by describing both semiotic and semantic modes in order to enable the development of a specific mode of meaning for the phenomenon of translation, which is finally portrayed in detail in the third and final chapter. In order to draw a conclusion about Benveniste’s idea of the semantic mode as the possibility of translation and the semiotic mode as its impossibility, the original and the translation are both taken by the concept of language-speech that sets a translation system whose significant mechanism portrays a interpreting relationship where the target language-speech is the interpreter of the source language-speech, making emerge from the differences that the translator establishes between one and another a theoretical notion of the translation unit which it is believed to describe the laws governing all translation systems.

<p><p>Most of the literature explores ethics through the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, but little is written on Virtue-Ethics; in the sense of an individualistic quest towards human values and virtues. This Report “innovates” in the sense that it explores the concept of aestheticism when applied to business practices.</p><p>Different metaphors about theatre, and music such as songs and jazz, serve to illustrate how businesses can add an aesthetic touch to the organisational life. Followers become supporters, and the leader does not control but inspire her audience.</p><p>The concept of aestheticism is further analysed in view of the current economic environment; hoping for a growing awareness on the need to shift towards a new style of leadership, that would imply greater sense of individual responsibility.</p></p>

Clients experiences in attempting to access counselling help have rarely been studied. As such, a full and clear understanding of clients experiences with accessing services, as well as identification of the barriers encountered by clients and clients ideas about what would make accessing more comfortable, have eluded researchers. Typically, the research focus has been quantitative investigations of the no-show phenomenon, whereby clients fail to arrive at pre-booked counselling appointments. Such studies have left 24% of the variance in the unexplained "other" category. More recently, researchers have begun to question whether or not mental health stigma impacts counselling attendance. The present study sought to describe the experience of individuals who self identified as having booked a counselling appointment within the previous 8-months and then had failed to attend. A basic interpretive qualitative research design (Merriam, 2002) was employed for the purpose of describing and understanding this phenomenon, with special emphasis given to identifying possible barriers to accessing counselling. Interviews with four middle class Caucasian adults aged 27-33; two of whom had accessed counselling previously and two of whom had not, were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed in terms of a shared meaning and descriptive categories (Kearney, 2001). Findings revealed that stigma, self-stigma, several fears, and some counselling practices functioned as barriers. However, participants also expressed positive emotions associated with reaching out and accessing counselling help and a desire for information about what to expect in counselling, whether they had accessed previously or not. The beginnings of a pattern associated with accessing counselling are discussed and implications for counselling practice and future research are described.

Clients experiences in attempting to access counselling help have rarely been studied. As such, a full and clear understanding of clients experiences with accessing services, as well as identification of the barriers encountered by clients and clients ideas about what would make accessing more comfortable, have eluded researchers. Typically, the research focus has been quantitative investigations of the no-show phenomenon, whereby clients fail to arrive at pre-booked counselling appointments. Such studies have left 24% of the variance in the unexplained "other" category. More recently, researchers have begun to question whether or not mental health stigma impacts counselling attendance. The present study sought to describe the experience of individuals who self identified as having booked a counselling appointment within the previous 8-months and then had failed to attend. A basic interpretive qualitative research design (Merriam, 2002) was employed for the purpose of describing and understanding this phenomenon, with special emphasis given to identifying possible barriers to accessing counselling. Interviews with four middle class Caucasian adults aged 27-33; two of whom had accessed counselling previously and two of whom had not, were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed in terms of a shared meaning and descriptive categories (Kearney, 2001). Findings revealed that stigma, self-stigma, several fears, and some counselling practices functioned as barriers. However, participants also expressed positive emotions associated with reaching out and accessing counselling help and a desire for information about what to expect in counselling, whether they had accessed previously or not. The beginnings of a pattern associated with accessing counselling are discussed and implications for counselling practice and future research are described.

Most of the literature explores ethics through the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, but little is written on Virtue-Ethics; in the sense of an individualistic quest towards human values and virtues. This Report “innovates” in the sense that it explores the concept of aestheticism when applied to business practices. Different metaphors about theatre, and music such as songs and jazz, serve to illustrate how businesses can add an aesthetic touch to the organisational life. Followers become supporters, and the leader does not control but inspire her audience. The concept of aestheticism is further analysed in view of the current economic environment; hoping for a growing awareness on the need to shift towards a new style of leadership, that would imply greater sense of individual responsibility.