Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the United States extreme heat events have grown in size and stature over the past 20 years. Urban Heat Islands exacerbate these extreme heat events leaving a sizable portion of people at risk for heat related fatalities. The evidence of this is seen in the Chicago heat wave of 1995 which killed 500 people over the course of a week and the European heat wave of 2003 which killed 7,000 people in the course of a month. The main guiding questions then become how government and the media can most effectively warn people about the occurrence of extreme heat events? Should extreme heat warnings be issued by T.V., newspaper or by radio? Even if warnings are issued will the population at large still change their behavior? Another possible question is whether people most vulnerable to extreme heat will change their behavior? A survey in 2010 by NASA will be the main basis for this analysis. This survey set out to see how well people in Phoenix, Philadelphia, and Dayton responded to extreme heat alerts by changing their behavior.

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance of a consistent translation strategy in the translation of proper names. Coupled with this is the importance of translators having a sound theoretical knowledge that serves as a foundation for the translation of any given text. These aspects are central to the successful realisation of cultural communication seeing that proper names are one of the most important cultural indicators. First, we looked at the first book in the Harry Potter series as to determine the number of proper names that were translated and how many were not translated. Different translation strategies were then looked at to determine whether there was a purposeful and logical explanation, and motivation behind the manner and degree of translation of the proper names. This was followed by a close comparison between book one and book five as to determine whether the inconsistent use of translation strategies, was consistently applied throughout the series. Central to this study is the necessity of successful cultural communication and how the inconsistent use of certain elements can have a negative impact on the cultural communication in any literary work. To establish successful cultural communication, every translator needs a clear skopos/brief for the target text. As a point of departure I will look at certain concepts such as translation norms, culture and translation as well as various translation strategies. The impact of inconsistent translation strategies on texts will be highlighted throughout this thesis.

Cette recherche se déroule en six parties en référence au modèle de l’espace public télévisuel dans les différents contextes historiques chinoise. Dans la première partie, nous analysons le contexte et les conditions essentielles qui ont donné naissance à l’espace public, et qui ont tenté d’interpréter le concept de l’espace public dans le domaine télévisuel. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons les télévisions publiques occidentales qui sont des sources d’inspiration pour la réforme chinoise. Et puis, la troisième partie, nous présentons un panorama de la télévision chinoise. Dans la quatrième partie, nous analysons la chaîne CCTV à partir de 1978, année où la Chine a commencé son évolution économique et son ouverture au monde. Puis, nous présentons Phénix TV, la télévision commerciale unique chinoise, ce qui sans doute influencé profondément la télévision en Chine continentale. En fin, nous mettrons en évidence les limites et les faiblesse de l’espace public, par rapporte rend la vision d’un système démocratique encore plus lointaine. / This research was conducted in six parts depending on the model of television public space in different Chinese historical contexts. In the first part, we analyzed the context and essential conditions that gave birth to the public space, attempting to interpret the concept of public space and character in television. In the second part, we presented the Western public television’s inspirations on China’s reform. And then, in the third part, we showed an overview of the Chinese television. In the fourth part, we tend to analyze the CCTV from 1978, when China began its economic development and opening to the world. In the next section, we presented the Chinese commercial television, which is a special case. She has an undoubtedly and deeply influence on television in the Mainland China. Then, we present Phoenix TV, the only Chinese TV commercial, which undoubtedly influenced deeply television in mainland China. In the end, we highlight the limitations and weakness of public space by reports makes the vision of a far more democratic system.

Les Hohokam et leurs descendants les Akimel O'Odham ont exploité et irrigué la basse vallée de la Salt et la moyenne vallée de la Gila dans le bassin semi-désertique de Phoenix en Arizona depuis presque deux millénaires. Leur histoire culturelle repose sur une interaction constante de ses membres avec une ressource rare, l'eau. Pour comprendre les dynamiques socio-environnementales, résultats de cette interaction sur la longue durée, nous avons adopté une approche géoarchéologique, chronologique et paléoenvironnementale des systèmes hydrauliques et des formations alluviales, approche affinée par les méthodes géophysiques et micromorphologiques. La reconstruction de l'agro et de l'hydrosystème met en relief un développement de l'irrigation autour de 300 apr. J.-C. lors de conditions environnementales stables mais sèches. De 300 à 1050 apr. J.-C. (période pré-Classique), l'agrosystème Hohokam est caractérisé par une irrigation efficace de la plaine alluviale et des basses terrasses, qui s'exhaussent puis se stabilisent entre 850 et 1000 apr. J.-C. (Petit Optimum Climatique Médiéval) Un épisode d'élargissement puis d'incision est enregistré entre 1050-1150 apr. J.-C. Malgré un entretien poussé des structures hydrauliques, l'organisation du territoire évolue. Les basses terres sont abandonnées, de nouveaux systèmes d'irrigation sont construits et les pratiques agraires se diversifient. L'exhaussement du lit est à nouveau attesté à partir du 13ème s. et le fonctionnement de l'irrigation est optimal entre 1150 et 1450 apr. J.-C. (période Classique). Le bassin de Phoenix est toutefois abandonné jusqu'au 17ème s. Cette déprise agraire est associée à une phase de stabilité du paysage, entre 1450 et 1600 apr. J.-C, puis par une reprise rapide de l'aggradation associée à une forte mobilité fluviale jusqu'en 1870 (Petit Age Glaciaire), date après laquelle le système s'incise à nouveau. L'agrosystème Akimel O'Odham fonctionne de façon optimale du 17ème jusqu'à l'arrivée massive des pionniers (circa 1870), après laquelle il évolue de façon presque irréversible (réduction de la superficie irrigable, coupe du bois, pratique de l'agriculture sèche). Ces résultats permettent d'aborder les modalités de la morphogénèse en contexte semi-aride mais également les concepts de rupture et de stabilité socio-environnementale. Nous réfutons l'hypothèse d'un déclin d'origine environnementale autour de 1450 apr. J.-C. Par contre, une crise environnementale autour de 1000-1150 apr. J.-C., associée à des conditions climatiques contraignantes (changements climatiques rapides avec épisodes El Niño) conduisant à des migrations massives et une surexploitation du territoire dans un milieu déjà fragilisé car trop spécialisé, pourrait être responsable du lent déclin de la communauté d'irrigation Hohokam, 200 à 300 ans plus tard. Le système socio-environnemental des Akimel O'Odham au 19ème s. semble reproduire le même schéma sur une échelle spatiale et temporelle plus réduite.

<p>The aim of this study is to analyse how pornography is used in the American comics X-Men, published by Marvel under the authorship of Chris Claremont.</p><p>I have applied Butler and MacKinnons theories about pornography as a performative speech, to this special art form. I have also investigated how censorship has influenced the comics evolution and whether it has affected the way women and sexual and ethnical minorities are represented. To corroborate how these theories apply, I have analysed three main female fig-ures in The X-Men comics - Storm, Phoenix and Shadowcat - and I have tried to identify how they relate to existing stereotypes.</p><p>The conclusion of this essay is that the women characters in X-Men break the existing stereo-types and create new implications. This reinforces Butler’s theory about the possibility to re-verse hate speech and diminishes MacKinnons perspective of pornography as an imperative.</p>

The aim of this study is to analyse how pornography is used in the American comics X-Men, published by Marvel under the authorship of Chris Claremont. I have applied Butler and MacKinnons theories about pornography as a performative speech, to this special art form. I have also investigated how censorship has influenced the comics evolution and whether it has affected the way women and sexual and ethnical minorities are represented. To corroborate how these theories apply, I have analysed three main female fig-ures in The X-Men comics - Storm, Phoenix and Shadowcat - and I have tried to identify how they relate to existing stereotypes. The conclusion of this essay is that the women characters in X-Men break the existing stereo-types and create new implications. This reinforces Butler’s theory about the possibility to re-verse hate speech and diminishes MacKinnons perspective of pornography as an imperative.

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This study considers the visual representation of the alchemical idea of the philosopher’s stone (lapis philosophorum) in the Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Columbus 2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Columbus 2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Cuaron 2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Newell 2005), andHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Yates 2007). The lapis philosophorum was believed to turn base metals into gold and produce an Elixir of Life. As such, it is envisioned as the ultimate alchemical idea, and this study emphasises how the lapis can function as a signifier for an alchemical worldview within the Harry Potter films. Because the concept and symbolism of the Harry Potter films is largely based on JK Rowling’s (1997; 1998; 1999; 2000; 2003; 2005; 2007) original novels, this study provides a detailed comparison of how alchemical imagery is used in the novels and contrasts this with the visual imagery of the films. This study undertakes a hermeneutic analysis of the transmission of alchemical ideals from the literary to the visual medium. It also provides a detailed analysis of interrelated visual icons in the Harry Potter films that represent the idea of the lapis as an embodiment of alchemical perfection. In addition, by studying the interplay between alchemical imagery in the Harry Potter novels and films, and comparing the worldviews represented by each, this study is able to analyse the dynamics of the hermeneutic process. This study concludes with a consideration of how alchemical theory relates to the discipline of hermeneutics, how it influences the process of interpretation, and ultimately the relationship between the alchemical worldview and current perspectives on authorship. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Visual Arts / unrestricted