Face à la chute brusque dans le volume de ventes de disques qui déjà persistait depuis ledébut des années 2000, les sociétés du secteur phonographique brésilien ont fait appelau Pouvoir Législatif Brésilien dans la tentative de dépasser la crise qui affrontaient.L'instrument d'interaction entre l'État et le secteur phonographique a été la Propositiond'Amendement Constitutionnel (PEC), qui a eu transaction initiée en 2007. Laproposition connue comme PEC de la Musique a été approuvé en 2013 et, commeconséquence, l'industrie phonographique brésilienne a été incluse entre petit grouped'activités sociales et culturelles qui reçoivent immunité fiscale enregistrée directementdans la Constitution Fédérale. Devant ce contexte, l'objectif central de cette recherche aété enquêter quelles conditions sont déterminant pour qu'une crise sectorielle soitcomprise comme un problème public qui justifie de l'intervention de l'État. Commeoption théorique-méthodologique, ce travail a proposé l'Approche Discursive del'Action Publique, en réunissant les conceptions d'État et des acteurs de la Sociologie del'Action Publique, ainsi que les conceptions de langue et le sujet de l'Analyse deDiscours Française. Les principaux matériels d'analyse ont été la Propositiond'Amendement Constitutionnel 98/2007 et les transcriptions des audiences publiquesqui ont débattu le thème, au-delà des documents historiques qui ont été utilisés pourreconstruire partie des moments de consolidation du modèle d’affaires de l'industriephonographique. Pour comprendre comme s'il construit l'approbation de PEC de laMusique, cette recherche a initialement analysé historicité du discours qui a établi et aconsolidé le modèle d’affaires de l'industrie phonographique. Ensuite, en deuxièmepartie du travail, ont été analysés les réseaux de formulation qui ont soutenu lesglissements de sens exposés au moment de discussion. Donc, cette recherche prouveque deux facteurs ont contribué au succès en la transformation d'une crise sectorielledans problème public : en premier lieu, le joint des mémoires discursives quisuggéraient une relation directe et indiscutable entre musique et le marché de lamusique, en effaçant que cette forme d'appropriation de la musique a été construite àpartir d'une technologie contrôlée par un groupe petit de sociétés et que l'intermédiationentre des artistes et de l'audience s'est donnée dans environnement où les sociétés plusgrand pouvoir de financier contrôlaient l'exposition des productions et les artistes pourle grand public ; et, en deuxième lieu, l'utilisation minutieuse des glissements de senspendant les moments d'audience, qui a rendu possible de généraliser les effets de lacrise, en convainquant que la fin du modèle d’affaires représentait la fin de laproduction musicale au Brésil et que les principaux endommagés par la piraterie étaientles artistes brésiliens en général. / In the face of the sharp fall in the record sales amount that had persisted since thebeginning of the 2000s, companies in the Brazilian music sector turned to the BrazilianLegislative Branch in an attempt to overcome the crisis they faced. The instrument ofinteraction between the State and the phonographic sector was one ConstitutionalAmendment Proposal (PEC, initials in Portuguese), which began its procedures in 2007.The proposal known as “Music PEC” was approved in 2013 and, as a consequence, inBrazil the music industry was included among the small group of social and culturalactivities that receives fiscal immunity, directly registered in the Federal Constitution. Inview of this context, the main objective of this research was to investigate whatconditions are determinant for a sectoral crisis, such to be understood as a public issuethat justifies State intervention. As a methodological-theoretical option, this workproposed the Discursive Approach of Public Action, bringing together the Stateconceptions and actors of the Public Action Sociology, as well as the language andsubject conceptions from French Discourse Analysis. The main analysis materials werethe Constitutional Amendment Proposal 98/2007 and the transcriptions from the publichearings that debated the theme, as well as historical documents that were used toreconstruct part of the moments from the music industry business model consolidation.To understand how the approval of the Music PEC was built, this research initiallyanalyzed the discourse historicity that founded and consolidated the music industrybusiness model. Then, in the second part of the work, we analyzed the formulationnetworks that sustained the sense displacements exposed in the discussion moments.Therefore, this research shows that two factors contributed to the successfultransformation of a sectoral crisis into a public issue: first, the articulation of discursivememories that suggested a direct and indisputable relationship between music and themusic market, erasing that this music appropriation way was constructed from atechnology controlled by a small group of companies, and that the inter mediationbetween artists and audience occurred in an environment in which these greaterfinancial power companies controlled the productions and artists exhibition to thegeneral public; and, secondly, the meticulous use of sensory displacements duringmoments of audience, which made it possible to generalize the crisis effects, convincingthat the end of the business model represented the end of musical production in Braziland that the main affected by piracy were, in general, the Brazilian artists and, therefore,that the PEC approval was unavoidable.

A presente tese parte da constatação de que diversas crises nos direitos autorais impactaram o mercado da música, todas coincidentes com a introdução de novas tecnologias. Com o advento das tecnologias digitais de fixação de obras musicais e da internet, passou-se a questionar se o momento atual permite identificar uma autêntica crise no direito do autor e, a partir disso, como se pode refletir sobre as questões decorrentes das novas tecnologias que, fatalmente, são pensadas com as velhas normas e teorias. São linhas essenciais do trabalho: a) a criatividade musical e o impacto de diferentes tecnologias para sua fixação e distribuição; b) a criatividade musical e o reconhecimento e a proteção de direitos do criador; c) a inflexão entre os interesses do criador e os outros diversos sujeitos envolvidos na fixação e distribuição da obra artística musical ao lado do interesse dos destinatários; d) a pluralidade de soluções para definir os moldes dessa inflexão e as direções tomadas pelo direito brasileiro. Verifica-se, no decorrer do presente estudo, a existência de conflito de interesses entre o investidor cultural, o compositor e o consumidor, que se projeta no conflito entre os direitos autorais e o direito de acesso aos bens culturais. A conformação de ambos constitui um relevante desafio trazido pelos novos tempos da chamada \"sociedade da informação\", na qual a música digital está inserida. / The present thesis parts from the affirmative that many crises in copyright impacted the music market, all coincident with the introduction of new technologies. With the advent of digital technologies for the fixation of musical works and of the intemet, it was questioned whether the present moment permits identification of an authentic crisis in copyright, and, from that, how is it possible to reflect about the issues due to the new technologies that, fatally, are thought according to old laws and theories. The essential guidelines of the thesis are: a) musical creativity and the impact of different technologies for its fixation and distribution; b) musical creativity and the acknowledgement and copyrights protection; c) the inflexion between the author\'s and other people\'s, who are involved in the fixation and distribution of artistic musical works, interests contrasted with the interests of the addressees; d) the plurality of solutions to define the molds of this inflexion and the directions taken by Brazilian law. It is verified, throughout the present study, the existence of a conflict of interests between the cultural investor, the composer and the consumer, that projects itself on the conflict between copyrights and the right to access cultural assets. The conformation of both constitutes a relevant challenge brought by the new times of what is called \"information society\", in which digital music is inserted.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-04-01T13:57:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juan Pablo Dávila Boeira_.pdf: 4332560 bytes, checksum: fab96767981f2e1727bee89f41b2b08e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T13:57:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juan Pablo Dávila Boeira_.pdf: 4332560 bytes, checksum: fab96767981f2e1727bee89f41b2b08e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Nenhuma / Em mercados onde a necessidade de um olhar direcionado para a resolução de problemas complexos e a busca por soluções inovadoras é crescente, destaca-se o Design Estratégico como agregador de função, forma e símbolo ao valor do produto, serviço, comunicação e experiência. Neste contexto, é possível conectar, pela lente do Design Estratégico, os pequenos detalhes a uma visão holística e entender a conexão entre a concepção e a execução de um projeto, fazendo deste, um recurso potencial frente ao presente âmbito mercadológico. Sob este aspecto, a pesquisa em questão tem como objetivo analisar as contribuições do Design Estratégico na identificação de cenários para a Indústria Fonográfica. A investigação conta com uma fundamentação teórica que embasa o estudo, o entendimento do ambiente vivenciado e a aplicação do Design Estratégico, através de pesquisa exploratória em que avalia formas de identificar os níveis de compreensão dos atores envolvidos e os momentos mais produtivos em relação à resolução do problema proposto. Por fim, busca-se entender ainda a importância da adaptação das ferramentas de Design ao meio analisado. / In markets where the need for a gaze directed toward the resolution of complex problems and the search for innovative solutions is growing, Strategic Design stands out as an aggregator function, form and symbol to the value of the product, service, communication and experience. In this context, it is possible to connect through the lens of Strategic Design, the small details to an holistic vision and understand the connection between the Design and the execution of a project, making it become a potential resource before the present context marketing. In this regard, the research in question aims to analyze the contributions of Strategic Design for the identification of scenarios for the phonographic industry. The research has a theoretical basis that underlies the study, the understanding of the environment experienced and the application of Strategic Design through exploratory research evaluating ways to identify the levels of understanding of the actors involved and the most productive moments in regard to the resolution of the problem proposed. Finally, we try to understand the importance of adapting the Design tools to the analyzed environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo dos Santos Prado.pdf: 1824111 bytes, checksum: f98cb8dbd4230bef4b57ebf183e8e51a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present dissertation attempts to investigate the thematic deployments within Legião Urbana‟s work, as well as the process of reception of this work, by the public of this Brasilia‟s band. With such aims, the research creates an academic discussion, gathering information also from the existing literature investigating the Brazilian rock and roll of the 80‟s, which, in fact, attributes the repercussion of this style to producers and recording companies. Such analysis, of a merchandised, aesthetical and journalistic nature, interpret the rock and roll movement in a static way, with no malleability or stresses, as if the above referred agents would have maintained the bands fully submitted to their intentions. Under such point-of-view, rock and roll groups would have offered no resistance to the impositions of those agents. In the studies performed under such perspective, a secondary role is attributed to the public who identified itself with the style, in the process of electronic music diffusion. However, the present dissertation, guided by the previously mentioned aims, and also by the theoretical assumptions of the cultural studies, goes after other interpretations. For this, it will discuss the participation of some youth movements in rock and roll issues, throughout the second half of the 20th Century - this being a necessary dialogue, face to the association of this musical style and the youth, an inherent factor to Renato Russo‟s trajectory, in Brasília, where his contacts with the punk culture, his social circle and the creation of garage bands have led to the arising of Legião Urbana. Subsequently, the research analyzes the experience of the Group within the phonographic market and the media, observing the stresses that the band was forced to cope, in order to keep active within the cultural assets market. After this initial path, the dissertation tries an interpretation, among different possible ones, regarding to the continuities and changes occurred in the studio discography of the group. This interpretation, by exposing fragments of Renato Russo‟s vision of the world, strongly addressed to the youth of his time, enables to discuss the consumption and reception of his songs by a parcel of his public, in middle of a bunch of possibilities in place, in the daily existence of the band. The sources used by the research are Renato Russo‟s interviews, songs, and images contained in all the studio albums, plus verbal testimonies of people who were young in the 80‟s and 90‟s, and who have followed the career of these young men from Brasília. The work with such diversity of sources, besides to question the stiffness imposed by part of the literature about the Brazilian rock and roll, opens new ways to some interpretative paths, whether for an analysis of Legião Urbana‟s work, or to analyze the reception and consumption processes, by their public / Esta dissertação procura investigar os desdobramentos temáticos existentes na obra da Legião Urbana, assim como o processo de recepção pelo público da banda brasiliense. Com esses objetivos, a pesquisa realiza um debate acadêmico, recorrendo inclusive a uma parcela da literatura que investiga o rock nacional dos anos 80 e que credita a repercussão do estilo, somente, a produtores e gravadoras. Essas análises de cunho mercadológico, estético e jornalístico interpretam o movimento roqueiro de forma estática, sem maleabilidade e tensões, sendo que os agentes supracitados, supostamente, teriam mantido as bandas totalmente submissas às suas pretensões. Sob esse ponto de vista, os grupos de rock não teriam oferecido nenhuma resistência às imposições advindas daqueles agentes. Nos estudos realizados sob essa perspectiva, ao público que se identificou com o estilo é atribuído papel secundário no processo de difusão da música elétrica. Todavia, a presente dissertação, possuindo em seu horizonte os objetivos citados, bem como os pressupostos teóricos dos estudos culturais, vai em busca de outras interpretações. Para tanto, discute-se a participação de alguns movimentos juvenis em torno do rock, ao longo da segunda metade do século XX, sendo que tal diálogo é considerado necessário haja vista a associação do estilo musical com a juventude, que foi inerente à trajetória de Renato Russo, em Brasília, onde seus contatos com a cultura punk, seu círculo social e a formação de bandas de garagem culminaram no surgimento da Legião Urbana. Posteriormente, a pesquisa analisa a experiência do grupo dentro do mercado fonográfico e da mídia, observando as tensões que a banda foi obrigada a enfrentar para manter-se ativa no mercado de bens culturais. Após esse percurso inicial, a dissertação busca uma interpretação, entre várias possíveis, no que tange às continuidades e mutações que existiram na discografia do grupo produzida em estúdio. Essa, ao exclamar fragmentos da visão de mundo de Renato Russo, com forte direcionamento à juventude de seu tempo, permite à pesquisa discutir o consumo e a recepção de suas canções, por uma parcela de seu público, em meio a um conjunto de possibilidades oferecidas no cotidiano. As fontes utilizadas são entrevistas de Renato Russo, músicas e imagens contidas em todos os álbuns gravados em estúdio e depoimentos orais dos sujeitos que eram jovens durante os anos 80 e 90 e que acompanharam a carreira dos jovens de Brasília. O lavor com essa diversidade de fontes, além de problematizar a rigidez imposta por parte da literatura do rock nacional, abre caminho para algumas vias interpretativas, seja para a análise da obra da Legião Urbana, seja para exame dos processos de recepção e consumo realizados pelo seu público

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:43:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Marcondes da Silva Neto.pdf: 2360839 bytes, checksum: a8a5607a9ef136fe0a76d9c92cef295f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-14 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The study notes that line the main Brazilian phonographic market changes, between 1902 and 2007. Classifying primary sources, phonograms, the structuring of knowledge. Includes in its history, the principle of the Brazilian phonographic market. The changes between the XIX and XX century for musicians in general. Illustrates a second time, the profiles of musicians, instruments and their role in the phonogram, the formation of Brazilian popular music. Presents the main changes to the product phonographic. It proposes a way to work artistically with the technologies available in the phonographic market. / Estudo que observa linearmente as principais modificações do mercado fonográfico brasileiro, entre 1902 e 2007. Classificando fontes primárias, fonogramas, na estruturação do conhecimento. Contempla em seu histórico, o princípio do mercado fonográfico brasileiro. As modificações ocorridas entre o século XIX e XX para os musicistas de forma geral. Ilustra num segundo momento, os perfis de musicistas, dos instrumentos e sua função no fonograma, da constituição da música popular brasileira. Apresenta as principais modificações do produto fonográfico. E propõe uma forma para trabalhar artisticamente com as tecnologias disponíveis no mercado fonográfico.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1418057 bytes, checksum: 19e6412c0cf0255fd78780f842c1e5bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Throughout the twentieth century audio technology has contributed greatly to the development of ethnomusicology. Initially with the creation of the phonograph and techniques of sound recording, enabling the development of phonographic archives and later with creation of technologies that provide better sound quality, lower cost and more appropriate concepts to new paradigms of the discipline, even knowing that until the middle of the twentieth century ethnomusicology not had this name, scientific approach or methodological orientation. Despite the important contribution of audio technology for ethnomusicology, seem that phonographic processes can influence the results of acoustic musical traditions recorded. This study attempts to understand how different concepts and procedures of production music can influence the acoustic outcome of the sound recordings and, consequently, the musical-aesthetic structure of events transmitted by oral tradition in the state of Pernambuco. Thus, it is composed of bibliographic research on the main scientific productions of audio technology in ethnomusicology, field research with techniques of interviews, questionnaires and direct observation of contexts and important people in music production and oral tradition music in the State. Another important aspect for research was the experience gained over many years of work in ethnomusicology and audio technology, in addition to daily work in the Centro de Difusão e Realizações Musicais SESC - Casa Amarela (PE - Brasil) aimed mainly to Brazilian classical music and Brazilian oral tradition music. This study showed that the phonographic production process can influence the acoustic outcome of oral tradition music, providing differences between the sound of performance context and the sound recorded on media. Inappropriate concepts for the production of this type of music seems to contribute, indirectly, to the occurrence of changes in social structures of these events. Thus, the phonographic processes constitute an important topic of study for ethnomusicology calling attention to issues of changes in music after a production process beyond show gaps in the discipline about issues of power and relevance related to music production. Finally, it was possible to conclude that physical or conceptual factors in the production process of the oral tradition music influence it, sometimes in irreversible form in both artistic and cultural as socio-political and philosophical point of view. / Durante todo o século XX a tecnologia de áudio contribuiu muito para o desenvolvimento da etnomusicologia. Inicialmente com a criação do fonógrafo e de técnicas de registro sonoro, possibilitando o desenvolvimento dos arquivos fonográficos e, posteriormente, com a crição de tecnologias que apresentassem melhor qualidade sonora, menor custo e conceitos mais adequados aos novos paradigmas da disciplina, mesmo sabendo que até meados do século XX a etnomusicologia não apresentava esta denominação, orientação metodológica ou abordagem científica. Apesar da importante contribuição da tecnologia de áudio para a etnomusicologia, observa-se que os processos fonográficos podem influenciar os resultados acústicos de tradições musicais gravadas. Este trabalho busca compreender como diferentes conceitos e procedimentos de produção fonográfica podem influenciar o resultado acústico dos fonogramas e, conseqüentemente, a estrutura estético-musical de manifestações transmitidas por tradição oral no Estado de Pernambuco. Para tanto, é composto de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as principais produções científicas em tecnologia de áudio na etnomusicologia, pesquisa de campo com técnicas de entrevistas, questionários e observação direta de contextos e pessoas importantes da produção musical e da música de tradição oral no Estado. Outro aspecto importante para a realização da pesquisa foi a experiência adquirida ao longo de alguns anos de trabalho em etnomusicologia e tecnologia de áudio, além do trabalho diário no Estúdio do Centro de Difusão e Realizações Musicais do SESC - Casa Amarela (PE - Brasil), voltado, principalmente, para música erudita brasileira e música brasileira de tradição oral. Este trabalho demonstrou que o processo de produção fonográfica pode influenciar os resultados acústicos de manifestações de tradição oral, propocionando diferenças entre a sonoridade do contexto de performance e a sonoridade da mídia. Assim, conceitos impróprios para a produção deste tipo de música parecem contribuir, indiretamente, para a ocorrência de mudanças nas estruturas sociais destas manifestações. Dessa forma, os processos fonográficos representam um importante tópico de estudos para a etnomusicologia alertando para questões de mudanças na música após um processo de produção, além de evidenciar lacunas na disciplina sobre questões de poder e pertinência relacionadas à produção musical. Finalmente, foi possível concluir que fatores físicos ou conceituais do processo de produção da música de tradição oral a influenciam, por vezes, de forma irreversível tanto do ponto de vista artístico-cultural quanto sócio-político e filosófico.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ACF133.pdf: 833525 bytes, checksum: ab77d7a237c758952479b767efe126f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The phonographic market has experienced a period of significant change caused by technological evolution. This phenomenon of global proportions has been the subject of considerable debate in the media and in academia. The entry of new actors, as well as piracy and new forms of commercialization of musical products, has significantly altered the relationships of power existing in this field. Therefore, the scope of this article is to analyze the phonographic industry in Brazil as an arena of forces and power struggles, based on notions of the field of cultural production, from the perspective of Bourdieu. This study constitutes a qualitative research and data was analyzed using a descriptiveinterpretative approach. In the case of the sector under scrutiny, and on the basis of the theoretical reference material, it would appear to be correct to affirm that economic capital is what is being sought on the part of the actors who comprise the field. Nevertheless, it is important to stress that the critical incidents that brought about the changes in the structure of the field over the course of time were predominantly of a technological nature. The field of the Brazilian phonographic market is currently experiencing a period of structural alteration that was especially affected by the development of MP3 technology and the emergence of virtual piracy. The fact is that formerly the major recording companies dominated the market and had the necessary resources of power to exercise their role as dominant actors and maintain this position. However, the aforementioned factors favored the entry of new actors in the field and the empowerment of those that prior to this time did not have the resources to compete against this domination. / A crise pela qual vem passando o mercado fonográfico nos últimos anos em decorrência do desenvolvimento tecnológico e da pirataria tem sido tema de diversos debates, tanto na mídia como no meio acadêmico. A maior parte dos trabalhos na área da administração que possuem como objeto de estudo o mercado fonográfico procuram focalizar a situação tanto das grandes gravadoras, que tiveram seus lucros drasticamente reduzidos devido a essa crise, quanto às estratégias que têm sido adotadas por essas organizações como forma de contornar o problema. Procura-se nesse trabalho alterar o foco de análise dos estudos sobre esse mercado e concentrar a atenção nas relações de poder existentes entre as organizações que compõem o campo do mercado fonográfico no Brasil. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo é compreender, à luz da perspectiva de Bourdieu, como se deu a transformação das relações de poder no mercado fonográfico do Brasil após o surgimento da tecnologia do MP3 e do fenômeno da pirataria virtual. Adota-se o método qualitativo de pesquisa, sendo o tipo de corte o seccional com perspectiva longitudinal. Realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, tendo sido os dados analisados de forma descritivo-interpretativa, com base no referencial teórico aqui utilizado. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo permitiram verificar que os principais incidentes críticos ocorridos no campo ao longo do tempo foram de ordem tecnológica, ainda que o capital financeiro seja o mais disputado pelas organizações responsáveis pela produção e distribuição da música. Também, ficou evidente que a tecnologia do MP3 e a pirataria virtual propiciaram o ingresso de diversos novos atores no campo e uma redistribuição dos recursos de poder disponíveis para que nele se possa competir.

A presente tese parte da constatação de que diversas crises nos direitos autorais impactaram o mercado da música, todas coincidentes com a introdução de novas tecnologias. Com o advento das tecnologias digitais de fixação de obras musicais e da internet, passou-se a questionar se o momento atual permite identificar uma autêntica crise no direito do autor e, a partir disso, como se pode refletir sobre as questões decorrentes das novas tecnologias que, fatalmente, são pensadas com as velhas normas e teorias. São linhas essenciais do trabalho: a) a criatividade musical e o impacto de diferentes tecnologias para sua fixação e distribuição; b) a criatividade musical e o reconhecimento e a proteção de direitos do criador; c) a inflexão entre os interesses do criador e os outros diversos sujeitos envolvidos na fixação e distribuição da obra artística musical ao lado do interesse dos destinatários; d) a pluralidade de soluções para definir os moldes dessa inflexão e as direções tomadas pelo direito brasileiro. Verifica-se, no decorrer do presente estudo, a existência de conflito de interesses entre o investidor cultural, o compositor e o consumidor, que se projeta no conflito entre os direitos autorais e o direito de acesso aos bens culturais. A conformação de ambos constitui um relevante desafio trazido pelos novos tempos da chamada \"sociedade da informação\", na qual a música digital está inserida. / The present thesis parts from the affirmative that many crises in copyright impacted the music market, all coincident with the introduction of new technologies. With the advent of digital technologies for the fixation of musical works and of the intemet, it was questioned whether the present moment permits identification of an authentic crisis in copyright, and, from that, how is it possible to reflect about the issues due to the new technologies that, fatally, are thought according to old laws and theories. The essential guidelines of the thesis are: a) musical creativity and the impact of different technologies for its fixation and distribution; b) musical creativity and the acknowledgement and copyrights protection; c) the inflexion between the author\'s and other people\'s, who are involved in the fixation and distribution of artistic musical works, interests contrasted with the interests of the addressees; d) the plurality of solutions to define the molds of this inflexion and the directions taken by Brazilian law. It is verified, throughout the present study, the existence of a conflict of interests between the cultural investor, the composer and the consumer, that projects itself on the conflict between copyrights and the right to access cultural assets. The conformation of both constitutes a relevant challenge brought by the new times of what is called \"information society\", in which digital music is inserted.

<p>The present longitudinal study, which comprised 125 children from Grade 2 (typal age: 8) to Grade 6 (typal age: 13), examines and interprets the results of several decoding and reading comprehension tests. A point of departure is the proposition that there may be a lack of concepts about central questions that help interpret the results of an expanding test practice in the educational system. To construct the central questions the typologies and hypothetical causes of reading problems ought to be constrained in relation to explanatory constructs combining reading acquisition and reading difficulties. </p><p>First, the field of research on reading acquisition and reading difficulties was surveyed as a background to the presentation of the model, which is heavily indebted to and basically molded on the balance model but which also takes advantage of the proposition of combining the double-route and connectionist approaches. </p><p>Second, the following themes were investigated empirically:</p><p>– The predictive power of the tests: Generally, there seem to be almost as accurate predictions from Grade 2 as from Grade 3. A combined decoding-comprehension prediction was not shown to be more powerful as a product than as a linear combination.</p><p>– The possibility of an image/symbol transition in early reading acquisition: A weak image/letter decoding correlation distinguished boys weak in reading comprehension from all others in Grade 3; a weak letter/word decoding correlation distinguished those weak from those strong in reading comprehension regardless of gender in Grades 2 and 3; and a weak image/word decoding correlation distinguished boys from girls in Grade 2. </p><p>– Indications of stages in the development of reading: The conclusion is that orthographic decoding is more strongly related to reading comprehension than is phonologic decoding but there appears to be a parallel development of phonologic and orthographic decoding between Grades 3 and 6. This pattern seems to be the same for boys and girls and for those with low and high reading comprehension. </p><p>– Comparing subtypes: The surface/phonologic dyslexia distinctions were tentatively related to the linguistic/perceptual dyslexia distinctions and the letter/word-decoding screening instrument. The compensatory concept is questioned.</p><p>– Dimensions in reading acquisition and reading difficulties: A conclusive proposition of the study is that the hypothetical twofold metaphor/metonym character of language may be instrumental in analysing the complex interaction between the characteristic traits of the learning brain and the construction of meaning through script.</p>

The present longitudinal study, which comprised 125 children from Grade 2 (typal age: 8) to Grade 6 (typal age: 13), examines and interprets the results of several decoding and reading comprehension tests. A point of departure is the proposition that there may be a lack of concepts about central questions that help interpret the results of an expanding test practice in the educational system. To construct the central questions the typologies and hypothetical causes of reading problems ought to be constrained in relation to explanatory constructs combining reading acquisition and reading difficulties. First, the field of research on reading acquisition and reading difficulties was surveyed as a background to the presentation of the model, which is heavily indebted to and basically molded on the balance model but which also takes advantage of the proposition of combining the double-route and connectionist approaches. Second, the following themes were investigated empirically: – The predictive power of the tests: Generally, there seem to be almost as accurate predictions from Grade 2 as from Grade 3. A combined decoding-comprehension prediction was not shown to be more powerful as a product than as a linear combination. – The possibility of an image/symbol transition in early reading acquisition: A weak image/letter decoding correlation distinguished boys weak in reading comprehension from all others in Grade 3; a weak letter/word decoding correlation distinguished those weak from those strong in reading comprehension regardless of gender in Grades 2 and 3; and a weak image/word decoding correlation distinguished boys from girls in Grade 2. – Indications of stages in the development of reading: The conclusion is that orthographic decoding is more strongly related to reading comprehension than is phonologic decoding but there appears to be a parallel development of phonologic and orthographic decoding between Grades 3 and 6. This pattern seems to be the same for boys and girls and for those with low and high reading comprehension. – Comparing subtypes: The surface/phonologic dyslexia distinctions were tentatively related to the linguistic/perceptual dyslexia distinctions and the letter/word-decoding screening instrument. The compensatory concept is questioned. – Dimensions in reading acquisition and reading difficulties: A conclusive proposition of the study is that the hypothetical twofold metaphor/metonym character of language may be instrumental in analysing the complex interaction between the characteristic traits of the learning brain and the construction of meaning through script.