No description available.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in women. Death results from treatment failure and metastatic disease. Thousands of lives might be saved if it was possible to detect and eliminate occult metastatic cells before they become clinically evident. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify new markers to improve treatment options for these patients. Genomic instability is the earliest indication of breast cancer and the use of genomic methodologies is a progress towards early detection and treatment, through the identification of biomarkers that can be translated into novel therapy targets. The interferon regulatory factor-1(IRF-1) gene, localized on chromosome 5q31.1, is believed to act as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. The IRF-1 was found to be inactivated by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in breast cancer suggesting that the loss of its function might be critical to the development of the disease. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3) signaling pathway mediates key cellular functions and alterations of genes in this pathway, including PIK3CA, serine-threonine protein kinases (AKT1and AKT2), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and ERBB2, whose expression have been demonstrated to be altered in breast cancer patients. In addition, these genes are linked to treatment resistance. vi In this study, we have investigated allelic loss of IRF-1 gene in primary tumors obtained from patients undergoing mastectomy at Groote Schuur hospital (Cape Town, South Africa). These samples were then further analyzed for the DNA copy number changes of specific genes involved in the PIK3/AKT signaling pathway. Statistical analysis has been performed in order to correlate genomic findings with clinical-histopathological and follow up information from the patients and to establish whether these genes can predict prognosis. Our data analysis has indicated that 46 cases (45.5%) out of 101 cases were informative for the IRF-1 dinucleotide marker used for LOH analysis (Figure 3.1). LOH was detected in 23 of these informative cases (23/46; 50%). No statistical significance was found between LOH at the IRF-1 locus and age (≤50 years or >50 years) (P value = 1.0000) and earlier stage (Stages I and II) (P value= 0.4982) based on Fisher’s exact test. Patients presented a high level of DNA copy number changes in genes involved in the PIK3/AKT pathway. The most frequent changes were observed in the PIK3CA and PTEN genes. PIK3CA presented high copy number in 36.8% of the cases. PTEN was observed with low copy number in 47.5% of the cases. This dissertation shows the effectiveness of genomic methodologies as means for the detection of early breast cancer progression in South African women. The PIK 3/AKT genes can validate the usefulness of breast cancer therapies.

Computational methods, including homology modelling, in-silico dockings, and molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the functional dynamics and interactions of K⁺ channels. Molecular models were built of the inwardly rectifying K⁺ channel Kir2.2, the bacterial homolog K⁺ channel KirBac3.1, and the twin pore (K2P) K⁺ channels TREK-1 and TRESK. To investigate the electrostatic energy profile of K⁺ permeating through these homology models, continuum electrostatic calculations were performed. The primary mechanism of KirBac3.1 gating is believed to involve an opening at the helix bundle crossing (HBC). However, simulations of Kir channels have not yet revealed opening at the HBC. Here, in simulations of the new KirBac3.1-S129R X-ray crystal structure, in which the HBC was trapped open by the S129R mutation in the inner pore-lining helix (TM2), the HBC was found to exhibit considerable mobility. In a simulation of the new KirBac3.1-S129R-S205L double mutant structure, if the S129R and the S205L mutations were converted back to the wild-type serine, the HBC would close faster than in the simulations of the KirBac3.1-S129R single mutant structure. The double mutant structure KirBac3.1-S129R-S205L therefore likely represents a higher-energy state than the single mutant KirBac3.1-S129R structure, and these simulations indicate a staged pathway of gating in KirBac channels. Molecular modelling and MD simulations of the Kir2.2 channel structure demonstrated that the HBC would tend to open if the C-linker between the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain was modelled helical. The electrostatic energy barrier for K⁺ permeation at the helix bundle crossing was found to be sensitive to subtle structural changes in the C-linker. Charge neutralization or charge reversal of the PIP2-binding residue R186 on the C-linker decreased the electrostatic barrier for K⁺ permeation through the HBC, suggesting an electrostatic contribution to the PIP2-dependent gating mechanism. Multi-scale simulations determined the PIP2 binding site in Kir2.2, in good agreement with crystallographic predictions. A TREK-1 homology model was built, based on the TRAAK structure. Two PIP2 binding sites were found in this TREK-1 model, at the C-terminal end, in line with existing functional data, and between transmembrane helices TM2 and TM3. The TM2-TM3 site is in reasonably good agreement with electron density attributed to an acyl tail in a recently deposited TREK-2 structure.

Die Wirkung von zwei endogen neuroprotektiven Substanzen, Melatonin und 17 beta-Estradiol wurde an drei Caspase-abhängigen, apoptotischen, aber Exzitotoxin-unabhängigen Schadensmodellen an neuronalen Primärkulturen untersucht und mit der bei vorwiegend nekrotischen Schadensmodellen verglichen. Es zeigten sich eine Abhängigkeit des neuroprotektiven Potentials von der Art des Zelluntergangs sowie unterschiedliche Mechanismen der Neuroprotektion. Melatonin wirkte in allen drei apoptischen Modellen nicht neuroprotektiv, sondern verstärkte die Schädigung der Neurone noch, während partiell gegen die OGD-induzierte Nekrose (OGD, engl. Oxygen glucose deprivation, kombinierter Sauerstoff- und Glukoseentzug) kortikaler Neurone Schutz erzielt wurde. Der Einsatz des endogenen neuroprotektiven Faktors Melatonin als Therapeutikum ist möglicherweise nur bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen mit exzitotoxischer Schädigung durch Glutamat oder oxidativem Stress wie bei Epilepsie oder dem Schlaganfall durch Ischämie sinnvoll. Die fehlende bzw. potenzierenden Wirkung von Melatonin bei neuronaler Apoptose in vitro, stellt jedoch einen therapeutischen Erfolg bei der Behandlung der mit apoptotischer Schädigung einhergehenden Alzheimer'schen Erkrankung in Frage. Bei klinischer Anwendung ist auch der von uns erhobene Befund zu beachten, dass in vitro native neuronale Zellen durch Melatonin geschädigt werden. 17 beta-Estradiol wirkte sowohl bei nekrotischer als auch bei apoptotischer Zellschädigung. Dabei zeigten sich wesentliche Unterschiede in den Mechanismen der Neuroprotektion und in der Ansprechbarkeit verschiedener Regionen des Gehirns. Schutz vor Apoptose konnte nur durch eine Langzeitvorbehandlung (20 h) in septalen und hippokampalen Kulturen, nicht jedoch in kortikalen Kulturen beobachtet werden. Dieser Effekt liess sich durch Rezeptorantagonisten, Proteinsynthesehemmung sowie durch Hemmung der Phosphoinositol-3-Kinase blockieren. Eine Kurzzeitbehandlung war gegen Apoptose nicht wirksam, zeigte gegen OGD und Glutamattoxizität jedoch neuroprotektives Potential. Dieser Effekt liess sich nicht antagonisieren, so dass hier ein direkter antioxidativer Mechanismus wahrscheinlich erscheint. Die antiapoptotische Wirkung in septalen und hippokampalen Kulturen korrelierte mit einer höheren Dichte des Estrogenrezeptors-alpha und einer erhöhten Expression antiapoptotischer Proteine in diesen Regionen. Da bei der Alzheimer'schen Erkrankung der Kortex betroffen ist, könnte der fehlende Effekt von 17 beta-Estradiol in kortikalen Neuronen sowohl auf die neuronale Apoptose als auch auf die Proteinexpression von Bcl-2 und Bcl-xL möglicherweise auf experimenteller Basis erklären, warum eine langfristige Estrogentherapie bei Frauen mit milder bis moderater Alzeimer'scher Erkrankung den Progress der Erkrankung nicht aufhalten konnte (Mulnard et al. 2000). / The neuroprotective effect of melatonin and 17 beta-estradiol has been evaluated in several in vitro models of neuronal apoptosis and necrosis. Melatonin was not neuroprotective in three models of apoptosis but showed a pro-apoptotic effect in primary cortical neurons. Melatonin revealed to damage naïve neurons, too. Partial protection was observed against necrotic neurodegeneration after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The use of melatonin as a therapeutic agent might be of interest in neurodegenerative diseases with excitotoxic damage like epilepsia or ischemia, but is questioned in case of apoptotic neurodegeneration. 17 beta-estradiol was neuroprotectiv in both necrotic and apoptotic neurodegeneration. Differences in the mechanism of neuroprotetion and in the efficacy in different regions of the brain were observed. A neuroprotective effect was visible only in hippocampal and septal cultures if 17 beta-estradiol was applied 20 h prior (long term pre-treatment) but not in cortical neurons. This effect correlates with an increased density of estrogen receptor-alpha and an increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in these regions. These effect could be blocked with receptor antagonists, protein synthesis inhibitors and an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. A short term pre-treatment revealed a receptor independent neuroprotective potential against OGD and glutamate toxicity. The failure of 17 beta-estradiol to protect cortical neurons against apoptosis could be an experimental basis to understand, why a long lasting treatment with estrogens of women with mild to moderate Alzheimer´s disease failed to inhibit the progress of the illness (Mulnard et al., 2000)