Based on a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Tampa, FL, a dynamic multiple-systems model was developed on the STELLA software platform to explore algae biomass production in wastewater by incorporating two photobioreactors into the WWTP‟s treatment train. Using a mass balance approach, the model examined the synergy through algal growth and substrate removal kinetics, as well as macroeconomic-level analyses of algal biomass conversion to biodiesel, biogas, or fertilizer. A sensitivity analysis showed that biomass production is highly dependent on Monod variables and harvesting regime, and profitability was sensitive to processing costs, market prices of products, and energy environment. The model demonstrated that adequate nutrients and carbon dioxide are available in the plant‟s influent to sustain algal growth. Biogas and fertilizer production were found to be profitable, but biodiesel was not, due to high processing costs under current technologies. Useful in determining the growth potential on a macro-level, the model is a tool for identifying focus areas for bench and pilot scale testing.

While understanding the kinetics of algae growth plays an important role in improving algae cultivation technology, none of the existing kinetic models are able to describe algae growth when more than three growth limiting factors are involved. A model was developed in this study to describe algae growth in a photobioreactor. Two expressions were proposed based on the Monod model to relate the specific growth rate of algae to the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, inorganic carbon and light intensity in the culture media. Algal biomass concentration as a function of time was calculated by solving mass and energy balances around the photobioreactor. Model simulations were compared with the experimental data from the cultivation of wild type algae in a semi-continuous culture of a completely mixed photobioreactor. There were minor differences between the model results from using the two proposed expressions of the specific growth rate of algae. Biomass concentration simulated by the model followed the same pattern as the measured concentration. However, there was discrepancy between the model output and the experimental results, because of variability from environmental conditions during the experiment and some environmental factors such as temperature were not considered in the model. Also, most of the model's parameters were either derived theoretically or obtained from literature instead of being measured directly. It was found through sensitivity analysis that the maximum biomass density predicted by the model is very sensitive to the maximum specific growth rate for carbon, maximum growth yield and higher heating value of algae. Results from running the model for a continuous culture of the same photobioreactor, showed that the minimum hydraulic retention time for the growth of algae will be 30 days. Further investigations are needed to get more accurate data for sensitive parameters so algae growth can be predicted more accurately. Future work towards integrating other factors including temperature, pH, inhibition factors and decay rate in the kinetic expression, will lead to a better prediction of algae growth

Bioretention gardens are stormwater management practices that offer numerous water quantity and quality benefits. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent removal of nitrogen and phosphorous in these systems. The first phase of this research involved the construction and monitoring of ten vegetated, mesoscale, bioretention cells in a field setting to provide a comparison of the performance of five alternative designs intended to provide nutrient removal. Results indicated that concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorous may be reduced by up to 53 and 79%, respectively, in specially designed bioretention gardens. In the second phase of the research, a GIS-based site selection tool was used to identify areas suitable for bioretention implementation based on physical site requirements. Applying this tool to selected urban catchments demonstrated that bioretention gardens may be integrated into existing urban landscapes on a scale large enough to accommodate runoff and associated nutrient loads from small (<15mm) storms.

At Kungsberget ski-resort in Gävleborg county all wastewater produced at the facility is treated on-site. The treatment takes place at their own wastewater treatment plant in a so-called Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR), which has been in operation for about a year before this study. Kungsberget AB is currently in charge of the facility but their goal is to hand responsibility over to Sandviken Energy AB. In order for this handover to occur Kungsberget has to produce three approved treatment results. This means that the concentrations of BOD7 needs to lie under 0.3 mg/l and total phosphorous under 10 mg/l in the effluent water for three consecutive samples. The results show momentaneous values. These limits are stated in the permit Kungsberget received from the Environmental Protection Division. Kungsberget has had problems with high and fluctuating phosphorous concentrations and therefore the transfer has not yet taken place. In this project several parameters have been analysed in order to obtain an overview of prevailing influent and effluent concentrations. Some of the parameters that have been analysed are; phosphorous, nitrogen, BOD7, suspended solids and pH. A lot of time and effort has been put into elucidating operational routines at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and gaining knowledge from available literature regarding different parameters’ effect on treatment results.   Kungsberget has had problems adapting operating routines and reaching stable treatment results as the load is highly effected of seasonal fluctuation. This has not been taken into account earlier and the WWTP has been operated in the same manner all year around. Suggestions to how operating routines can be modified in to better meeting the needs have been produced and alternative treatment methods have been presented in the report. Two of the suggestions include biological phosphorous removal and adding carrier media to increase bacteria growth. An aerobic solids retention time has been calculated in order to evaluate whether nitrifying bacteria have enough time for grow and maintain a stable population. The calculation was carried out by measuring suspended solids and aeration time and the result was a solids retention time of approximately 6 days.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 809585 bytes, checksum: c6d2ccd582d4ff51205b4abd0d7c07a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A total of two thousand and forty male broilers of Cobb stain were used in four experiments to evaluate available phosphorous (AP) levels in diet for broilers from 8 to 42 days of age kept in high temperature and thermoneutral environment. In each experiment, the birds were distributed in a complete randomized experimental design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five AP levels and two thermal environments: high temperature and thermoneutral). The trials were divided in two periods, from 8 to 21 days and 22 to 42 days of age. In both periods, it two tests were conducted, one to assessing the performance and bone parameters of broilers and other to determine the phosphorous excreted and retention of birds. In the period from 8 to 21 days, nine and eight repetitions with ten and five birds per repetition were used for the experiment 1 and 2, respectively. The AP levels obtained were: 0.25; 0.33; 0.41; 0.49 e 0.57%. The birds were brooded in controlled-environment rooms at 35ºC (high temperature) and 29ºC from 8 to 15 days and 27ºC from 16 to 21 days (thermoneutral environment). In the period from 22 to 42 days, nine and eight repetitions with six and five birds per repetition were used for the experiment 1 and 2, respectively. The AP levels obtained were: 0.25; 0.35; 0.45; 0.55 e 0.65%. The birds were brooded in controlled- environment rooms at 32ºC (high temperature) and 22ºC (thermoneutral environment). In the first phase, the levels of AP influenced the feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) which increased in a quadratic form up to the estimated level of 0.46%, for thermoneutral and heat environments, however, the LRP model better adjusted to data, where the 0.34 and 0.35% AP levels were estimated, for both thermal environments, respectively. In thermoneutral environment, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved in a quadratic way with the increase of AP levels until the estimated level of 0.45%, but, the LRP model better adjusted to data estimated at 0.34% the AP level. FCR of birds challenged by heat was not significantly effect by the levels of AP It was observed a quadratic effect of the treatments on the % of calcium and phosphorus in the bone (CaB and PB) which increased, respectively, up to the estimated levels of 0.46 and 0.47% of AP in both environments. In thermoneutral environment, it was observed a quadratic effect of the AP levels on phosphorous excreted (PE) which decreased up to the estimated level of 0.29% and on phosphorous retention (PR) and phosphorous retention coefficient (PRC) that increased up to the estimated levels of 0.54 and 0.40%, respectively. In heat stress the treatments have influenced the PE and PR in a linear form. The PRC increased in a quadratic form, with the increase of th AP levels, until the estimated level of 0.38%. In the period from 22 to 42 days of age, in high temperature environmental, it was observed a quadratic effect of the AP levels on FI, WG and FCR which improved until the estimated level of 0.46%. In thermoneutral environment, the treatments influenced the FI and WG that decreased in a linear form. It was not observed effect on FCR. Under thermoneutral conditions, there was a significant quadratic effect of AP levels on the % PB which increased up to the estimated level of 0.51% of AP. Under heat stress, the AP levels influenced in a quadratic form the % of CaB and PB in the bone that rose, respectively, until the estimated levels of 0.48 e 0.55% of AP. Irrespective of thermal environment, the treatments influenced the PE and PR that increased in a linear form, while PRC decreased in function of AP levels. It was concluded the estimated levels, respectively, 0.35 and 0.47% of AP provided the better results of performance and bone parameters of broilers from 8 to 21 days of age kept in thermoneutral and high temperature environment. From 22 to 42 days of age, AP requirements for broilers kept in thermoneutral and high temperature environment are, respectively, 0.25 and 0.46% of AP for maximum performance and 0.51% and 0.55% of AP for higher bone mineralization. / Dois mil duzentos e quarenta frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb foram utilizados em quatro experimentos para determinar a exigência nutricional de fósforo disponível (Pd) para frangos de corte de 8 a 42 dias de idade mantidos em termoneutralidade e ambiente de alta temperatura. Em cada experimento as aves foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (cinco níveis de Pd e dois ambientes térmicos: alta temperatura e termoneutralidade). O trabalho foi dividido em duas fases, de 8 a 21 dias e de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Em ambas as fases, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um para avaliar desempenho e parâmetros ósseos e o outro para determinar o balanço de fósforo (P). No período de 8 a 21 dias, foram utilizadas nove repetições para experimento 1, com dez aves por repetição e oito repetições para experimento 2, com cinco aves em cada. Os níveis de Pd obtidos nas rações experimentais foram: 0,25; 0,33; 0,41; 0,49 e 0,57%. As aves foram alojadas em câmaras climáticas com temperatura de 35°C (alta temperatura) e 29ºC de 8 a 15 dias e 27ºC de 16 a 21 dias (termoneutralidade). No período de 22 a 42 dias, foram utilizadas nove repetições para experimento 1, com seis aves por repetição e oito repetições para experimento 2, com cinco aves em cada. Os níveis de Pd obtidos nas rações experimentais foram: 0,25; 0,35; 0,45; 0,55 e 0,65%. As aves foram alojadas em câmaras climáticas com temperatura de 32°C (alta temperatura) e 22ºC (termoneutralidade). No período de 8 a 21 dias de idade, independente do ambiente em que as aves foram submetidas, os níveis de Pd influenciaram o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso, que aumentaram de forma quadrática até o nível estimado de 0,46%. No ambiente de termoneutralidade a conversão alimentar reduziu de forma quadrática em razão dos níveis de Pd na ração, até o nível estimado de 0,45% e não se observou efeito para esta variável no ambiente de calor. Os tratamentos também influenciaram quadraticamente a quantidade de cálcio (Ca) e P no osso (%) que aumentaram até os níveis estimados de 0,46 e 0,47%, no ambiente termoneutro. No estresse por calor observou-se um aumento quadrático em % de Ca e P no osso até os níveis estimados de 0,46 e 0,47% de Pd, respectivamente. No ambiente termoneutro, os níveis de Pd na ração influenciaram de forma quadrática a excreção de P (g e g/dia) que diminuiu até o nível estimado de 0,29%, e a retenção de P (g) e o coeficiente de retenção de P (%), que aumentaram até os níveis estimados de 0,54 e 0,402%, respectivamente. No ambiente de alta temperatura, os tratamentos também influenciaram a excreção de P total (g e g/dia) e P retido, que aumentaram de forma linear. O coeficiente de retenção de P aumentou de forma quadrática, em função dos níveis de Pd, até o nível estimado de 0,381%. No período de 22 a 42 dias, no ambiente de alta temperatura, os níveis de Pd aumentaram de forma quadrática o consumo de ração e ganho de peso e melhorou a conversão alimentar até o nível estimado de 0,46%. Na termoneutralidade, o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso diminuíram de forma linear em função dos níveis de Pd na ração. A quantidade de P no osso (%) aumentou de forma quadrática até o nível estimado de 0,51% de Pd, no ambiente de termoneutralidade. No estresse por calor verificou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de Pd sobre a % de Ca osso, que aumentou até o nível estimado de 0,46% de Pd. A quantidade de P no osso (%) aumentou quadraticamente até o nível estimado de 0,55% de Pd. Independente do ambiente em que as aves foram criadas os tratamentos influenciaram de forma linear a quantidade de P excretado (g e g/dia) e P retido (g) que aumentaram, enquanto o coeficiente de retenção de P (%) decresceu em função dos níveis de Pd na ração. Concluiu-se que, o nível estimado de Pd que proporcionou melhor resultado de desempenho e parâmetros ósseos de frangos de corte de 8 a 21 dias de idade foi de 0,47%, correspondente a consumos estimados de 4,28 e 3,54 g, respectivamente, para o ambiente termoneutro e alta temperaturana. Na fase de 22 a 42 dias de idade, os níveis estimados ideais de Pd nas rações de frangos de corte que maximizam o desempenho e favoreceram a mineralização óssea são de, respectivamente, 0,46 e 0,55%, correspondentes a consumos estimados respectivos de 11,6 e 13,8 g, quando mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura e no ambiente termoneutro, de 0,25 e 0,51% de Pd, correspondentes a consumos estimados respectivos de 8,0 e 15,8 g.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho relata a sÃntese, caracterizaÃÃo e anÃlise de compostos fosforados com potencial lubrificante, obtidos a partir do LCC, um subproduto da indÃstria de processamento da castanha. Os quatro compostos sintetizados [Dietil-3-n-pentadecilfenol tiofosfato (1), Dietil-3-n-pentadecilfenol fosfato (2), Difenil-3-n-pentadecilfenol fosfato (3) e Tri-3-n-pentadecilfenol fosfato (4)] utilizaram como precursor o 3-n-pentadecilfenol (cardanol hidrogenado) e foram caracterizados por um conjunto de tÃcnicas experimentais (RMN 1H, 13C e 31P, infravermelho e CG/EM) que revelaram a pureza dos mesmos. A estabilidade tÃrmica dos compostos foi verificada atravÃs de vÃrios estÃgios de degradaÃÃo tÃrmica. Os compostos (1) e (2) sÃo menos estÃveis que (3) e (4), no entanto, todos eles apresentaram-se dentro da faixa da temperatura de degradaÃÃo para os aditivos de lubricidade comerciais similares. A estabilidade oxidativa foi avaliada utilizando mÃtodo do oxigÃnio ativo. Todos os Ãleos aditivados apresentaram diminuiÃÃo no Ãndice de acidez caracterizando-os como potenciais antioxidantes, especialmente no que se refere à relaÃÃo custo/benefÃcio, fator importante na escolha de um aditivo ressaltando-se o excelente desempenho do composto (1). A anÃlise do potencial lubrificante revelou diminuiÃÃo no desgaste das esferas cobertas com os Ãleos aditivados quando comparados ao padrÃo (sem aditivo). O teste de lubricidade revelou que todos compostos encontram-se dentro dos parÃmetros exigidos pela legislaÃÃo em vigor na concentraÃÃo de 2%. / This work repots the synthesis, characterization and analysis of the phosphorous compounds with lubricant potential, obtained from CNSL, a byproduct of cashew nut processing industries. The four synthesized compounds [Diethyl-3-n-pentadecylphenol thiophosphate (1), Diethyl-3-n-pentadecylphenol phosphate (2), Diphenil-3-n-pentadecylphenol phosphate (3) and Tri-3-n-entadecylphenol phosphate (4)] used 3-npentadecylphenol (hydrogenated cardanol) as forerunner and were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (NMR 1H, 13C and 31P, infrared and GC/MS) that revealed their purity. The thermal stability of all compounds was verified by several steps of thermal degradation. Compounds (1) and (2) were less stable than (3) and (4), but, all of them showed degradation temperatures in the similar range of commercial lubricity additives. The oxidative stability was evaluated using the active oxygen method. All the additivated oils showed a decreasing in the acid scale , characterizing the compounds as potential antioxidants, especially relative to the cost/benefit ratio, emphasizing the excellent performance of the compound. The analysis of the lubricant potential revealed a diminution in the wear of the spheres covered with additivated oils when compared to the standard (without additive). The test of lubricity revealed that all compounds are inside the parameters required by the present legislation in the concentration of 2 %.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de sementes de melancia de duas cultivares (Crimson Sweet e Charleston Gray) realizou-se um experimento no LaboratÃrio de AnÃlises de Sementes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido (UFERSA) durante os meses de dezembro de 2009 a junho de 2010. Utilizou-se quatro lotes de sementes de melancia de duas cultivares, Charleston Gray e Crimson Sweet. Para o recobrimento com fÃsforo as sementes foram agitadas no interior de um saco plÃstico junto à fonte de fÃsforo empregada em suas respectivas doses, para que estas aderissem Ãs sementes. ApÃs a aplicaÃÃo das fontes de fÃsforo Ãs sementes procedeu-se o recobrimento na dose de 0,8 ml / 100g de sementes com o auxÃlio de uma seringa utilizando-se o polÃmero ColorSeed HE Rigrantec de cor vermelha para a cultivar Charleston Gray e de cor azul para a cultivar Crimson Sweet. As fontes de fÃsforo utilizadas foram a fitina e o fosfato bicÃlcico. Logo apÃs a secagem do polÃmero, foram efetuados aos testes para avaliaÃÃo do vigor e desenvolvimento das plÃntulas e a influÃncia da fonte de fÃsforo e dosagem destas nas cultivares de melancia. As variÃveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de germinaÃÃo, primeira contagem da germinaÃÃo (PC), envelhecimento acelerado (EA) e Ãndice de velocidade de emergÃncia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as mÃdias dos dados quantitativos (doses) foram ajustadas mediante teste de regressÃo. A germinaÃÃo da cultivar Crimson Sweet, apÃs o teste de envelhecimento acelerado, mostrou que as sementes submetidas ao recobrimento com o fosfato bicÃlcico apresentaram maiores valores quando comparados Ãs sementes recobertas com fitina. Os dados de primeira contagem sugerem que concentraÃÃes mais elevadas de P nas sementes, por via exÃgena, proporcionam maior disponibilidade de energia para as atividades metabÃlicas da semente, o que levaria ao maior crescimento inicial das plÃntulas e ao desenvolvimento maior e mais rÃpido do sistema radicular, resultando no aumento da absorÃÃo de nutrientes e, conseqÃentemente, na capacidade produtiva da planta. / With the objective of evaluate the performance of seed of two cultivars of watermelon (Charleston Gray and Crimson Sweet) conducted an experiment in the Laboratory of Seeds Analysis of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Ãrido (UFERSA) during the months of December 2009 to June 2010. Was used four seed lots of two watermelon cultivars Charleston Gray and Crimson Sweet. For the phosphorus coating the seeds were agitated inside a plastic bag near the source of phosphorus used in their respective dose, so that they adhere to the seeds. After the application of phosphorus sources for seeds proceeded to the coating at a dose of 0,8 ml / 100 g of seeds with a syringe using the polymer ColorSeed HE Rigrantec  red for the cultivar Charleston Gray and blue for the cultivar Crimson Sweet. The sources of phosphorus and phytin were bicalcium phosphate. Immediately after drying the polymer, we proceeded to test for evaluation of existing and development of plants and the influence of phosphorus source and dosage in these cultivars of watermelon. The variables analyzed were: germination, first count germination (CP), accelerated aging (EA), plus the weight of thousand seeds and uniformity test for standardization of the lots and the variables of seedling growth, seedling emergence and emergence speed index. The experimental design was completely randomized and averages of quantitative data (doses) were adjusted by regression testing. The germination of the cultivar Crimson Sweet watermelon after the accelerated aging test showed that the seeds subjected to coating with the bicalcium phosphate showed higher values when compared to coated seeds phytin. Data from the first count in this experiment suggest that higher concentrations of P in seeds, exogenously, will provide greater availability of energy for metabolic activities of the seed, which would lead to greater initial seedling growth and development of the largest and fastest root system, resulting in increased absorption of nutrients and, consequently, the productive capacity of the plant.

Please read the abstract in the front section of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

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