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A theoretical model describing photophysics of π-conjugated aggregates, such as molecular crystals and polymer thin films, is developed. A Holstein-like Hamiltonian expressed with a multi-particle basis set is used to evaluate absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of neutral excitons as well as charge modulation spectra (CMS) and transient absorption spectra (TAS) of positively charges hole-type polarons. The results are used to develop a better theoretical understanding of the organic electronics being studied and their photophysics, and also to probe the morphology of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films, which are used in photovoltaic devices. / Chemistry

The synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of three Zr-based Metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) assembled from 2,6-anthracenedicarboxylic acid (2,6-ADCA, 2,6- MOF) and 1,4-anthracenedicarboxylic (1,4-ADCA, 1,4-MOF), and 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid (9,10-ADCA, 9,10-MOF) are described. The crystal structure of the 9,10-MOF was elucidated by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis and is isostructural with the well-known UiO-66 framework. The 2,6-MOFs also form highly crystalline, octahedral-shaped structures and was characterized by PXRD. Le Bail refinement of the powder pattern revealed that the 2,6-MOF also has UiO-type crystal structure. Conversely, incorporation of the 1,4-ADCA ligand results in large rod-shaped crystals. The excited-state properties of the MOFs were examined using steadstate diffuse reflectance, steady-state emission spectroscopy and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) spectroscopy and are compared to those of the corresponding ligand in solution. Both the unique fluorescent properties of the ligand as well as individual framework structure, result in distinctive luminescent behavior and dictate the extent of intermolecular interactions. Specifically, the 2,6-MOF displays monomeric emission with a fluorescence lifetime (t) of 16.6 ± 1.1 and fluorescence quantum yield (Ff). On the other hand, the 1,4-MOF displays both monomeric and excimeric emission, with corresponding lifetime values of 7.5 ± 0.01 and 19.9 ± 0.1, respectively and a quantum yield of 0.002 ± 0.0001. The propensity for photon upconversion through sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) was probed in the three anthracene-based MOFs. The MOFs were surface-modified with Pd(II) mesoporphyrin IX (PdMP) as the triplet sensitizer. Upconverted emission from the 9,10-MOF was observed, with a quantum efficiency (FUC) of 0.46 % and a threshold intensity (Ith) of 142 mW/cm2 . The variation of the spacing between the anthracene units in the MOFs was found to have significant impact on TTA-UC. As a result, upconverted emission is only displayed by the 9-10-MOF. The distance between anthracene linkers in the 2,6-MOF are too large for TTA to occur, while the short distances in the 1,4-MOF inhibit upconversion through competitive excimer formation. To further explore the effects of chromophore spacing on energy transfer processes, a series of zinc-based mixed-ligand MOF were constructed from Zn(II) tetrakis(4- carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (ZnTCPP) and pyrazine, 2,2′-bipyridine (pyz) or 4,4′-bipyridyl (bpy) or 1,4-di(4-pyridyl)benzense (dpbz), comprising ZnTCPP/Zn paddlewheel layers. Across this series, the porphyrin spacing was approximately 6 Å, 11 Å and 16 Å for pyz, bpy and dpbz, respectively. The photophysical properties of the MOFs were explored using stead-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopies. Florescence quenching studies examined the correlation between porphyrin spacing and efficiency of energy transfer. / Ph. D.

Sintetizou-se uma nova diimida naftálica difosfônica, a N, N-bis(2-fosfonetil)naftaleno diimida (DPN), pela reação do dianidrido 1,4,5,5-naftálico com o ácido 2-aminoetil-fosfônico. Essa molécula foi caracterizada por H-RMN, micro-análise, titulação potenciométrica e análise de fosfato. Através de estudos fotofísicos e fotoquímicos do DPN em solução verificou-se que essas moléculas encontravam-se na forma monomérica em água e na forma de agregados em solventes orgânicos. Verificou-se que o rendimento quântico de fluorescência Φf dessa molécula é dependente do pH do meio, uma vez que ocorre diminuição do Φf com aumento do pH. Por estudos com fotólise de relâmpago e por experimentos de lente térmica resolvida no tempo, verificou-se que a diminuição do Φf com aumento do pH. Por estudos com fotólise de relâmpago e por experimentos de lente térmica resolvida no tempo, verificou-se que a diminuição Φf é causada principalmente por um aumento no cruzamento intersistema, de singleto a tripleto. Multicamadas à base de zircônio (Mallouk et al. 1987) do DPN foram obtidas substratos como vidro, silício e ouro. O crescimento de filmes em vidro foi acompanhado por espectroscopia de absorção e em filmes sobre o silício por elipsometria. Sobre a superfície de ouro, foram estudadas as propriedades de oxido-redução do filme por voltametria cíclica. Por estudos fotofisicos desses filmes depositados em vidro, verificou-se que os mesmos eram fotoativos, formando produtos fotoquímicos por processos radicalares. Por outro lado, quando se preparou micro-cristais, pricipitando-se o radical do DPN com o zircônio em solução, observou-se por espectroscopia de ressonância de spin eletrônico (EPR) que estas estruturas micro-cristalinas estabilizavam o radical do DPN em presença de ar por vários dias. / The new diimide N, N\' -bis-(2-phosphoethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphtalenediimide (DPN) was synthesized by reaction of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid with the compound 1,4,5,8-naphatalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride. This molecule was characterized by 1H-RMN, elemental analysis, potentiometric titration and phosphorus analysis. By photophysical and photochemical studies of DPN in solution, it was verified that DPN is in monomeric form in aqueous solution and DPN is in an aggregated state in organic solvents. When the fluorescence spectra in aqueous media show a sharp decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) with the increase in pH. By laser flash photolysis and thermal lensing, it was verified that this reduction of Φf with the increase pH can be attributed to an increment in the intersystem crossing processes when the pH increased. The zirconium phosphonate thin films formed from 1,4,5,8-naphtalene diimides were assembled on quartz, borosilicate glass (BK7), silicon or gold. The film growth was followed by absorption spectroscopy on quartz and BK7 and by ellipsometry on silicon substrate. Toe oxidation and reduction properties of the films were studied by cyclic voltammetry of films deposited on gold. Photophysical and photochemical data revealed that the films were photosensitive, giving rise to products derived by radicalar reactions. On the other hand, when the DPN radical was precipitated with Zr4+ in solution, micro-crystals were obtained which stabilized the radical in the presence of air for several days.

Devido à sua intensa absorção de luz na região visível do espectro, as porfirinas e seus derivados (clorinas e bacterioclorinas) são de grande importância na terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) para o tratamento de doenças neoplásicas. Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas as novas vinil-porfirinas estrategicamente funcionalizadas (47 e 48), seguida de uma sistemática de reações de Diels-Alder com dieófilos ativados, com o propósito de obter clorinas e/ou bacterioclorinas para potenciais aplicações em TFD. / Due to their strong absorption in the visible region, porphyrins and related derivatives (chlorins and bacteriochlorins) are very important in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of neoplasic diseases. In this work were synthesized the novel and strategically functionalizated vinyl-porphyrins 47 and 48, followed by systematic Diels-Alder reactions with activated dienophiles to obtain chlorins and/or bacteriochlorins, potentially useful on PDT.

O trabalho apresentado nesta Tese tem como objetivo a elaboração de estruturas polinucleares baseadas em clusters trinucleares de rutênio. Os oligômeros estudados são opções interessantes para o desenvolvimento futuro de dispositivos supramoleculares, em função de suas propriedades fotofísicas e eletroquímicas. Um trímero e uma série de dímeros mistos foram obtidos pela combinação do cluster [Ru3O(CH3COO)6(py)2(CH3OH)]+ com complexos [Ru(bpy)2(P)(L)]+ (P = ligante de ponte N-heterocíclico; L = P, Cl ou CN). A caracterização por RMN, voltametria cíclica e espectroeletroquímica dos dímeros onde L = Cl foi utilizada como base na interpretação dos resultados obtidos para os demais complexos; os dados refletem uma interação fraca entre os fragmentos, que depende das características eletrônicas da ponte P. Nos dímeros onde L = CN, ocorre a supressão da emissão do cromóforo [Ru(bpy)2] pelo cluster através de um mecanismo de transferência de elétrons fotoinduzida. Para o cluster na forma reduzida, sugere-se também a ocorrência de transferência de energia. Na segunda parte da Tese, são apresentados sistemas policlusters contendo seis e dez unidades ligadas em ponte. As novas supermoléculas apresentam uma série de processos redox multieletrônicos e, neste caso, a comunicação eletrônica entre os centros metálicos é mais pronunciada, sendo dependente do estado de oxidação dos clusters. / The aim of the work reported is to develop polynuclear structures based on trinuclear ruthenium clusters. All the oligomers are seen as interesting options to the future development of supramolecular devices, due to their photophysical and electrochemical properties. A series of mixed dimers and one trimer were obtained by the combination of the [Ru3O(CH3COO)6(py)2(CH3OH)]+ cluster with [Ru(bpy)2(P)(L)]+ complexes (P = N-heterocyclic bridging ligand; L = P, Cl or CN). The NMR, cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical characterization of the dimers where L = Cl were used as a base to interpret the results collected for the other complexes; the data reflect a weak interaction between the units, depending on the electronic characteristics of the bridging ligand P. In the dimers where L = CN, occurs the quenching of the [Ru(bpy)2] emission by the cluster through a photoinduced electron transfer mechanism. For the cluster in its reduced form, it is suggested that an energy transfer process also occurs. On the second part of the Thesis, polycluster systems containing six and ten bridged cluster units are reported. The novel supermolecules present a series of multielectronic redox processes and, in this case, electronic communication among the metallic centers is more pronounced, depending on the clusters oxidation state.

This thesis presents the synthesis of porphyrin arrays for light-harvesting applications using Wittig chemistry, which allows the construction of covalently bound systems that are conjugated, stable and easy to characterize. This was achieved using a dendrimer strategy utilizing tetraarylporphyrins as building blocks, monofunctionalized with either aldehyde or phosphonium salt groups at the β-pyrrolic position, and benzenes, polyfunctionalized with either aldehyde or phosphonium salt groups; stepwise control of the addition of each porphyrin moiety was thus obtained. In this way, different porphyrins in different metallated states were arranged in a determinate geometrical relationship, which is of great importance in the investigations on electron/energy transfers. Arrays containing up to five metalloporphyrin units (two kinds of porphyrins coordinating two different metals) were synthesized and characterized. The unexpected chromatography behaviour and 1H-NMR spectra of a Zn porphyrin functionalized with a 1,3-bis(methyl(diethylphosphonate) benzene were the reason for an investigation, which uncovered, mainly with the use of NMR spectrometry, the first case of intramolecular coordination between the Zn centre and a phosphonate group of the same porphyrin. The dynamic nature of this coordination was characterized and chemical-physical parameters for Zn porphyrin/phosphonate binding were determined. In order to establish the photophysical properties of our conjugated arrays, we synthesized a series of dyads containing Zn and free-base tetraphenylporphyrins (TPPs) connected through variable length phenylenevinylene-type bridges; along with this series, the preparation of the Zn and free-base homometallic homologue dyads and two series of monomers carrying the conjugated linker were realized. Collaboration with IFOS-CNR in Bologna, Italy was established in order to investigate the intramolecular photophysics of those systems, which involve efficient intramolecular energy transfer from the Zn to the free-base porphyrin. Finally, dyads composed of Fe(III) and Zn porphyrin were prepared as part of a project in collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania for the investigation of new artificial photosynthetic systems. Two series of dimers were prepared in order to obtain incorporation in both the classes of hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins. TPPs were used for the making of the hydrophobic dyads while hydrophilicity was achieved by employing tetraester porphyrin derivatives, which can be quantitatively hydrolyzed to afford the correspondent water soluble acids. A new monosubstituted porphyrin was also synthesized and incorporated in the arrays to minimize steric hindrance inside the protein binding sites.

O trabalho apresenta a síntese e a caracterização de novos compostos heterocíclicos benzazólicos dos tipos 2-(4’-aminofenil)-6-nitrobenzazóis fluorescentes por apresentar provável transferência de carga intramolecular no estado excitado (ICT) e iminas aromáticas basedas nos compostos 2-(4’-amino-2’- hidroxifenil)-6-nitrobenzazóis fluorescentes devido a mecanismo de transferência protônica intramolecular no estado excitado (ESIPT). Estes compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção na região do Infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (1H-RMN). Foram realizados estudos fotofísicos através das espectroscopia de absorção na região do ultravioleta-visível e de emissão de fluorescência, determinando assim, os prováveis estados eletrônicos excitados em solventes polares e apolares. / This work presents the synthesis and characterization of new fluorescent heterocyclic derivatives based on 2-(4'-aminophenyl)-6-nitrobenzazoles, as well as aromatic imines based on 2-(4'-amino-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-6-nitrobenzazoles. These molecules are photoactive due to an intramolecular proton transfer in the excited state (ESIPT) or a intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. These compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-NMR. Photophysical studies were performed using the absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence emission, thereby determining the excited electronic states in polar and nonpolar solvents.

O trabalho apresenta a síntese e a caracterização de novos compostos heterocíclicos benzazólicos dos tipos 2-(4’-aminofenil)-6-nitrobenzazóis fluorescentes por apresentar provável transferência de carga intramolecular no estado excitado (ICT) e iminas aromáticas basedas nos compostos 2-(4’-amino-2’- hidroxifenil)-6-nitrobenzazóis fluorescentes devido a mecanismo de transferência protônica intramolecular no estado excitado (ESIPT). Estes compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção na região do Infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (1H-RMN). Foram realizados estudos fotofísicos através das espectroscopia de absorção na região do ultravioleta-visível e de emissão de fluorescência, determinando assim, os prováveis estados eletrônicos excitados em solventes polares e apolares. / This work presents the synthesis and characterization of new fluorescent heterocyclic derivatives based on 2-(4'-aminophenyl)-6-nitrobenzazoles, as well as aromatic imines based on 2-(4'-amino-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-6-nitrobenzazoles. These molecules are photoactive due to an intramolecular proton transfer in the excited state (ESIPT) or a intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. These compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-NMR. Photophysical studies were performed using the absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence emission, thereby determining the excited electronic states in polar and nonpolar solvents.