Orientador: Neri Alves / Coorientador: Carlos J. L. Constantino / Banca: Lucas Fugikawa Santos / Banca: Fernando Josepetti Fonseca / O Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem carater institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi / Resumo: Visando investigar as propriedades semicondutoras de ftalocianina tetrassulfonada de cobre (TsCuPc) e avaliar sua aplicabilidade em transistores de efeito de campo e sensores baseados na estrutura metal-isolante-semicondutor (MIS), desenvolveu-se um capacitor MIS flexível, usando o óxido de alumínio (AI2O3) e a TsCuPc como camadas isolante e semicondutora, respectivamente. O AI2O3 foi obtido pela anodização de uma camada de alumínio metalizada sobre um substrato de polietileno tereftalato (PET) e a TsCuPc foi depositada sobre o AI2O3 por impressão jato de tinta. O AI2O2 foi caracterizado por espectroscopia de impedância (EI), apresentado constante dielétrica aproximadamente igual a 11 e boa estabilidade térmica. Para que a impressão de TsCuPc resultasse em filmes adequados para aplicação de campo elétrico foi necessário adicionar polivinilalcool (PVA) à solução de TsCuPc em água (0,5 mg/5 mg/1 ml). Em medidas de capacitância e perda dielétrica de filmes de TsCuPc/PVA observou-se a relaxação Maxwell-Wagner, sugerindo que o PVA e a TsCuPc formam fases distintas. Através da caracterização DC do filme de TsCuPc/PVA, constatou-se que o transporte de carga é compatível com o modelo de injeção Shocttky e que em ambientes secos apresentam um coeficiente positivo de variação de condutividade em função da temperatura, característico de um material semicondutor. No capacitador MIS, as medidas de capacitância e perda dielétrica versus frequencia foram realizadas em diferentes voltagens de polarização do gate, a partir das quais se determinou os valores de densidade de portadores e mobilidade do filme de TsCuPc/PVA a 303 K, como sendo 3,7.108 cm-3 e 3,5.10-9 cm2V-1s-1, respectivamente. Mostrou-se que é viável o uso de TsCuPc para a preparação de dispositivo MIS por impressão, desde que esteja associado à um plastificante como o PVA e, também, que os efeitos elétricos adivindo das propriedades semicondutoras... / Abstract: Aiming to investigate the semiconductor properties of the tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine (TsCuPc) and evaluate its applicability in organic field effects transistors and sensors based in metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices, it was developed a flexible MIS capacitor, using aluminium oxide (AI2O3) and TsCuPs, as insulator and semiconductor layers, respectively. The oxide was grown by anodization of an aluminum layer deposited onto PET substrate and the TsCuPc was printed by inkjet printing on the AI2O3 film. The AI2O3 was characterized by impedance spectroscopy (El) having a dielectric constant of 11, approximately, and good thermal stability. To printing the TsCuPc, resulting in appropriated films to apply electrical field, it was added polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the TsCuPc aqueous solution (0,5 mg/5 mg/1 ml). By performing measurements of capacitance and dielectric loss in TsCuPc/PVA films it was observed a Maxwell-Wagner relaxation, suggesting that the TsCuPc and the PVA keeps as two distinct phases and it was seen that in dry environments it show a positive coefficient of conducativity versus temperature, typical of a semiconductor material. In a MIS capacitor, the capacitance measurements and dielectric loss versus frequency were performed at different bias voltages of the gate, from which it was determined the values of carrier density and mobility of the film TsCuPc (303 k), as 3,7.108 cm-3 e 3,5.10-9 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. It was show that it is feasible to use TsCuPc for preparting MIS devices, by printing, if it is associated with a plasticizer such as PVA and, also, that the electrical effects arising from the TsCuPc as semiconducting material can only be observed in environments free of moisture / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_tc_me_bauru.pdf: 1832045 bytes, checksum: 276d97de5e1a56b67c714776210760a3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Visando investigar as propriedades semicondutoras de ftalocianina tetrassulfonada de cobre (TsCuPc) e avaliar sua aplicabilidade em transistores de efeito de campo e sensores baseados na estrutura metal-isolante-semicondutor (MIS), desenvolveu-se um capacitor MIS flexível, usando o óxido de alumínio (AI2O3) e a TsCuPc como camadas isolante e semicondutora, respectivamente. O AI2O3 foi obtido pela anodização de uma camada de alumínio metalizada sobre um substrato de polietileno tereftalato (PET) e a TsCuPc foi depositada sobre o AI2O3 por impressão jato de tinta. O AI2O2 foi caracterizado por espectroscopia de impedância (EI), apresentado constante dielétrica aproximadamente igual a 11 e boa estabilidade térmica. Para que a impressão de TsCuPc resultasse em filmes adequados para aplicação de campo elétrico foi necessário adicionar polivinilalcool (PVA) à solução de TsCuPc em água (0,5 mg/5 mg/1 ml). Em medidas de capacitância e perda dielétrica de filmes de TsCuPc/PVA observou-se a relaxação Maxwell-Wagner, sugerindo que o PVA e a TsCuPc formam fases distintas. Através da caracterização DC do filme de TsCuPc/PVA, constatou-se que o transporte de carga é compatível com o modelo de injeção Shocttky e que em ambientes secos apresentam um coeficiente positivo de variação de condutividade em função da temperatura, característico de um material semicondutor. No capacitador MIS, as medidas de capacitância e perda dielétrica versus frequencia foram realizadas em diferentes voltagens de polarização do gate, a partir das quais se determinou os valores de densidade de portadores e mobilidade do filme de TsCuPc/PVA a 303 K, como sendo 3,7.108 cm-3 e 3,5.10-9 cm2V-1s-1, respectivamente. Mostrou-se que é viável o uso de TsCuPc para a preparação de dispositivo MIS por impressão, desde que esteja associado à um plastificante como o PVA e, também, que os efeitos elétricos adivindo das propriedades semicondutoras... / Aiming to investigate the semiconductor properties of the tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine (TsCuPc) and evaluate its applicability in organic field effects transistors and sensors based in metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices, it was developed a flexible MIS capacitor, using aluminium oxide (AI2O3) and TsCuPs, as insulator and semiconductor layers, respectively. The oxide was grown by anodization of an aluminum layer deposited onto PET substrate and the TsCuPc was printed by inkjet printing on the AI2O3 film. The AI2O3 was characterized by impedance spectroscopy (El) having a dielectric constant of 11, approximately, and good thermal stability. To printing the TsCuPc, resulting in appropriated films to apply electrical field, it was added polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the TsCuPc aqueous solution (0,5 mg/5 mg/1 ml). By performing measurements of capacitance and dielectric loss in TsCuPc/PVA films it was observed a Maxwell-Wagner relaxation, suggesting that the TsCuPc and the PVA keeps as two distinct phases and it was seen that in dry environments it show a positive coefficient of conducativity versus temperature, typical of a semiconductor material. In a MIS capacitor, the capacitance measurements and dielectric loss versus frequency were performed at different bias voltages of the gate, from which it was determined the values of carrier density and mobility of the film TsCuPc (303 k), as 3,7.108 cm-3 e 3,5.10-9 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. It was show that it is feasible to use TsCuPc for preparting MIS devices, by printing, if it is associated with a plasticizer such as PVA and, also, that the electrical effects arising from the TsCuPc as semiconducting material can only be observed in environments free of moisture

Tetra-carboxy acid chloride phthalocyanine complexes of cobalt, iron and manganese were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. These complexes were fabricated as thin films on gold electrode following a covalent immobilization and self-assembling methods. Surface electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization showed that these complexes are surface-confined species. The characterization using spectroscopic and electrochemical methods confirmed the formation of thiol and MPc SAMs on gold electrode. The electrocatalytic behaviour of the SAM modified gold electrodes was studied for the detection of L-cysteine and hydrogen peroxide. The limits of detection (LoD) for Lcysteine were of the orders of 10[superscript -7] mol.L[superscript -1] for all the MPc complexes studied and the LoD for hydrogen peroxide at cobalt phthalocyanine modified gold electrode was of the orders of 10[superscript -7]mol.L[superscript -1] for both electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction. The modification process for gold electrodes was reproducible and showed good stability, if stored in pH 4 phosphate buffer solutions and can be used over a long period of time. The cobalt phthalocyanine modified gold electrode was also investigated for the fabrication of glucose oxidase (GOx)-based biosensor and as an electron mediator between the enzyme and gold electrode. The behaviour of the enzyme modified gold electrode towards the detection of glucose was studied and the results gave a limit of detection of the orders of 10[superscript -6] mol.L[superscript -1] with low binding constant (4.8 mM) of enzyme (GOx) to substrate (glucose) referred to as Michaelis-Menten constant. The practical applications, i.e. the real sample analysis and interference studies, for the enzyme modified gold electrodes were investigated. These studies showed that the enzyme electrode is valuable and can be used for glucose detection.

M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology) / The uncontrolled growth of cells in the body is often associated with cancer. It constitutes a major health problem and is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Cancers of the lung, breast, colon/rectum and prostate are no longer only associated with developed countries but are the most common occurring cancers worldwide. Breast cancer is the leading cancer faced by women in South Africa as well as in the world. Conventional cancer therapies often result in uncertain outcomes with numerous side effects and may be associated with limited therapeutic advantage. This has led to the development of safer and better treatment regimes with improved therapeutic outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment used for a wide range of conditions, including cancer. This treatment utilises a photosensitiser (PS), a light activated chemotherapeutic agent, and light of a specific wavelength and power density. It is based on the selective tumour localisation of the PS and the ability to generate high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of light. The generation of ROS causes permanent damage to the tumour cells resulting in cancer cell death. The distinctive criteria when comparing different PDT modalities is the choice of PS as the treatment outcomes are greatly influenced by the light dependent properties of the chemotherapeutic agent. Phthalocyanines are second generation PSs used in PDT. Effects of members of this PS family have been studied and they exhibited good photosensitising properties including lack of cytotoxicity in the absence of light, extended retention times in the tumour and high triplet lifetime of singlet oxygen species.

This thesis reports on the synthesis and characterization of both symmetrical and asymmetrical Zinc phthalocyanine complexes. The complexes contained groups such as carboxylic, amino and alkyne for covalent grafting to the surface of silica nanoparticles. The use of symmetrical and asymmetrical complexes was geared towards comparing the non-specific binding of the symmetrical complexes to the specific binding observed in the asymmetrical complexes. The complexes were also doped within the silica matrix and compared to the surface grafted conjugates. The complexes and the conjugates were well characterized with a variety of techniques. The fluorescence lifetimes of the phthalocyanine complexes containing either terminal carboxylic groups or an alkyne group showed a mono-exponential decay while the amino containing phthalocyanine complexes gave a bi-exponential decay. A similar trend was observed for their respective conjugates. Some of the conjugates of the asymmetrical complexes showed a decrease in fluorescence lifetimes and a corresponding decrease in fluorescence quantum yields. The fluorescence quantum yields for all the symmetrical complexes studied showed either an improvement or retained the luminescence of the grafted phthalocyanine complex. Most of the conjugates showed a faster intersystem crossing time in comparison to the complexes alone. The grafted or doped conjugates containing symmetrical phthalocyanine complexes with carboxyl groups showed improvements both in fluorescence and triplet quantum yields. All the conjugates except two showed an increase in triplet lifetimes when compared to their respective phthalocyanine complexes. Optical nonlinearities of nine of the phthalocyanine complexes were studied and all the complexes showed characteristic reverse saturable absorption behavior. Complex 10 showed the most promising optical limiting behavior. The aggregation and dissolution studies of the conjugates were also carried out in a simulated biological medium and the silicon level detected was noticed to have increased with incubation time.

Synthesis of new thio derivatised Pcs with manganese, titanium and vanadium as a central metal is reported. The complexes synthesised were characterised using spectroscopic and electrochemical means. The complexes displayed interesting spectroscopic properties with absorption of the Q band being observed in the near infrared region. These complexes have unusual colours for MPc complexes, with purple or red colour being observed in solution. Interesting electrochemical properties were observed, with rare observation of the MnIV/MnIII redox couple. There was observation of oxidation peaks for the pentylthio derivatised Pc with titanium as the central metal; this is unusual since for reported thio derivatives based on TiPc, no oxidation was observed. The vanadium based Pc showed an interesting spectrum for the first ring based reduction. The absorption spectrum obtained for the 1st reduction of the vanadium complex using spectroelectrochemistry would normally indicate a metal based process but comparing with literature it was concluded that it is a ring based reduction process. Generally all the MPc complexes formed a well ordered stable monolayer on the gold electrode. Electrocatalytic studies using L-cysteine revealed that the SAM based on manganese (III) octapentylthio phthalocyanine (AcOMnOPTPc) was the most effective since it catalyses L-cysteine at much lower oxidation potentials and it is also much more stable.

Syntheses, spectral, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical studies of iron, cobalt, and manganese phthalocyanines are reported. The novel coordination of cobalt tetracarboxy metallophthalocyanine to an electrode premodified with aryl radicals and its use in the detection of thiocyanate are reported. This work describes the catalytic activity of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) derivatives adsorbed onto glassy carbon electrodes for the electrocatalytical detection of nitrite, Lcysteine, and melatonin. The modified electrodes efficiently detected nitrite. The CoPc derivative modified electrodes proficiently detected L-cysteine whereas an un-modified electrode could not. This work presents the innovative electrochemical detection of melatonin using electrodes adsorbed with CoPc derivatives. These electrodes detected melatonin at more favorable electrochemical parameters relative to an un-modified gold electrode. The limits of melatonin detection of the modified electrodes lay in the 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁶ M region. The modified electrodes accurately detected capsule melatonin concentrations as specified by the supplier and could differentiate between a mixture of melatonin, tryptophan, and ascorbic acid. They reliably detected nitrite, L-cysteine, and melatonin in the 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² M region. Metallophthalocyanine complexes substituted with thio groups were employed as self assembled monolayers (SAMs). Voltammetry, impedance, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy proved that the SAMs all act as selective and efficient barriers to ion permeability. All the SAMs in this work can be used as effective electrochemical sensors of nitrite and L-cysteine in the 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² M region with competitive limits of detection whereas an un-modified electrode cannot detect Lcysteine. The manganese phthalocyanine SAM modified electrodes are arguably better nitrite and L-cysteine electrocatalysts relative to their iron and cobalt counterparts. Manganese phthalocyanines were used as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics. All manganese phthalocyanine complexes in this work acted as SOD mimics in an enzymatic system of superoxide production. From cellular studies, complexes 6d, 6e, 8d, 8e act as intracellular SOD mimics and are without significantly high cellular toxicity.

Pesticides are a growing concern around the world as they are widely increasing in use and not as highly regulated as some health and environmental hazards. As agricultural, home, and other pesticide applications continue to rise, the need for analytical testing and removal of these pesticides from our rivers, streams, and other runoffs is becoming more and more significant. Glyphosate, an active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup, is an amine compound that has a maximum contamination level of 700 ppb. This work studied the use of water soluble Iron (II) tetrasolfophthalocyanine in amine detection that could be further applied to glyphosate. Also included in this study is a glimpse of removal possibilities combining phthalocyanines with traditional adsorption media for enhanced extraction and capacity.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / Photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment for cancer. It involves the combination of a photosensitizer and light of an appropriate wavelength (laser source) to cause the destruction of cancer cells. Phthalocynanines are second–generation photosensitizers with enhanced photophysical and photochemical properties. In this in vitro study the effect of aluminium (AlTSPc) or zinc (ZnTSPc) tetrasulfophthalocyanines in its inactive and active state (laser induced) on melanoma (skin cancer cells), fibroblast (healthy normal skin cells) and keratinocyte (healthy normal skin cells) cells was evaluated. For each of the cell lines approximately 3 x 104 cells/ml were seeded onto 24-well cell culture plates and allowed to attach overnight, after which cells were treated with different concentrations of AlTSPc or ZnTSPc. The photosensitizers were synthesized at Rhodes University. After 2 hrs, cells were irradiated with a diode laser at a wavelength of 672 nm and a beam diameter of 1 cm. The laser power varied between 20-30 mW and the irradiation time was calculated to deliver a light dose of 4.5 J/cm2. Post-irradiated cells were incubated for 24 hrs before cell viability was measured using the CellTiter-BlueTM Viability Assay. Also, the efficacy of the light dose and laser source used for the killing of approximately 50% of the melanoma cancer cells were investigated. AlTSPc and ZnTSPc decreased cell viability of melanoma cancer cells to approximately 50% with photosensitizer concentrations of 40 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml respectively. These photosensitizer concentrations caused a slight decrease in the percentage cell viability of fibroblast and keratinocyte cells. Results for the dark toxicity assay showed that iii both photosensitizers in the presence of high concentrations (60 μg/ml – 100 μg/ml) showed cytotoxicity effects on melanoma cancer cells in their inactive state. This was not observed in fibroblast and keratinocyte cells treated under the same experimental conditions. The optimal AlTSPc and ZnTSPc concentrations in combination with the light dose of 4.5 J/cm2 was the most efficient in killing the melanoma cancer cells with reduced killing effects on healthy normal fibroblast and keratinocyte cells when compared to other light doses (2.5 J/cm2, 7.5 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2). The irradiation of cells photosensitized with the optimal photosensitizer concentrations with a femtosecond laser using similar laser parameters to continuous wave laser experiments resulted in a reduction in the cell viability of healthy normal fibroblast and keratinocyte cells compared to melanoma cancer cells. The presence of DNA degradation on agarose gel, morphological changes like blebbing and ultrastructural changes like nucleus condensation indicated that photodynamic therapy treated melanoma cancer cells with the optimal concentrations of AlTSPc and ZnTSPc induced cell death via apoptosis. This concludes that low concentrations of AlTSPc and ZnTSPc activated with an appropriate laser source can be used to induce cell death in melanoma cancer cells. Both AlTSPc and ZnTSPc exhibit the potential to be used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of melanoma cancer with the occurrence of minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Various metal phthalocyanines have been used as dyes, catalysts, indicators, electrophotographic receptors and more recently as active elements in chemical sensors and photoconductive materials for solar energy conversion applications. Of the MPc's, VOPc, GaPc-Cl and TiOPc have shown promise for solar energy conversion devices. GaPc-Cl has also shown promise as a chemical sensor. Up to this point in time, the focus of Pc research in this group has been in the direction of characterizing the photoelectrochemical properties of these materials. Recently, solid state studies of TiOPc have been done to determine the electronic properties of a tetravalent metal Pc, such as conductivity and photoconductivity. Such solid state measurements are facilitated by the use of interdigitated microelectrode arrays which are coated with thin films of various Pc's.