No presente trabalho foi operada uma unidade piloto de lodos ativados para o tratamento de esgoto doméstico, pré-tratado anaerobicamente em reator UASB, visando a remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo. O sistema piloto era constituído de reator anóxico, reator aeróbio e decantador. Os experimentos foram conduzidos mantendo a vazão afluente e de retorno de lodo em 50 L/h e a idade do lodo de aproximadamente 10 dias em todas as etapas. Para avaliar a remoção de fósforo foram realizados 4 experimentos com as seguintes condições operacionais: ETAPA 1) sem adição de cloreto férrico nem de polímero; ETAPA 2) adição de 80 mg/L de cloreto férrico e sem adição de polímero; ETAPA 3) adição de 80 mg/L de cloreto férrico e 1 mg/L de polímero catiônico de médio peso molecular; e ETAPA 4) adição de 150 mg/L de cloreto férrico e sem adição de polímero. Foi possível obter as seguintes conclusões: A) O sistema de lodos ativados, como pós-tratamento de efluentes de reatores anaeróbios não é eficiente na remoção de nitrogênio devido a pouca disponibilidade de matéria orgânica para os organismos que realizam a desnitrificação; B) Em se tratando da remoção de amônia, o sistema de lodos ativados se mostrou eficaz, foram alcançadas eficiências médias de remoção sempre acima de 95%; C) O uso de cloreto férrico para a remoção físico-química de fósforo mostrou-se eficaz somente para elevadas relações Fe/Ptot do afluente. As relações Fe/Ptot do afluente variaram de: 1,8 a 2,8 na ETAPA 2; 1,7 a 3,0 na ETAPA 3; e 4,9 a 7,1 na ETAPA 4. Com relações Fe/Ptot de 1,5 a 2,1:1 e 2,3 a 2,8:1 esperava-se alcançar remoções de fósforo da ordem de 85% e 95% respectivamente, o que não ocorreu. As eficiências de remoção de fósforo total variaram de: 53 a 74% na ETAPA 2; 65 a 73% na ETAPA 3; e 87 a 99% na ETAPA 4. Tal fato é explicado pelo sistema de mistura do reator aeróbio não ter sido capaz de promover o contato eficaz do coagulante com o fósforo. D) A aplicação de cloreto férrico reduziu a relação SSVTA/SSTA devido a formação de “lodo químico". As relações de SSVTA/SSTA variaram de: 0,62 a 0,75 na ETAPA 1; 0,45 a 0,70 na ETAPA 2; 0,48 a 0,61 na ETAPA 3; e 0,53 a 0,54 na ETAPA 4; e E) O sistema se mostrou eficiente na remoção de matéria orgânica. As eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica, em termos de DQO total, variaram de 59 a 88% na ETAPA 1; 64 a 97% na ETAPA 2; 47 a 91% na ETAPA 3; e 62 a 79% na ETAPA 4. As eficiências médias de remoção de matéria orgânica considerando a DQO filtrada do efluente (desprezando assim o problema com a perda de sólidos) variaram de 74 a 86% na ETAPA 1; 78 a 97% na ETAPA 2; 82 a 96% na ETAPA 3; e 86 a 98% na ETAPA 4. / In this research work a pilot-scale, activated sludge plant was operated to treat the treated effluent of an anaerobic treatment system, in order to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. The pilot unit was composed of anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and secondary settler. The experiments were carried out while keeping both the affluent and return sludge flow rates at 50 L/hr and the sludge age at about 10 days during all experimental phases. In order to assess phosphorus removal, four experiments or experimental phases were conducted under certain operational conditions: PHASE 1) without ferric chloride and without polymer addition; PHASE 2) ferric chloride addition (80 mg/L) and no polymer addition; PHASE 3) ferric chloride addition (80 mg/L) and polymer addition (1 mg/L of cationic, medium-sized molecular weight polymer); and PHASE 4) ferric chloride addition (150 mg/L) and no polymer addition. The following conclusions were obtained: A) The activated sludge system utilized to treat effluents from anaerobic reactors is not efficient to remove nitrogen, due to the lack of adequate concentrations of organic matter to the denitrifying microorganisms, B) Regarding ammonia removal the activated sludge system was effective, reaching average removal efficiencies always above 95 %, C) The utilization of ferric chloride for the physico-chemical removal of phosphorus presented good efficiencies for high Fe/Ptot ratios of the affluent to the treatment system. The Fe/Ptot ratios of the affluent to the treatment system varied from: 1,8 to 2,8 in phase 2; 1,7 to 3,0 in phase 3; and 4,9 to 7,1 in phase 4 of experiments. With ratios in the ranges of 1,5 to 2,1:1 and 2,3 to 2,8:1 one expected to obtain phosphorus removal levels around 85 % and 95 % respectively. That did not happen. The phosphorus removal efficiencies varied from: 53 to 74% in phase 2; 65 to 73% in phase 3; and 87 to 99% in phase 4 of experiments. Such facts can be explained by the fact that mixing in the aerobic reactor was not capable of providing adequate contact between the coagulant and the phosphorus, D) The application of ferric chloride reduced the VSS/TSS ratio in the aeration tank due to the formation of “chemical sludge". The VSS/TSS ratios varied from: 0,62 to 0,75 in phase1; 0,45 to 0,70 in phase 2; 0,48 to 0,61 in phase 3; and 0,53 to 0,54 in phase 4 of experiments and E) The treatment system presented good efficiencies of organic matter removal. The removal efficiencies (in terms of total COD) varied from: 59 to 88% in phase 1; 64 to 97% in phase 2; 41 to 91% in phase 3; and 62 to 79% in phase 4 of experiments. The removal efficiencies of organic matter in terms of the filtered effluent COD (thus discarding the problem of loss of solids) varied from: 74 to 86% in phase 1; 78 to 97% in phase 2; 82 to 96% in phase 3; and 86 to 98% in phase 4.

Darbe tirti jaunųjų krepšininkų (14–15 metų) amžiaus grietumo ištvermės rodikliai ir jų kaita. Tyrimai atlikti 2005 metais rugsėjo mėnesį, 2006 liepos, bei 2006 rugsėjo mėnesiais, A. Sabonio krepšinio mokyklos sporto salėje. Tyrime dalyvavo 14 įvairių amplua jaunųjų krepšininkų. Tyrimui buvo kelti tokie uždaviniai: o sudaryti amžiaus tarpsnio ypatybes ir galimybes atitinkančio trumpalaikio intensyvaus fizinio krūvio programą. o nustatyti ir įvertinti tos programos taikymo įtaką greitumo ištvermės kaitai. o nustatyti ir įvertinti greitumo ištvermės kaitą per metinį sportinio rengimo ciklą. Literatūros šaltinių analizės pagalba pagrįstos greitumo ištvermės, jų tyrimo svarbos ir metodologijos teorinės prielaidos, ��vertinti tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimo rezultatai apdoroti matematinės statistikos metodais. Apibendrinus tyrimo rezultatus ir palyginus juos su pateikiamais mokslinėje literatūroje galima teigti, jog tirtoje krepšininkų imtyje greitumo ištvermės išugdymo lygis atitinka gerą parengtumo lygį. / Master degree theses investigate speed endurance of young basketball players (age 14–15). Tests were done during period, starting September 2005 until July and September 2006. Location for tests was A. Sabonis Basketball School, Kaunas, Lithuania. 14 various position players were tested. Survey had these particular goals: o to conduct short time intensive charge program that would meet intensity and ability peculiarities of given age group. o to estimate and evaluate the impact of the program to speed endurance. o to estimate and evaluate speed endurance during one year physical treatment cycle. Overlook of the scientific literature of given subject substantiated the speed endurance importance as well as need to test it according to common theory and methodology. Results of conducted tests were amended according to the mathematical statistics methods and compared to given in the scientific literature of the subject. After conduction and summary of tests data the following can be stated: o The level of speed endurance of the investigated group of young basketball players is adequate to what is known as good speed endurance level.

La gestión integral de residuos químicos permite minimizar la cantidad de residuos generados, reaprovechar los residuos que puedan volver a ser utilizados, tratarlos para disminuir su peligrosidad, y real izar una disposición final segura de aquellos residuos que no puedan ser reducidos. Se presentan los principios de gestión, el análisis del ciclo de vida de un residuo y diversas opciones de tratamiento (físico, químico, térmico y biológico) para la disposición final. / Integral management of chemical wastes generated in industrial activitiesThe integral management of chemical wastes allows to d iminish the amount of generated wastes, to reutilize wastes so as to diminish their danger, and to make safe use of the final disposition of those wastes that cannot be reduced. Here we present the principies of chemical wastes management, the analysis of the service I ife of a waste and diverse treatment options (physical, chemical, thermal and biological) for its final disposition

Det här projektet redogör för olika behandlingstekniker för gråvatten och för tillämpningar för olika ändamål inom återanvändning. Syftet är att föreslå en lämplig processdesign för behandling av gråvatten i stadsmiljö, på Loudden, Norra Djurgårdsstaden (NDS). Undersökningen grundar sig på relevant litteratur och på fyra demo-sites där gråvatten behandlas och återanvänds i olika tillämpningar. Gråvattendata samlades in och ett genomsnitt beräknades för att karakterisera gråvatteninflödet. Flödet från gråvattnet beräknades utifrån den dagliga vattenförbrukningen i Sverige om 140 liter/person/dag. Fyra behandlingsprocesser valdes ut. Behandlingsprocesserna kombinerades med förbehandling vilket är standard för att skydda efterföljande process steg. Två av dessa behandlingsprocesser modifierades eftersom de, var och en för sig, inte skulle vara tillräckliga för att minska föroreningar och säkra applikationen för slutanvändaren. De fyra processenheternas prestanda utvärderades utifrån två kriterier:  EU:s kvalitetskriterier  för  återvunnet  vatten  under  klass C samt driftsparametrar. En lista som rangordnar de viktigaste variablerna skapades för att sortera fram det bästa teknikvalet. En utvärderingsprocess visade på designernas lämplighet för den behandling som krävs. "Process Combination 1" valdes på grund av dess robusta prestanda och uppvisade inte några betydande nackdelar. Den består av ett fingaller, en submerged membrane bioreactor och ett kloreringssteg. Processdesignen  innehåller värmeåtervinning och tillämpningar  för  återanvändning  inom processindustri samt bevattning för planteringar inom området. De tekniska och ekonomiska beräkningarna baserades på det karakteriserade gråvattnet och den konstruerade flödet. Investeringskostnaden för den föreslagna processdesignen hamnar på 31 miljoner kronor. Den genererar en årlig inkomst på 5 miljoner kronor och kommer, enligt nuvärdesmetoden och med en ränta på 5 %, att vara fullt betald efter 9 år. / This project presents greywater (GW) treatment techniques and reuse applications for different purposes. The aim is to suggest a suitable process design for treating GW in the urban city environment, Loudden, Norra Djurgårdsstaden (NDS). The research studied relevant literature and four demo sites where GW is treated and reused in various applications. GW data were collected, and an average was used to emulate a GW inflow characteristic. The GW flow was constructed based on estimated daily water consumption in Sweden of approximately 140 liter/person/day. Four treatment process units were selected. The treatment processes units were combined with pre- treatment, a standard treatment to protect the system. Two of these treatment processes were modified because, individually, they would not be sufficient to reduce contaminants and secure the end-user application. The performance of the four process units was evaluated based on two criteria: EU quality criteria for reclaimed water under class C and operating parameters. A list ranking the most critical variables was created to sort out the best process unit. An evaluation process showed the suitability of the designs for the required treatment. "Process Combination 1" was chosen because of its robust performance and did not present any significant drawbacks. It consists of a fine screen, a submerged membrane bioreactor, and a chlorination step. A process design including heat recovery and reuse applications for irrigation of the plantation fiels in the area and process industry was established. The characterized inflow and constructed GW flow were then used for technical and economic calculations. The estimated investment cost for the proposed process design was approximately SEK 31 million. It generates an annual income of SEK 5 million and will, according to the Net Present Value method, with an interest rate of 5%, be fully paid after 9 years.

La presente tesis doctoral tiene por objeto tratar de eliminar el fenómeno no deseable de formación de biofouling en diferentes superficies tubulares de intercambiadores de calor, mediante tratamientos físicos y químicos, intentando minimizar el impacto ambiental creado en los efluentes de las instalaciones industriales.El equipo experimental está compuesto por una planta piloto de intercambiadores de calor condensadores dotada de ocho tubos que funcionan como sistemas independientes, donde se controlan los parámetros de presión, temperatura y caudal, que define indirectamente el biofouling depositado en el interior de dichos tubos a través de los valores de resistencia friccional al flujo y resistencia a la transferencia de calor.También ha sido diseñado y construido otra planta piloto o monitor "MCMDID" (monitor combinado de medición directa e indirecta del biofouling) donde se mide en continuo el espesor del biofouling adherido a la superficie de un tubo del mismo material que los ensayados en la planta descrita anteriormente.