Travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) in combination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) has been applied successfully for the untargeted, global metabolic profiling of biofluids such as mouse plasma and saliva. Methods based on UHPLC-MS alone and in combination with ion mobility spectrometry (UHPLC-IM-MS) have been developed and validated for the untargeted metabolite profiling of saliva, obtained non-invasively by passive drool. Three separate metabolic profiling studies have been carried out in conjunction with bioinformatics strategies to identify potential metabolomic biomarker ions that are associated with efficacy of rice bran in colorectal cancer, physiological stress and that have the potential for the diagnosis of asthma. The advantages offered by the utility of ion mobility in UHPLC-MS based metabolic profiling studies, including the increased analytical space, mass spectral clean-up of contaminants such as PEG post-UHPLC-IM-MS analysis, enhancement of the selectivity of targeted metabolites as well as the potential for the identification of metabolites by comparison of ion mobility drift times have been highlighted. Ten potential metabolic biomarker ions of asthma have been identified from the moderate asthmatics from untargeted metabolite profiling of saliva by UHPLC-MS. A predictive model based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) has been constructed using these ten discriminant ions, which demonstrates good predictive capability for moderate asthmatics and controls. Potential metabolic biomarker ions of physiological stress have been identified through untargeted metabolite profiling analysis of saliva samples collected before and after exercise by UHPLC-IM-MS. Valerolactam has been identified as a potential biomarker of physiological stress from saliva by comparison of retention time, ion mobility drift time and MS/MS spectra with a standard of δ-valerolactam.

Diante das evidências de que o estresse está presente entre os universitários de enfermagem e os malefícios que o estresse crônico pode ocasionar à saúde física e mental, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de fatores pessoais e ambientais relacionados ao estresse recente em universitários de enfermagem, assim como avaliar a ocorrência, os fatores associados e preditores do estresse recente. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico, transversal, analítico, com abordagem quantitativa em duas instituições privadas de ensino superior, com 209 universitários de enfermagem do primeiro ao último ano. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de coleta de dados um questionário sociodemográfico, de condições ocupacionais e de saúde, o -Questionário sobre Traumas na infância? (CTQ), a -Escala de Estresse Percebido? (Perceived Stress Scale- PSS), o -Inventário de Sintomas de Stress? para adultos (ISSL), a -Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg? e a -Escala de Reajustamento Social de Homes-Rahe?. Para a análise dos dados foi realizada a estatística descritiva, medidas de tendência central, teste Qui-quadrado de Person (?²) ou o teste exato de Fisher quando violadas as suposições matemáticas para o teste Qui-quadrado e regressão logística binária, utilizando o software SPSS, versão 21, e o nível de significância adotado em toda a análise foi 5% (alfa=0,05). Observou-se que, entre os universitários de enfermagem, 164 (78,5%) apresentam estresse e a maioria na fase de resistência, 121(57,9%), principalmente com manifestações de sintomas psicológico, 121(57,9%); 77 (36,8%) vivenciaram estresse precoce, com predomínio de abuso emocional, 42(20,5%); e 40(20%) apresentam fortes chances de adoecer. A maioria apresenta autoestima média, 106 (50,7%), ou alta, 95 (45,5%). O estresse recente teve associação com problemas de saúde, uso de medicamentos, autorrelato de estresse, percepção de estresse e exigências de reajustamento social. Além disso, realizar atividade física, tabagismo, alta autoestima, vivências de estresse precoce e ter religião foram apontados como preditores de estresse. Enquanto média e alta percepção de estresse, ser casado, trabalhar, trabalhar na área da saúde, ter atividades de lazer semanal representam menores chances para o estresse nos universitários de enfermagem do estudo. Conclui-se que fatores pessoais como problemas de saúde, uso de medicamentos, autorrelato de estresse, percepção de estresse e o fator ambiental exigências de reajustamento social influenciam no estresse recente em universitários de enfermagem / In light of the evidence that stress is present among university nursing students and the evils that chronic stress can cause to physical and mental health, this study was aimed at assessing the influence of personal and environmental factors related to the recent stress in university nursing students, as well as to assess the occurrence, the associated factors and the predictors of the recent stress. We performed an epidemiological, cross- sectional and analytical study, with a quantitative approach, in two private higher education institutions, with 209 nursing students from the first to the last year. Regarding the data collection tools, we used a sociodemographic questionnaire about occupational and health conditions, the -Childhood Trauma Questionnaire? (CTQ), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the -Inventory of Symptoms of Stress? for adults (ISSL), the -Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale? and the -Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Scale?. In order to analyze the data, we used descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency, Pearson Chi-square test (?²) or Fisher exact test, when the mathematical assumptions for the Chi-square test were violated, and binary logistic regression, using the SPSS software, version 21. The level of significance adopted throughout the analysis was 5% (alpha = 0.05). We have observed that, among university nursing students, 164 (78.5%) presented stress, and most in the resistance stage, 121 (57.9%), especially with manifestations of psychological symptoms, 121 (57.9%); 77 (36.8%) experienced early stress, with a predominance of emotional abuse, 42 (20.5%); and 40 (20%) present strong chances of becoming ill. Most of them have medium or high self-esteem, 106 (50.7%) and 95 (45.5%), respectively. The recent stress was associated with health problems, use of medication, selfreport of stress, perception of stress, and demands for social readjustment. Moreover, performing physical activity, smoking, high self-esteem, experiences of early stress and having religion were signalized as predictors of stress. Conversely, medium and high perceived stress, being married, working, working in the health area and having weekly leisure activities represent lower chances of suffering from stress in the surveyed university nursing students. We have concluded that personal factors such as health problems, use of medication, self-report of stress, perception of stress and the environmental factor demands for social readjustment influence on the recent stress in university nursing students

O estresse é entendido como o produto da relação do homem com o meio ambiente. Um evento estressor pode desencadear um conjunto de reações fisiológicas capazes de levar ao desequilíbrio do organismo. Os serviços de saúde proporcionam condições de trabalho reconhecidamente tensiógenas. O trabalho da equipe de enfermagem em Centro de Terapia Intensiva se revela potencialmente estressante e os profissionais podem apresentar risco acentuado para sofrer desgastes biopsíquicos, com alteração de parâmetros fisiológicos e consequente elevação tensional. A detecção das variações de pressão arterial e de outros parâmetros hemodinâmicos ao longo dos períodos de trabalho e de descanso pode ser de extrema valia na detecção do risco cardiovascular nesta população. Este estudo de abordagem quantitativa, do tipo descritivo e transversal, teve por objetivo identificar o efeito do estresse laboral sobre o comportamento da pressão arterial de profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva por meio da avaliação de parâmetros clínicos obtidos pela Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial. Fizeram parte da amostra os integrantes da equipe de enfermagem lotados no Centro de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital do interior paulista. As variáveis investigadas foram: idade, gênero, cor da pele, escolaridade, situação familiar conjugal, profissão, ocupação, peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal, carga pressórica, média pressórica, pressões arteriais máximas e mínimas, frequência cardíaca, pressão de pulso e estresse percebido. A Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial foi realizada em dois momentos, sendo feito um exame no período de descanso e outro no período do trabalho. A frequência de estresse auto-referido foi verificada por meio da utilização da Escala Visual de Faces, nos períodos de trabalho e descanso. As análises descritivas, com cálculo de frequências absolutas e porcentagens, foram realizadas por meio do pacote estatístico Statistical Package for Social Science - SPSS, versão 15.0. Foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas. Os resultados foram expressos como médias ± erros padrões das médias (EPM) e as diferenças consideradas estatisticamente significantes para p<0,05. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de agosto a outubro de 2012. Participaram do estudo 14 integrantes da equipe de enfermagem (28,6% enfermeiros, 21,4% técnicos de enfermagem e 50% auxiliares de enfermagem). A média de idade dos participantes foi igual a 33,14 ± 1,83 anos. O tempo de formação profissional foi de 9,14 ± 1,80 anos e o tempo de atuação em Centro de Terapia Intensiva igual a 6,09 ± 1,81 anos. A carga horária de trabalho semanal foi equivalente a 34,00 ± 1,50 horas/indivíduo. A média dos valores de Índice de Massa Corporal foi igual a 34,57± 2,19 Kg/m2 . Em relação aos valores de circunferência abdominal, a maioria dos indivíduos foi classificada na categoria \"risco substancialmente aumentado\", com média de 105,2 ± 7,03 cm. No período de trabalho, observou-se elevação da pressão arterial média, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica máxima e mínima e pressão arterial diastólica máxima e mínima, com diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) quando os valores foram comparados aos parâmetros obtidos no período de descanso. Sinais positivos de estresse foram referidos apenas no período de trabalho, por 29% dos entrevistados. Os resultados desse estudo evidenciaram que, durante o período de trabalho em Centro de Terapia Intensiva, os profissionais de enfermagem apresentam alterações de parâmetros clínicos e frequência aumentada de sinais positivos de estresse percebido. A elevação dos indicadores clínicos, atrelada ao relato de maior estresse no período de trabalho, sugere que os fatores ambientais são impactantes e amplificam o risco cardiovascular destes trabalhadores / Stress is understood as the product of man\'s relationship with the environment. A stressful event can trigger a set of physiological reactions that can lead to body imbalance. Health services provide working conditions which admittedly may cause tension. Nursing teams\' work in Intensive Care Units is potentially stressful and professionals may present increased risk to suffer biopsychic wearing, with altered physiological parameters and consequent increased tension. The detection of changed blood pressure and other hemodynamic parameters over periods of work and rest can be extremely valuable to detect cardiovascular risk in this population. This quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to identify the effect of job stress on blood pressure behavior of nursing professionals working in an Intensive Care Unit. Clinical parameters obtained by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. The sample consisted of members of the nursing team working in the Intensive Care Unit of a hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo. The following variables were studied: age, gender, skin color, education, marital status, profession, occupation, weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure load, mean pressure, maximum and minimum blood pressures, heart rate, pulse pressure and perceived stress. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring was carried out in two phases, one examination was done during rest period and another during the work. The frequency of self-reported stress was verified by the use of Visual Faces Scale, the periods of work and rest. Descriptive analysis, with calculation of absolute and percentage frequencies, were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS, version 15.0. Wilcoxon test was used for paired samples. Results were expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Data collection was carried out from August to October 2012. Participants were 14 members of the nursing team (28.6% nurses, 21.4% nursing technicians and 50% nursing auxiliaries). The average age of participants was 33.14 ± 1.83 years. Time from professional training was 9.14 ± 1.80 years and the time of work in the Intensive Care Unit was 6.09 ± 1.81 years. Weekly workload was equivalent to 34.00 ± 1.50 hours/worker. The mean values of Body Mass Index were 34.57 ± 2.19 kg/m2. Regarding the values of waist circumference, most individuals were classified in the category \"substantially increased risk\", with an average of 105.2 ± 7.03 cm. During the work, there was an increase in mean blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, maximum and minimum systolic blood pressure and maximum and minimum diastolic blood pressure, with statistically significant difference (p<0.05) when the values were compared with the parameters obtained during rest period. Positive signs of stress were reported only during work period, by 29% of the respondents. Study results showed that during the period of work in the Intensive Care Unit nursing workers have changes in clinical parameters and increased frequency of positive signs of perceived stress. Increase in clinical indicators, associated to the report of greater stress during work, suggests that environmental factors are impacting and amplify the cardiovascular risk of these workers

O estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, tem sido uma importante área de estudo de sambaquis desde o século XIX. A visível concentração de sítios com características bastante semelhantes e ativos por centenas de anos tem levado a alguns pesquisadores a sugerir que os sambaquieiros conformariam um sistema social complexo e duradouro, apresentando uma estabilidade econômica, social e política ao longo de sua permanência no litoral. Esta continuidade de mais de 5 milênios sofreu transformações a partir de aproximadamente 2000 anos AP, quando surgem evidências de grupos humanos provavelmente provenientes de regiões interioranas, sendo elas o aparecimento de camadas predominantemente icitilógicas nos estratos mais recentes de alguns sambaquis e a presença de cerâmicas das tradições Itararé/Taquara. A proposta deste projeto foi testar a hipótese de que a continuidade e a estabilidade das ocupações sambaquieiras no litoral sul de Santa Catarina estão refletidas também na estabilidade do perfil do estresse durante todo o período de ocupação dos sítios, desde os sambaquis mais antigos até os sambaquis tardios. Para testar essa hipótese foram selecionadas séries esqueléticas oriundas de dois sambaquis com uma longa duração de ocupação, Cabeçuda e Jabuticabeira II, e o acampamento conchífero Içara. Estas séries foram analisadas segundo a ocorrência de marcadores de estresse fisiológico sistêmicos potencialmente capazes de informar sobre eventos estressores ocorridos durante a infância, entre eles, a anemia. Os dados apontam para mudanças nos padrões de ocorrência de estresse fisiológico nas séries esqueléticas de Cabeçuda e Jabuticabeira II, sinalizando certa variabilidade biocultural entre eles, tanto diacrônica quanto sincrônica, mesmo se em sua essência estrutural tais grupos são semelhantes. No caso de Içara, os dados sugerem que os indivíduos lá sepultados poderiam ter uma relação mais próxima com o litoral do que apenas a prática de acampamentos temporários por alguns meses do ano, conforme postula a literatura. / The state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, has been an important area for the study of sambaquis since the 19th century. The visible concentration of sites with very similar and active characteristics for hundreds of years has led some researchers to suggest that the sambaquieiros did conform a complex and long-lasting social system, presenting an economic, social and political stability throughout their settlement at the coast. This continuity of more than 5 millennia underwent transformations from approximately 2000 years BP, when evidences of human groups appear most likely from the inland regions, such as the appearance of predominantly ichthyological layers in more recent strata of some sambaquis and presence of ceramics associated to the Itararé / Taquara culture. The aim of this project was to test the hypothesis of continuity and stability of sambaquieiro occupations in the southern coast of Santa Catarina. Included in this study is the analysis whether this stability also reflects in the stress profile during the entire period of occupation of the sites, from the older sambaquis to the late sambaquis. To analyze this assumption we selected humans skeletal remains from two sambaquis sites with a long duration of occupation, Cabeçuda and Jabuticabeira II, and the Içara conchiferous camp. These series were analyzed according to the occurrence of systemic physiological stress markers potentially capable of reporting on stressful events during childhood, including anemia. The data suggests a pattern change in the occurrence of physiological stress markers in the skeletal series of Cabeçuda and Jabuticabeira II, signaling a certain biocultural difference between them, both diachronic and synchronic, even though their group structure is similar. In the case of Içara, the data indicates that the individual burials at the coast could have been of cultural origin rather than an advantageous temporary settlement for some months of the year, as the literature postulates.

abstract: Advances in technology are fueling a movement toward ubiquity for beyond-the-desktop systems. Novel interaction modalities, such as free space or full body gestures are becoming more common, as demonstrated by the rise of systems such as the Microsoft Kinect. However, much of the interaction design research for such systems is still focused on desktop and touch interactions. Current thinking in free-space gestures are limited in capability and imagination and most gesture studies have not attempted to identify gestures appropriate for public walk-up-and-use applications. A walk-up-and-use display must be discoverable, such that first-time users can use the system without any training, flexible, and not fatiguing, especially in the case of longer-term interactions. One mechanism for defining gesture sets for walk-up-and-use interactions is a participatory design method called gesture elicitation. This method has been used to identify several user-generated gesture sets and shown that user-generated sets are preferred by users over those defined by system designers. However, for these studies to be successfully implemented in walk-up-and-use applications, there is a need to understand which components of these gestures are semantically meaningful (i.e. do users distinguish been using their left and right hand, or are those semantically the same thing?). Thus, defining a standardized gesture vocabulary for coding, characterizing, and evaluating gestures is critical. This dissertation presents three gesture elicitation studies for walk-up-and-use displays that employ a novel gesture elicitation methodology, alongside a novel coding scheme for gesture elicitation data that focuses on features most important to users’ mental models. Generalizable design principles, based on the three studies, are then derived and presented (e.g. changes in speed are meaningful for scroll actions in walk up and use displays but not for paging or selection). The major contributions of this work are: (1) an elicitation methodology that aids users in overcoming biases from existing interaction modalities; (2) a better understanding of the gestural features that matter, e.g. that capture the intent of the gestures; and (3) generalizable design principles for walk-up-and-use public displays. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2019

Quantifying physiological stress may aid in a better understanding of how animals survive various environmental conditions. One noninvasive technique for assessing physiological stress in animals is to extract steroid hormones from fecal samples. This technique has the potential to aid in wildlife conservation by providing a better understanding of behavior and welfare for a variety of species. The objectives of the study were to (1) determine responses in plasma and fecal steroid hormone concentrations for coyotes (Canis latrans), (2) determine which steroid hormone (cortisol or corticosterone) was better for examining physiological stress responses for coyotes, and (3) determine the amount of time steroid hormone metabolites can be found in coyote scats during 2 different seasons. We first conducted an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge in 16 coyotes and examined both plasma and fecal steroid hormone concentrations. An ACTH challenge is when there is an externally derived hormone (ACTH) injected into a subjects blood stream, which causes an increase in the subject’s circulating steroid hormones associated with physiological stress. We injected 16 treatment animals with ACTH and 16 control animals with a saline solution. We collected blood and fecal samples pre- and post-injection to measure steroid hormone concentrations. Radioimmunoassay, a laboratory method used to measure substances, was used to measure concentrations of steroid hormones in coyote blood and feces. To evaluate if steroid hormone concentrations remained in feces for an extended period of time we collected samples from 6 captive coyotes and left the samples in natural environmental conditions for 13 days. Each day a sub-sample was collected, and hormones were extracted and run through radioimmunoassay. We found increased steroid hormone concentrations after an ACTH challenge in both blood and feces, validating the use of fecal steroid hormone concentrations as a tool to measure physiological stress in coyotes. We also found there were no differences in levels of steroid hormone concentrations over 13 days. Our study provides validation for use of fecal steroid hormone concentrations in coyotes to quantify stress levels and confirms that steroid hormone metabolites are viable up to 13 days post deposition in coyote scat. This noninvasive tool can aid in the evaluation of the abilities of coyotes to adapt and exist in a variety of habitats.

No description available.

This thesis investigates infant and childhood health in the Roman period (1st to 4th centuries A.D.) cemetery at Vagnari using data on the prevalence and timing of linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH‘s). These results are examined in the context of historical and archaeological evidence for childhood health in ancient Rome. Analysis of the prevalence of LEH‘s in 48 individuals reveals a low frequency (64.6 %) of enamel hypoplasias in comparison with other Roman period skeletal samples, suggesting that political–economic or geographical variables may have contributed to the generally healthy conditions for subadults at Vagnari. Intrasite analysis indicates no significant difference between sexes or burial types with respect to the average number of teeth affected with hypoplasias and the average total number of defects, but a significant difference does exist between age groups (divided into 15 year intervals). The hypoplastic data indicate that males and females were experiencing similar levels of stress during infancy and childhood. These results are not consistent with the historical evidence, which suggests that male children were preferentially treated in ancient Roman society. Measurement of each hypoplastic defect indicates a peak age at occurrence of 2.75 years of age, which is interpreted as evidence of the end of the weaning process. Enamel hypoplasias occurred until around 6.5 years of age, suggesting that these Roman children experienced stress throughout childhood, possibly the result of childhood illness or malnutrition. The hypoplastic data are consistent with the historical evidence from the Roman period with respect to the general timetable of weaning. This research integrates biological, archaeological, and historical information about the lives of children to help investigate the physical well–being of a rural working class population in the ancient Roman Empire.

Introdução: Estresse crônico na vida adulta aumenta ansiedade e a utilização do alimento palatável “confortante” (comfort food) como forma de inibir sintomas de ansiedade, que parece ser mediado pela alteração do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HPA). O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o estresse no período neonatal pode afetar ansiedade, comportamento alimentar e a resposta ao estresse em ratas fêmeas adultas. Métodos: A partir do segundo dia de vida, ninhadas de ratos Wistar e suas genitoras foram submetidas à redução de material para confeccionar o ninho (intervenção). Na vida adulta, a ansiedade foi mensurada usando o teste de supressão alimentar pela novidade (NSFT), e a resposta neuroendócrina a 20 minutos de estresse por contenção foi verificada pela mensuração dos níveis plasmáticos de corticosterona e ACTH basal e imediatamente, 20, 40 e 70 minutos após o fim do estresse. Em outro subgrupo de animais, também submetidos à intervenção neonatal, o consumo basal de ração padrão assim como a preferência alimentar por alimento palatável, rico em gordura (34%) e açúcar (20%), foram mensuradas em um sistema computadorizado de consumo alimentar contínuo (BioDaq, Research Diets®) de ratas que receberam somente ração regular e nos animais expostos aos dois tipos de alimento (dieta regular e palatável) durante 30 dias. O ganho peso dos animais foi acompanhado semanalmente. Ao final do tratamento, os níveis de T3 e a gordura abdominal foram mensurados. Resultados: As genitoras do grupo intervenção apresentaram cuidado materno com menos variabilidade e menor qualidade quando comparadas às genitoras controles. O estresse na vida precoce aumentou a ansiedade na vida adulta no NSFT teste (latência para comer alimento doce em um novo ambiente (p=0.005), diminuiu o consumo de ração ao retornar para caixa-moradia (p=0.045), assim como aumentou os níveis de corticosterona em resposta ao estresse agudo por contenção (p=0.020). Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada níveis e ACTH em resposta ao estresse (p=0,282). O consumo de ração padrão diferiu entre os grupos somente no ciclo escuro, sendo menor no grupo intervenção (p=0.047). Ao ser exposto cronicamente à dieta palatável o grupo intervenção neonatal prefere este tipo de alimento quando tem opção de escolha (dieta palatável + dieta regular) (p=0.008) diminuindo o consumo de dieta regular. O ganho de peso durante primeiras 72h (p=0,417) e ao longo das 4 semanas (0,474) de exposição às dietas não foi diferente entre os grupos, assim como não houve diferença no percentual de gordura abdominal (p=0,166). No teste de preferência com todos os grupos, enquanto o grupo controle que recebeu cronicamente dieta palatável demonstrou uma diminuição na preferência por esse tipo de dieta comparado ao grupo controle exposto somente a dieta regular, os animais expostos a estresse precoce não demonstraram redução na preferência após exposição crônica (p<0,001). O hormônio T3 na vida adulta correlacionou-se negativamente com ato de lamber os filhotes (LG materno) no grupo intervenção neonatal (p=0,010). Essa correlação desaparece quando é dado opção de duas dietas (p=0,679). Conclusão: Alterações no estado de ansiedade e comportamento alimentar no presente modelo parecem estar relacionadas com mudanças na resposta neuroendócrina do eixo HPA ao estresse agudo. O consumo de alimento palatável possivelmente é utilizado pelas fêmeas do grupo intervenção para inibir os sintomas de ansiedade. / Introduction: Chronic stress in adulthood increases anxiety and prones the individuals to use palatable foods as “comfort foods”, which seems to be mediated by an altered functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). We aimed at verifying if early life stress also affects anxiety, feeding behavior and stress responses in adult female rats. Methods: By the second day of life litters of Wistar rats were subjected to reduced nesting material (Early–Life Stress) or standard care (Controls). In adult life, anxiety was accessed using the novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT), and the neuroendocrine stress response to 20 minutes restraint stress was verified by measuring plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels at baseline and immediately, 20, 40, and 70 min. following the stress exposure. In a different subset of animals, the basal consumption of regular diet as well as the preference for palatable food (rich in fat (34%) and sugar (20%)) was measured in a continuous monitoring computerized system of food consumption (BioDAQ, Research Diets®) in rats receiving only regular chow or exposed to both regular and hyperpalatable diets continuously for 30 days. Body weight gain was measured weekly. At the end of the treatment, T3 levels and the abdominal fat content were measured. Results: Intervention dams showed decreased variability and quality of maternal care compared to control dams. ELS increased adulthood anxiety in the NSFT (latency to eat the sweet pellet in a new environment p=0.005, decreased chow consumption upon the return to the homecage p=0.045), as well as increased corticosterone levels in response to acute restraint stress (p=0.02). No differences were seen in ACTH levels in response to stress. The regular diet intake was different among the groups only during the nocturnal phase of the light cycle, being lower in the intervention group (p=0,047). After being exposed chronically to a palatable diet, the intervention group prefered this type of food when having the option to choose (hyperpalatable food + regular diet) (p=0,008) decreasing the consumption of the regular diet. The body weight gain during the first 72h (p=0,417) and over the 4 weeks of exposure to the palatable diet (0,474) was not different between the groups, as well as no difference was seen on the percentage of abdominal fat (p=0,166). On the preference test with all the groups, while the control group chronically exposed to the hyperpalatable diet showed a diminished preference for the palatable food compared to the control group exposed only to the regular diet, the rats exposed to early life stress did not demonstrate this reduction in preference after the chronic exposure (p<0.001). T3 hormone levels correlated negatively with the licking and grooming (LG) scores in the ELS group (p=0,010). This correlation disappears when is given the oportunity of choice between two diets (p=0,679). Conclusion: Alterations in anxiety and feeding behaviors seen in early stressed animals in this model seem to be related to changes in the neuroendocrine HPA response to acute stress. The consumption of palatable food possibly is used by ELS females rats to inhibit the anxiety symptoms.

Objetivo: Identificar, através de revisão sistemática, o efeito de perturbações da ritmicidade circadiana sobre a saúde humana e, através de experimento animal, o efeito sobre a vulnerabilidade a eventos estressantes. Métodos: Estudo 1: Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Scopus, Embase e LILACS utilizando os termos “social AND (jet lag OR jetlag)”. A busca foi finalizada em 22 de agosto de 2016, resultando em 26 artigos incluídos na revisão. Estudo 2: Camundongos Balb/c foram submetidos a um protocolo de estresse crônico moderado (CMS), sozinho ou precedido de 4 ciclos claro-escuro de período encurtado (10h claro, 10h escuro), e foram comparados a animais submetidos apenas ao encurtamento do ciclo claro-escuro ou a nenhuma intervenção. Em um primeiro experimento, os animais dos grupos estressados foram submetidos a 3 semanas de CMS e foram avaliados parâmetros dos ritmos de atividade-repouso e temperatura central e o ganho de peso corporal. Em um segundo experimento, o período de CMS foi reduzido para 2 semanas e foram analisados parâmetros metabólicos séricos, teste de preferência por solução de sacarose (para aferir comportamento tipo-depressivo) e teste claro-escuro (para aferir comportamento tipo-ansioso). Resultados: Estudo 1: Os desfechos de saúde e comportamento associados ao jetlag social são diversos (epilepsia, sintomas psiquiátricos menores, agressão e problemas de conduta, transtornos de humor, prejuízo cognitivo, uso de substâncias, risco cardiometabólico e perfil endócrino adverso), mas há grande variabilidade de metodologias e populações e grande risco de viés dos estudos analisados. Estudo 2: A exposição ao CMS precedida de ciclos claro-escuro encurtados resultou em aumento na amplitude do ritmo de temperatura, mantido mesmo após o término do protocolo de estresse, e redução do peso corporal no período do CMS, havendo uma clara associação entre estes desfechos. Não foram observadas alterações significativas no comportamento, possivelmente devido a problemas metodológicos, nem nos parâmetros metabólicos avaliados. Conclusões: Este trabalho contribui para o conhecimento sobre o papel da cronorruptura na vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento de patologias através de revisão das evidências associadas a um modelo de cronorruptura em humanos (jetlag social) e de demonstração de evidências em um modelo animal (encurtamento do ciclo claro-escuro). As evidências relacionadas ao jetlag social devem ser avaliadas com cautela devido à heterogeneidade metodológica e alto risco de viés, sendo necessários estudos longitudinais e com metodologia padronizada para estabelecer associações mais confiáveis. Em animais, a vulnerabilidade ao estresse parece ser aumentada pelo encurtamento do ciclo claro-escuro no que se refere a ritmos circadianos e metabolismo, mas resta determinar o efeito sobre comportamentos tipo-depressivo e tipo-ansioso. Apoio: FIPE/HCPA, CNPq e CAPES. / Objective: Identify through a systematic review the effect of circadian disturbances on human health and, through animal experimentation, the effect on vulnerability to stress. Methods: Study 1: A systematic review of the literature was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Embase and LILACS electronic databases using the terms "social AND (jet lag OR jetlag)". The search was finalized on August 22, 2016, resulting in 26 research articles included in the review. Study 2: Balb/c mice were exposed to a chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol alone or preceded by 4 shortened light-dark cycles (10h light, 10h dark) and compared to animals exposed only to the shortened light-dark cycles or to no intervention. In one experiment, animals of stressed groups were exposed to 3 weeks of CMS for evaluation of rest-activity and core body temperature rhythms and body weight gain. In a second experiment, CMS was shortened to 2 weeks and serum metabolic parameters, sucrose preference test (to assess depressive-like behavior) and black and white test (to assess anxiety-like behavior) were evaluated. Results: Study 1: The health and behavioral outcomes associated to social jetlag are diverse (epilepsy, minor psychiatric symptoms, aggression and conduct problems, mood disorders, cognitive impairment, substance use, cardiometabolic risk and adverse endocrine profile), but there is great variation of methodologies and populations as well as high risk of bias in analyzed studies. Study 2: Exposure to CMS preceded by shortened light-dark cycles resulted in increased amplitude of core body temperature rhythm, sustained even after the end of CMS, and reduced body weight during CMS, with a clear association between these two outcomes. No significant alterations were observed either in behavior, likely due to methodological issues, or metabolic parameters assessed. Conclusions: This work contributes to the knowledge on the role of chronodisruption on the vulnerability to development of pathologies through a review of evidences associated with a model of chronodisruption in humans (social jetlag) and demonstration of evidences from an animal model of chonodisruption (shortened light-dark cycles). The evidence regarding social jetlag must be analyzed with caution due to methodological heterogeneity and high risk of bias of articles reviewed and longitudinal studies with standardized methodology are needed to establish reliable associations. In animals, it seems that vulnerability to stress is increased by the light-dark cycle shortening in what refers to circadian rhythms and metabolism, but the effect on depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors remains to be determined. Financial support: FIPE/HCPA, CNPq and CAPES.