Le stockage d’énergie par air comprimé est une des technologies nécessaires à l’emploi massif des énergies renouvelables intermittentes, d’origine solaire ou éolienne. La compression d’air par piston liquide permet d’augmenter l’efficacité du stockage d’énergie en favorisant un échange thermique intense dans la chambre de compression. La description et l’évaluation de cet échange convectif pour des chambres de compression à faible rapport alésage/course ne sont cependant que peu étudiées dans la littérature scientifique. A l’aide d’une étude expérimentale menée sur deux bancs d’essais, l’échange convectif interne dans la chambre de compression est étudié. Une méthode inverse, couplée à la mesure de la température de l’air comprimé et de la position du piston, est employée afin de déterminer les transferts thermiques pariétaux instantanés au cours des compressions.Après avoir mis en lumière la présence systématique d’une transition du régime convectif de type laminaire vers un régime turbulent dans le volume d’air comprimé, de nouvelles corrélations d’échange convectif sont recherchées. Sur la base de 73 expérimentations, plusieurs formes de corrélations basées sur des nombres sans dimension sont optimisées puis comparées. Deux nouvelles corrélations du nombre de Nusselt, l’une en régime laminaire et l’autre en régime turbulent, sont ensuite sélectionnées. Un modèle instationnaire thermodynamique 1D de la chambre de compression est alors construit dans l’environnement Matlab / Simulink afin de tester la qualité de ces corrélations. Les résultats numériques sont ainsi comparés aux données expérimentales. Finalement, deux essais expérimentaux supplémentaires, réalisés sur un banc d’essai différent, permettent de confirmer la qualité des nouvelles corrélations d’échange convectif proposées. / Energy storage by compressed air would be one of the required technologies for enabling massive use of intermittent solar or wind renewable energy sources. Air compression using a liquid piston enables an increase in the energy storage efficiency by inducing an intense heat exchange in the compression chamber. Few studies reported in the literature have focused on the description and evaluation of the convective heat exchange for a low ratio compression chamber (L/D). Using an experimental study and two test benches, the internal convective heat transfer during compression has been studied. In addition to measuring liquid piston position and air pressure, an inverse method was used to determine the instantaneous parietal convective heat flow during compression. After highlighting the presence of a systematic transition from laminar to turbulent convective regime in the compressed air, new convective heat transfer correlations were sought. On the basis of 73 experiments, several correlation forms based on dimensionless numbers were optimized and compared. Two new Nusselt number correlations, one for laminar and the other for turbulent flow, were then selected. A 1D thermodynamic transient model of the compression chamber was built using Matlab / Simulink environment in order to test the quality of these correlations. Thus, numerical results and experimental data were compared. Finally, results from two additional experiments carried out on a different test bench have confirmed the quality of the new proposed correlations for convective heat exchange.

This diploma thesis is focused on the design of the driving mechanism of Stirling engine, where was chosen modification of these engines with rhombic drive. Subsequently is constructed kinematical, dynamical and thermomechanical mathematical model. Finally, is going from these models for execution strength control and drawing documentation.

The Master`s Thesis deals with design and construction of a valve block for a hydrostatic recuperative module of a vehicle with a direct application on pneu tyred roller AP 240H produced by the AMMANN company. The thesis aims to analyze recovery functions of the valve block in several operating modes of the roller, followed by a selection of the right hydraulic components from the perspective of predefined parameters and pressure differences. Design specifications are based on measurements and mathematical simulations on the experimental stand. The experimental stand for this application has been developed at 1:4 scale as compared to a real vehicle. The thesis includes also design of the supporting console for the module on the frame of the vehicle. The Master`s Thesis is a part of project EUREKA with cooperation Bosch Rexroth.

Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse s’articulent autour de la synthèse d’observateurs de type grand gain pour des classes de systèmes non linéaires. Une classe de systèmes multi-entrées/multi-sorties non uniformément observables a tout d’abord été considérée et un observateur dont le gain est issu de la résolution d’une équation différentielle ordinaire de Lyapunov a été proposé. La convergence exponentielle de l’erreur d’observation sous-jacente a été établie sous une condition d’excitation persistante bien appropriée. La synthèse de l’observateur proposé a été ensuite reconsidérée pour prendre en compte l’échantillonnage et la présence de retard sur la sortie. L’observateur résultant de la resynthèse a une structure en cascade avec des systèmes en chaîne où le premier système de la cascade estime l’état retardé tandis que l’état du dernier système est une estimation de l’état instantané du système. La deuxième classe de systèmes considérée dans cette thèse est une forme normale observable multi-sorties comportant des incertitudes et dont la sortie est échantillonnée et retardée. Un observateur en cascade a été proposé pour l’estimation de l’état instantané du système. Les performances des différents observateurs proposés ont été illustrées à travers plusieurs exemples en simulation tout au long de de la thèse. / The results given in this thesis deal with the design of high gain observers forsome classes on nonlinear systems. A class of multi-inputs/multi-output non uniformlyobservable systems has been first considered and an observer the gain of which is issuedfrom the resolution of a Lyapunov ordinary differential equation has been proposed. Theexponential convergence of the underlying observation error has been established underan appropriate persistent excitation condition. The design of the proposed observerhas then been reconsidered in order to account for the sampling and delay processeswhich may occur on the output. The redesigned observer assumes a cascade structurewith chained systems where the head of the cascade is an observer for the delayedstate while the state of the last system in the cascade constitutes an estimation ofthe system actual state. The second class of systems considered in this thesis is amulti-outputs observable normal form involving some uncertainties and with a delayedsampled output. A cascade observer allowing the estimation of the system actual statehas been proposed. The performance and main properties of the proposed observershave been illustrated in simulation by considering many examples throughout thisthesis.

<p>Positive displacement machines (PDMs) operate based on the principle of positive displacement, which necessitates a periodic alteration of volume. This volume variation is accomplished through relative motion between machine components. PDMs find extensive applications in diverse domains, encompassing fluid power systems, lubrication systems, fluid transport systems, fuel injection systems, and more. The primary distinction among PDMs lies in the geometric mechanisms employed for fluid displacement, as well as the flow distribution mechanisms they employ. PDMs can be broadly classified into piston machines, vane machines, screw machines, and gear machines. In fluid power systems, the most commonly used PDMs are the piston and gear machines. Piston machines can be further classified into radial piston machines, in-line piston machines, and axial piston machines. The most commonly used piston machines are the axial piston machine owing to their superior efficiency and compactness. Gear machines can be further classified into external gear machines, internal gear machines, and annular gear machines. The most commonly used gear machine is the external gear machine owing to its price.</p> <p><br></p> <p>PDMs typically involve multiple solid bodies in relative motion, with micron-level gaps between them. These gaps, known as lubricating interfaces, present a significant design challenge during the machine development process. They are a primary source of power losses and play a crucial role in determining the efficiency and durability of the machine. The lubricating interfaces must effectively balance loads and maintain a high-pressure fluid seal. Achieving this delicate balance necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the underlying physical phenomena. Lubricating interfaces generate substantial heat due to viscous dissipation, which directly impacts the operation of the entire machine. The viscosity of the working fluid rapidly decays with temperature, causing the warmer fluid within the lubricating interface to possess lower viscosity. Consequently, it can support lesser loads and is more prone to leakage. Moreover, as the solid bodies enclosing the warmer fluid heat up, they undergo thermal expansion, further changing the clearance and leading to a decline in performance. Additionally, the elevated temperature of the fluid within the lubricating interface affects the compressibility of the displacement chamber fluid, thereby influencing the pressurization characteristics of the entire unit. Thus, thermal effects play a critical role in the performance of PDMs.</p> <p><br></p> <p>  The ever-increasing market demand for more compact, efficient, and reliable designs requires a continuous process of design improvements over previous designs, and sometimes completely new designs. Sophisticated simulation tools are a necessity for such a design process. Additionally, these simulation tools also prove to be valuable in formulating design modifications in case of underperforming designs. Due to the complexity associated with the operation of such units, the simulation tools need to capture a wide variety of physical phenomena. Over the past few decades, owing to the increasing computing power of the desktop computer, several simulation tools have been proposed across the literature to aid the design process of such machines with each having limitations of their own.</p> <p><br></p> <p>  The objective of the present thesis is to propose a modeling approach that assists in the design process of positive displacement machines, addressing various limitations identified in the existing literature. The approach is intentionally designed to be generic, enabling its application across a diverse range of positive displacement machines. The modeling approach encompasses three distinct domains: the displacement chamber fluid domain, the lubricating interface fluid domain, and the solid domain. A novel thermal model that integrates all three domains is introduced. </p> <p><br></p> <p>  To validate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling approach, two separate validation studies are conducted. The first study focuses on a model for an isolated piston/cylinder interface of an axial piston machine, operating under the mixed lubrication regime. The model demonstrates a strong agreement with the measured data. The second study involves steady-state measurements of an entire axial piston machine. The model is validated by comparing the steady-state flow characteristics and temperature distribution on the valveplate, both of which are accurately captured by a single fully coupled model. The modeling approach developed in this study, specifically, the energy conservation in the lubricating interface, heat transfer in the solid bodies, and thermal deformation in the solid bodies are all generalized for applicability in different types of PDMs. However, the results presented in this thesis pertain to an axial piston machine.</p>

No description available.

<p>Energy conservation is a growing topic of research within various fields.  Digital Hydraulics is a division of fluid power that focuses on using on/off technology to improve the performance and efficiency of fluid power systems. One significant benefit of Digital Hydraulics is that it has enabled additional control over fluid power systems, which helps achieve component and system level improvements. Conventional radial and inline piston pumps use positive sealing valves, which mitigate leakage losses, compared to port plates commonly seen in variable displacement pumps. By using digitally controlled positive sealing valves on radial and inline piston pumps, leakage losses can be mitigated to develop a more efficient variable displacement pump. This work focuses on the design, modeling, and simulation of a mechanically actuated valving system developed for a commercially available radial piston pump. The design uses a ball screw actuation method to phase the cam during operation, changing the displacement. Using a modeling and simulation software, GT-SUITE, a simulation model was created for the digital pump that shows close correlation to the manufacturer’s data at high pressure. The parameters simulated, 50 – 200 bar, showed that the system could achieve a peak efficiency drop of approximately 11.0% from 87.0% to 76.0% from 100 – 25% displacement simulated at 200 bar and 500rpm. Compared to a typical variable displacement axial piston pump unit, the digital pump showed increased efficiencies across the bandwidth of 35-83% displacement, with a lower overall drop in efficiency across most of its operating conditions. In the comparison used, the pump is outside of its operating range and has not been optimized; thus, the simulation model created in this thesis will be used in the future to optimize the system and evaluate the system's potential performance and feasibility for future prototyping and testing as a proof of concept.  </p>

This thesis presents a novel, low cost, high precision , and efficient design for an electro-hydrostatic circuit for single rod hydraulic cylinders. The design is the main contribution of candidate to fulfill the regiments of PhD degree. The challenge of existing deigns of electro-hydrostatic circuits for single-rod cylinders is using one pump to control the cylinder under switching (resistive-assistive) loads. The proposed circuit utilizes off-the-shelf industrial elements. It uses two counterbalance valves to manage switching loads and one on/off solenoid valve to redirect the differential flow of the single rod cylinder to tank. A set of simulation studies is conducted using Simhydraulic tools of Matlab in order to study performances of the proposed circuit and compare it with existing designs. Pump-controlled hydraulic circuit for double rod cylinders was developed and is widely used by industry. It is used as the benchmark for simulation studies. As well, the proposed circuit and two major existing pump-controlled circuits for single rod cylinders are compared to the benchmark circuit. Evaluations are conducted by comparing chamber pressure responses as well as pressure vs position of the cylinder end-effector for each individual circuit. Results indicate that the proposed circuit performed as well as the benchmark circuit by controlling pressures to both sides of the cylinder at the same time. Moreover, the load in the proposed circuit is more controllable compared to the benchmark circuit. Experimental results, obtained from the developed test rig, validate accuracy of the simulation model. Maximum steady state position error of 0.06 mm applications is experimentally observed when the test rig is tested under different loading conditions with various amplitudes and frequencies. The circuit consumes up to 20% of the energy that is required by a valve controlled circuit given the same sinusoidal tracking signal. The relative efficiency of the proposed circuit over a valve xii controlled circuit depends on the pattern and frequency of the tracking signal. In all the experiments, a simple proportional controller, which uses readings of a linear position transducer, is employed. The use of the proportional controller makes the proposed circuit easy to implement and shows it is good candidate for industrial applications. The accuracy of the position response of the proposed circuit indicates, it is a good candidate for robotic applications too. / May 2016

Noise emission is a major drawback of the positive displacement machine. The noise source can be divided into structure borne noise source (SBNS) and fluid borne noise source (FBNS). Passive techniques such as valve plate optimization have been used for noise reduction of axial piston machines. However, passive techniques are only effective for limited operating conditions or at least need compromises in design. In this paper, active vibration control of swash plate is investigated for vibration and noise reduction over a wide range of operating conditions as an additional method to passive noise reduction techniques. A 75cc pump has been modified for implementation of active vibration control using the swash plate. One tri-axial acceleration sensor and one angle sensor are installed on the swash plate and a high speed servovalve is used for the swash plate actuation. The multi-frequency two-weight least mean square (LMS) filter synthesizes the servovalve input signal to generate a destructive interference force which minimizes the swash plate vibration. An experimental test setup has been realized using Labview field-programmable gate array (FPGA) via cRIO. Simulation and experimental studies are conducted to investigate the possibility of active vibration control.

We present hereafter the development of the Liebherr Intelligent Hydraulic Cylinder, in which the hydraulic component is used as smart sensing element providing useful information for the system in which the cylinder is operated. The piston position and velocity are the most important signals derived from this new measuring approach. The performance under various load and temperature conditions (measured both on dedicated test facilities and in field in a real machine) will be presented. An integrated control electronics, which is performing the cylinder state processing, additionally allows the synchronized acquisition of external sensors. Providing comprehensive state information, such as temperature and system pressure, advanced control techniques or monitoring functions can be realized with a monolithic device. Further developments, trends and benefits for the system architecture will be briefly analyzed and discussed.