Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M. Arch. in Advanced Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1974. / Bibliography: leaves 341-347. / M.C.P. / M.Arch.A.S.

Bibliography: leaves 213-224.

Not available / text

Esta dissertação propôs investigar e elaborar instrumentos e estratégias para tornar as ações de Educação Ambiental (EA) mais efetivas nas escolas de 6º ao 9º anos da Rede Municipal de Ensino (RME), a partir das atividades oferecidas nos espaços municipais de EA da cidade de Curitiba. Entende-se a EA como parte integrante do processo educativo, a qual permite que alunos e professores partilhem saberes, conhecimentos, valores, os quais podem transformar-se em atitudes, habilidades e comportamentos necessários para a tomada de decisão responsável nas interações com o meio ambiente. Primeiramente, para o desenvolvimento do estudo proposto, foram selecionadas informações, nos documentos oficiais, sobre a estrutura e o funcionamento das secretarias municipais do Meio Ambiente e da Educação. De posse destes dados e com o apoio da revisão bibliográfica, foi possível traçar um panorama dos objetivos, das características, das regularidades, das localizações e das atividades educativas, interativas e culturais de EA. Em seguida, foram agendadas visitas técnicas com os responsáveis dos quatros espaços existentes no município: Museu Botânico (Jardim Botânico); Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia (Bairro do Capão da Imbuia); Zoológico (Parque Iguaçu); e Centro de Educação Ambiental da Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente (CEA da SMMA). Além disso, estabeleceu-se contato com os funcionários que dirigem as atividades de EA nas secretarias municipais. Finalmente, foram aplicados questionários com os professores e pedagogos das onze escolas do 6º ao 9º anos da RME. Este instrumento de pesquisa foi elaborado para obter informações sobre as ações de EA neste segmento, a regularidade, a intensidade, as relações com as disciplinas, a freqüência em cursos, os espaços municipais de EA e as práticas ambientais nas escolas. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que, apesar da oferta de atividades, conforme registros oficiais, nenhuma escola do 6º ao 9º anos esteve nos espaços municipais de EA nos anos de 2010 e 2011. Porém, alguns professores deste segmento da RME, respondentes do questionário, afirmaram terem visitado os espaços municipais de EA sem relatar práticas referentes às atividades que ali acontecem. Concluiu-se que são poucos os instrumentos de diálogo entre secretarias, escolas e responsáveis pela EA. Quanto à formação dos professores nas áreas de educação e ambiente, há muitos cursos ofertados pela SME para as questões didático-pedagógicas que envolvem conteúdos de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática e poucos para os temas transversais, principalmente no que diz respeito ao meio ambiente. Diante disto, idealizou-se uma ficha de apoio que pudesse auxiliar os professores e estimular os alunos a conhecer as potencialidades educativas e interativas dos espaços municipais de EA. A ficha foi aplicada com professores da RME que afirmaram que a mesma coopera para elaboração de atividades e melhor compreensão dos espaços municipais de EA. / This dissertation proposed to investigate and develop tools and strategies to make the actions of environmental education (EE) more effective in schools that works with children in the 6th to 9th grades (11-14 years old) of the Municipal Education Net (RME). The activities offered in the EE municipal spaces of Curitiba were the research goal. EE is understood as part of the educational process, which allows students and teachers to share knowledge, skills, values that can turn on into attitudes, skills and behaviors necessary for responsible decision-making interactions with the environment. The first step was to develop a proposed study to selected information in the official documents to trace a panorama of the structure and operation of municipal departments of Environment and Education. Second, with these data and supported by the literature review, it was possible to draw a picture of the goals, features, regularities, and locations of educational, cultural and interactive EE. Then, technical visits were scheduled with officials staff from the four spaces in the city: the Botanical Museum (Memorial); Natural History Museum of Capão da Imbuia (situated at Capão da Imbuia county area) Zoo (Iguaçu Park), and Environmental Education Center Municipal Secretary of Environment (CEA of SMMA). In addition, we established contact with employees who direct the activities of EA in the municipal bureau. Finally, enquiry was done with teachers from the eleven schools of 6th to 9th grades of RME. This survey instrument was designed to obtain information about EE's actions in those degrees, the frequency, intensity, relations with subjects, attendance at courses, municipal EE spaces and environmental practices in schools. The results indicated that, despite the offer of these type of activities, the official records registered no visits of the schools from 6th to 9th grades in the municipal areas of EE in the years 2010 and 2011. However, some teachers of the RME, the survey respondents, said that they had visited the municipal areas of EE even though without reporting practices related to the activities that take place there. The conclusion was that the instruments are still insufficient to establish a dialogue between schools and municipal EE spaces. In the side of SME, it was observed that there are few teachers‟s training courses in the areas of education and environment. Most of the short courses offered by the SME treats about the didactic and pedagogical issues (literacy, math education), and few of them works with the cross-cutting themes (ethics, environment and sexuality). In the side of the municipal EE spaces, it lacks contacts. Given this, it was idealized a form to support teachers and students to learn more about the public spaces of environmental educational and to stimulate interaction and dialog between these two important municipal institutions. The form was filled out with the RME teachers who said the same cooperation for development activities and better understanding of municipal spaces EA.

O objetivo desta tese é traçar um panorama histórico das políticas públicas de planejamento familiar do Estado brasileiro, inserindo-o no contexto da complexa conjuntura sociopolítico-econômica no período de 1980 até a atualidade. Mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, investigam-se, na interseção das políticas para população, mulher e saúde, as influências e interesses que incidem sobre programas de planejamento familiar. Após recuperar brevemente a trajetória dos movimentos de mulheres e feministas, que constituíram atores sociais centrais no debate sobre as políticas de população e de planejamento familiar, focaliza-se a drástica redução nas taxas de fecundidade da mulher brasileira ocorrida a partir dos anos 1960, na vigência oficial de uma política natalista, mas na omissão do Estado ao permitir a difusão no país de organizações de cunho controlista, que viabilizaram às mulheres o acesso à pílula anticoncepcional e à esterilização. Acompanha-se a evolução das políticas de população em nível mundial, destacando a atuação da Organização das Nações Unidas e de suas conferências mundiais, focalizando a Conferência Internacional de População e Desenvolvimento realizada no Cairo em 1994, que provocou uma inflexão nas políticas de saúde da mulher para saúde reprodutiva. No Brasil, que já contava com um programa pioneiro de saúde da mulher o Paism (1983) , os efeitos do Cairo vieram somar-se à definição do planejamento familiar pela Constituição de 1988 e à instituição do Sistema Único de Saúde em 1990. A análise permitiu identificar as influências externas e internas que incidem sobre a política de planejamento familiar. A política de planejamento familiar do país hoje configura-se democrática, abrangente e descentralizada, sendo a principal tensão identificada entre seus enunciados e sua implementação na prática, ou seja, só será efetiva se houver um controle social eficaz. / The purpose of this study is to elaborate a historical overview of Brazilian state family planning policies within the complex socio-political period from 1980 to the present. By resorting to related literature and official documents, influences and interests on family planning programs are examined in their inter-relation with population, women, and health policies. After a brief recollection of women and feminist movements, who were central actors in the debate on population and family planning policies, the analysis focuses the drastic reduction in fertility rates in the country from the 1960s on, when the state, while holding a natalism official policy, overlooked the spreading of birth control agencies all over the country, which made sterilization and the pill available to women. The evolution of population policies is followed in parallel, underlining the United Nations world conferences, particularly the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994, which drew an inflection on womens health policies onto reproductive health. Its echoes in Brazil added up to the pioneering program on womens health Paism (1983), to the definition of family planning in the countrys Constitution of 1988, and to the institution of the national Health System in 1990. The analysis allowed to identifying foreign and internal pressures acting upon family planning policies. The countrys current family planning policy may be said to be a democratic, far-reaching and decentralised one, where the main tension lies on the gap between its statement and its practical implementation which can only be overcome by an effective social control.

O objetivo desta tese é traçar um panorama histórico das políticas públicas de planejamento familiar do Estado brasileiro, inserindo-o no contexto da complexa conjuntura sociopolítico-econômica no período de 1980 até a atualidade. Mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, investigam-se, na interseção das políticas para população, mulher e saúde, as influências e interesses que incidem sobre programas de planejamento familiar. Após recuperar brevemente a trajetória dos movimentos de mulheres e feministas, que constituíram atores sociais centrais no debate sobre as políticas de população e de planejamento familiar, focaliza-se a drástica redução nas taxas de fecundidade da mulher brasileira ocorrida a partir dos anos 1960, na vigência oficial de uma política natalista, mas na omissão do Estado ao permitir a difusão no país de organizações de cunho controlista, que viabilizaram às mulheres o acesso à pílula anticoncepcional e à esterilização. Acompanha-se a evolução das políticas de população em nível mundial, destacando a atuação da Organização das Nações Unidas e de suas conferências mundiais, focalizando a Conferência Internacional de População e Desenvolvimento realizada no Cairo em 1994, que provocou uma inflexão nas políticas de saúde da mulher para saúde reprodutiva. No Brasil, que já contava com um programa pioneiro de saúde da mulher o Paism (1983) , os efeitos do Cairo vieram somar-se à definição do planejamento familiar pela Constituição de 1988 e à instituição do Sistema Único de Saúde em 1990. A análise permitiu identificar as influências externas e internas que incidem sobre a política de planejamento familiar. A política de planejamento familiar do país hoje configura-se democrática, abrangente e descentralizada, sendo a principal tensão identificada entre seus enunciados e sua implementação na prática, ou seja, só será efetiva se houver um controle social eficaz. / The purpose of this study is to elaborate a historical overview of Brazilian state family planning policies within the complex socio-political period from 1980 to the present. By resorting to related literature and official documents, influences and interests on family planning programs are examined in their inter-relation with population, women, and health policies. After a brief recollection of women and feminist movements, who were central actors in the debate on population and family planning policies, the analysis focuses the drastic reduction in fertility rates in the country from the 1960s on, when the state, while holding a natalism official policy, overlooked the spreading of birth control agencies all over the country, which made sterilization and the pill available to women. The evolution of population policies is followed in parallel, underlining the United Nations world conferences, particularly the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994, which drew an inflection on womens health policies onto reproductive health. Its echoes in Brazil added up to the pioneering program on womens health Paism (1983), to the definition of family planning in the countrys Constitution of 1988, and to the institution of the national Health System in 1990. The analysis allowed to identifying foreign and internal pressures acting upon family planning policies. The countrys current family planning policy may be said to be a democratic, far-reaching and decentralised one, where the main tension lies on the gap between its statement and its practical implementation which can only be overcome by an effective social control.

鄭玲玲. / "2003年8月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 156-163). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 8 yue". / Zheng Lingling. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 156-163). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 --- p.1-11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 殖民政府在港島北部建城的原因 / Chapter 第一節 --- 地理因素 --- p.12-17 / Chapter 第二節 --- 軍政需要 --- p.17-20 / Chapter 第三節 --- 港島北部交通孔道的建立 --- p.20-26 / Chapter 第四節 --- 開埠初期港島開發的困難 --- p.26-29 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三章 --- 華洋社區交通系統的建立 / Chapter 第一節 --- 洋商貿易增長與中區碼頭擴建 --- p.30-34 / Chapter 第二節 --- 人口激增與城市擴展 --- p.34-41 / Chapter 第三節 --- 洋商與政府角力一香港早期塡海計劃 --- p.41-43 / Chapter 第四節 --- 從衝突到合作一 1899年中區塡海計劃的落實 --- p.43-47 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.48 / Chapter 第四章 --- 鼠疫後重建太平山區的意義 / Chapter 第一節 --- 華人社區道路的分佈特色 --- p.49-53 / Chapter 第二節 --- 鼠疫期間太平山區的情況 --- p.53-55 / Chapter 第三節 --- 鼠疫後的重建工作 --- p.56-68 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.69 / Chapter 第五章 --- 港島交通工具的興起與發展 / Chapter 第一節 --- 轎車、人力車和馬車 --- p.69-77 / Chapter 第二節 --- 洋人社區與山頂纜車 --- p.78-83 / Chapter 第三節 --- 20世紀貫通港島的電車投入服務 --- p.84-47 / Chapter 第四節 --- 港島公共汽車的引入和普及 --- p.87-89 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.89-90 / Chapter 第六章 --- 九龍半島交通網絡的建立 / Chapter 第一節 --- 1860年前九龍半島發展的槪況 --- p.91-94 / Chapter 第二節 --- 殖民政府與軍部角力一十九世紀中葉九龍半島的發展 --- p.94-104 / Chapter 第三節 --- 二十世紀九龍半島迅速發展的原因 --- p.105-106 / Chapter 第四節 --- 二十世紀九龍半島的道路網絡的特色 --- p.106-114 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.115 / Chapter 第七章 --- 九龍半島的交通工具發展 / Chapter 第一節 --- 港九海上交通聯繫一小輪公司的成立 --- p.116-124 / Chapter 第二節 --- 陸上運輸網絡的建立一九廣鐵路的通車 --- p.124-131 / Chapter 第三節 --- 九龍和新界公共汽車服務 --- p.131-133 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.133-134 / Chapter 第八章 --- 總結 --- p.135-140 / 附表 --- p.141-155 / 參考書目 --- p.156-163

The Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) set the standard for urban transportation planning during its original 1955-61 genesis years. This study examined CATS' planning methodology during these years and its 1962 regional transportation plan for the Chicago metropolis which had a planning target year of 1980. The subject focus of this study was on expressway planning while the temporal focus was from the late 1950's to circa 1980. The findings of this study revealed four key reasons why CATS' 1962 expressway plan was largely never implemented. These reasons include the inconsistency of some of CATS' 1962 projections for 1980 versus actual 1980 data, the apolitical orientation of CATS, increased urban environmentalism, and rising expressway infrastructure costs. Yet despite the lack of plan implementation, the literature supports the conclusion that CATS did set the standard, at least in its methodology or planning approach. / Department of Urban Planning

Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 2000. / Title from title page screen, viewed May 2, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Lawrence McBride (chair), Donald E. Davis, Niles Holt, Alvin Goldfarb. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 291-296) and abstract. Also available in print.

Ce travail débute par le constat d’apparition récente de la question des ‘transports’ en urbanisme et son remplacement rapide par celle de la ‘mobilité’. Observation étonnante étant donné les liens évidents entre la ville et les ‘transports’ ou la ‘mobilité’ : infrastructures, réseaux, espaces de circulation, déplacements des personnes et des biens, etc. Constat également étonnant à la lecture des auteurs fondateurs de la discipline, dont les écrits démontrent qu’ils abordent tous ces questions. Où était donc passé le transport pendant le XXᵉ siècle pour les urbanistes ? Première piste d’explication, plusieurs auteurs traitent des années 1920-1930 comme d’un moment charnière dans la constitution d’une pensée techniciste, notamment face à la menace automobile. Cette période se soldera par la naissance de l’ingénierie du trafic, à qui est confiée la mission d’adapter la ville à des impératifs de circulation. Cette injonction est sous-tendue par des arguments exprimés dans les termes validés par l’époque et à ce titre, impossible à remettre en cause sans proposition théorique qui correspond aux impératifs épistémologiques. L’urbanisme n’en a-t-il donc pas ? Que dit et comment se positionne l’urbanisme naissant sur ces enjeux, en tant que discipline qui revendique le statut de science dès la deuxième moitié du XIXᵉ siècle ? C’est par l’entrée du ‘mouvement’ — en tant qu’ensemble composé de techniques, de pratiques et de représentations — que ce travail aborde la question, étant donnée la charge culturelle et axiologique associée à la technique, mais aussi celle des concepts de ‘transport’ ou de ‘mobilité’. Et c’est aux discours textuels que ce travail s’intéresse, comme contenant d’expression de la norme et du sens, pour pénétrer l’univers épistémologique du rapport que la discipline entretient avec le mouvement. L’hypothèse de ce travail a d’abord été celle de la place théorique centrale de la question du mouvement dans les propositions de l’urbanisme naissant, qui cherche les objets et les outils qui le forgeront comme science. Ensuite, on soupçonne que les propositions théoriques des urbanistes, ancrées dans un univers de sens constitué sur le temps long, font preuve de trop de prudence et de nuance pour un contexte emprunt de positivisme et de solutions La proposition théorique est testée par l’analyse du discours de dix-sept ‘textes normatifs en urbanisme’ datant de 1849 à 1916 et une étude historiographique parallèle dont on a déduit cinq grands moments de placement du sens situés entre le XVIIᵉ siècle et les années 1930. Il ressort de l’analyse que le mouvement occupe une place centrale dans le discours de l’urbanisme naissant entre les années 1849 et 1916 : les références au mouvement sont omniprésentes dans les textes, elles constituent l’occasion de discussions autant sur les méthodes autant que sur les objets de la science naissante. Des traces des moments de placement du sens sont de plus observables dans les textes à travers les représentations. Ils apparaissent à ce titre comme des témoins de ces sens du mouvement qui fondent beaucoup d’évidences et de normes et qui ne lui permettent pas, dans une certaine mesure, d’exprimer de solution claire et épistémologiquement valables face aux problèmes urbains du début du XXᵉ siècle. / This research started as the result of an observation: a recent appearance of the question of 'transportation' in the context of urban education and its rapid replacement by that of 'mobility'. This is a surprising observation, especially given the obvious links between the city and ‘transportation’ or ‘mobility’ issues: infrastructures, networks, circulation spaces, transport of people and goods, etc. Surprising to a greater degree when reading the founding authors of the discipline; their writings show that they all address these matters. Therefore, I wonder: where did ‘transportation’ go during the 20th century? A preliminary assumption is that the period of 1920 was a pivotal moment in the creation of a technicist thought, especially in the face of the automotive threat. This period will lead to the birth of traffic engineering which is given the task to adapt the city to circulation necessities following theoretical propositions that conform with the epistemological imperatives. Does Urban Planning not have any? As a discipline that longs for a science status since the second half of the 19th century, what does the emerging Urban Planning realm say about ‘transportation’ and where does it stand in this regard? This research tackles the previous question through the concept of ‘movement’, which is understood as technics, practices and representations to avoid the cultural and axiological baggage associated not only with ‘technic’, but also with the concepts of ‘transportation’ or ‘mobility’. Therefore, this work focuses on the textual discourses as being the place where norm and meaning are expressed, the point being to enter the epistemological realm that establishes the relationship between Urban Planning and ‘movement’. The purpose of this research was first, to theoretically position the question of ‘movement’ in the emerging Urban Planning discipline. Second, I suspected that the theoretical propositions of the first ‘urban planners’ where embedded in deep epistemological references about movement. Discourse analysis was used on seventeen ‘normative texts in Urban Planning’ written between 1849 and 1916. In addition, a historiographic study was conducted, through which five moments are revealed. These moments are associated with different meanings of movement between the 17th century and the 1930s. The result of this analysis leads to the fact that ‘movement’ clearly occupies a central place in the Urban Planning discourse between 1849 and 1916 : it prompts discussions about methods as well as the essence of this emergent science. The selected texts also appear like witnesses of the changing meaning of ‘movement’ through traces of former identified moments. To some extent, the analysis also concludes that Urban Planning does not convey a clear and epistemologically valid solution to the 20th century’s urban problems : early urban planners have proved to be very prudent and full of nuances in a positivist and technicist context. This constitutes a clue as to why the planning propositions could not compete with the traffic engineering solutions.