Bakgrund: Preoperativ oro förekommer hos över hälften av alla barn som ska genomgå kirurgiska ingrepp. Oron inför den kommande operationen orsakar ett stort lidande för barnet. Detta kan orsaka både fysiologiska och psykologiska symtom till följd av oron. Dessutom får dessa barn en ökad risk för postoperativa komplikationer, vilket innebär fortsatt lidande för barnen men även en ökad belastning för sjukvården. Lekterapi har visat ha en lindrande effekt på känslor hos barn och därför syftar denna studie på att undersöka om lekterapin även kan lindra den preoperativa oron.  Syfte: Detta arbetets syfte var att undersöka om lekterapi har effekt på preoperativ oro hos barn i åldrarna 0-18 som ska genomgå kirurgiska ingrepp.  Metod: En litteraturstudie gjordes med en deskriptiv design med en kvantitativ ansats. Denna studie baserades på 11 experimentella kvantitativa studier som undersökte lekterapins effekt på preoperativ oro. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Fribergs granskningsmall.  Resultat: Studien använde Popenoe et al.s guide för dataanalys och resultatet delades in i tre kategorier: terapeutisk lek, teknologisk lek och strukturerad lek. Gemensamt för alla tre kategorier var att de visade på en reducerande effekt på preoperativ oro hos barn.  Slutsats: Lekterapi verkar ha en reducerande effekt på den preoperativa oron hos barn. Vilken typ av lek som lekterapin baseras på tycks inte påverka effekten av interventionen. Lekterapi bör därmed kunna användas som preoperativ förberedelse av barn i kombination med den rutinmässiga förberedelsen. / Background: Preoperative anxiety is prevalent in over half of all children undergoing invasive procedures. This may cause great suffering for the child which can lead to both physiological and psychological symptoms. Additionally these children face an increased risk of postoperative complications, which only leads to more suffering for the children but also an additional burden on the healthcare system. Studies have shown that play therapy has an alleviating effect on emotions in children, therefore this study aims to explore if play therapy also could have an alleviating effect on preoperative anxiety. Aim: To examine play therapy’s effect on preoperative anxiety in children undergoing invasive procedures.  Method: A literature review using a descriptive design with a quantitative approach. This study was based on 11 experimental quantitative studies examining the effect of play therapy on preoperative anxiety. The articles were reviewed based on Friberg’s quality review template. Results: This study used Popenoe et al.’s guide for data analysis and the results were categorized into three groups: therapeutic play, technological play and structured play. Common across all three categories was that they showed a reduction in preoperative anxiety in children.  Conclusion: Play therapy appears to have an alleviating effect on preoperative anxiety in children. What type of play that was carried out in play therapy does not seem to matter. Therefore, play therapy should be considered as part of the preoperative preparation for children, in conjunction with general surgery preparation.

Rare sont les études empiriques qui, palliant limites langagières de l’enfant, ont investigué la symptomatologie psychologique et comportementale de l’abus sexuel auprès des enfants en examinant les séquelles de ce trauma au travers le jeu libre. Conséquemment, l’objectif de la présente étude est de relever le profil socioaffectif de deux groupes d’enfants abusés sexuellement dont l’un démontre une capacité à jouer préservée et l’autre se caractérise par une activité ludique limitée. En outre, cette recherche vise à identifier les variables relatives aux profils dégagés qui discriminent de façon plus spécifique chacun des deux groupes d’enfants à l’étude. L’échantillon est constitué de 50 enfants abusés sexuellement âgés entre 3 et 6 ans. Tel que prédit, les résultats démontrent que les enfants ayant un potentiel ludique limité, comparativement aux enfants où le potentiel est préservé, sont caractérisés par un surcroît de comportements de nature anxio-dépressive. De plus, ils démontrent un nombre significativement plus élevé de comportements dissociatifs et leur profil symptomatologique est davantage « Internalisé ». Ces résultats supportent l'idée que l'abus sexuel, agissant comme traumatisme, perturbe la capacité à jouer de deux manières différentes : soit il bloque l'accès au jeu chez certains enfants, soit il trouble l’activité ludique en elle-même chez un autre groupe.

D'une part, l'objectif de la présente recherche est d'établir les indices de fidélité du premier niveau d'analyse portant sur la segmentation des activités d'un enfant en salle de jeu et de l'échelle de satiété qui composent le Children 's Play Therapy Imtniment (CPTI : Kenberg, Chazan, et Normandin, in press). D'autre part, le but de l'étude est d'évaluer les séquelles psychologiques de l'abus sexuel chez les enfants à travers le jeu libre, en utilisant la segmentation et l'échelle de satiété du CPTI. L'échantillon est constitué de 10 enfants abusés et de 10 enfants non abusés, âgés de 2 à 7 ans et pairés au niveau du sexe et de l'âge. Chaque enfant est filmé en situation de jeu libre avec une évaluatrice, pendant deux périodes de 45 minutes. La segmentation du matériel vidéo permet ensuite de distinguer les unités de jeu des autres catégories d'activités (préparation au jeu, non-jeu, interruption), alors que l'échelle de satiété permet de déterminer si le jeu est complet ou non. Les résultats font état de bons indices de fidélité pour le CPTI quant à la différenciation des catégories d'activités et quant à la satiété que procure le jeu. De plus, les résultats d'analyses de variance indiquent que les enfants abusés jouent significativement moins longtemps et ont significativement plus d'unités de jeu que les enfants non abusés. Aucune différence significative n'a toutefois été obtenue en ce qui concerne le facteur de satiété. Cette étude fournit donc un instrument dont le premier niveau d'analyse (segmentation) et l'échelle de satiété permettent d'analyser fidèlement le jeu libre. Les résultats significatifs obtenus encouragent la poursuite de l'analyse des répercussions de l'abus à travers le jeu libre de l'enfant.

In Suid-Afrika word kinders dikwels opgeneem in die Intensiewesorgeenheid na 'n traumatiese gebeurtenis. Die Kerk het die opdrag om vir hierdie kinders te sorg en wel in die vorm van pastoraat. In die praktyk ontvang kinders egter nie altyd die sorg waarop hulle geregtig is nie. Een van die faktore waarom dit nie altyd gebeur nie, is omdat daar gebruik gemaak word van 'n intervensie metode wat steun op verbale kommuniekasievaardighede. Die ses stappe van intervensienavorsing is gebruik om 'n pastorale praktykmodel in die vorm van 'n kursus te ontwikkel. Die aanvanklike praktykmodel is in gevallestudies getoets en later verfyn. Die klem van hierdie praktykmodel is die gebruik van spel as modus van intervensie vanuit 'n Gestalt benadering. Die kursus sal pastors en geestelike werkers in staat stel om effektief vir kinders te sorg. Die hoofkonsepte van die navorsing vorm die vertrekpunte van die kursus saam met praktiese oefeninge in spelterapietegnieke. / Many children in South-Africa are admitted in the Intensive Care Unit after a traumatic event. The Church is called to care for these children in the form of pastoral care. In practise children are often neglected and do not receive the care that they are entiteld to. One of the main reasons is because pastors and religious workers use an intervention method that depends mainly on the verbal skills of the child. The six steps of intervention research was used to develop a pastoral model in the form of course. The innitial intervention model was tested in case studies and refined. The focus of this model is to use play as a mode of intervention from a Gestalt approach. The course will enable pastors and religious workers to care for children more effectively. The main concepts of the research forms the basis of this model with practical excercises. / Social Work / D. Diac. (Spelterapie)

In Suid-Afrika word kinders dikwels opgeneem in die Intensiewesorgeenheid na 'n traumatiese gebeurtenis. Die Kerk het die opdrag om vir hierdie kinders te sorg en wel in die vorm van pastoraat. In die praktyk ontvang kinders egter nie altyd die sorg waarop hulle geregtig is nie. Een van die faktore waarom dit nie altyd gebeur nie, is omdat daar gebruik gemaak word van 'n intervensie metode wat steun op verbale kommuniekasievaardighede. Die ses stappe van intervensienavorsing is gebruik om 'n pastorale praktykmodel in die vorm van 'n kursus te ontwikkel. Die aanvanklike praktykmodel is in gevallestudies getoets en later verfyn. Die klem van hierdie praktykmodel is die gebruik van spel as modus van intervensie vanuit 'n Gestalt benadering. Die kursus sal pastors en geestelike werkers in staat stel om effektief vir kinders te sorg. Die hoofkonsepte van die navorsing vorm die vertrekpunte van die kursus saam met praktiese oefeninge in spelterapietegnieke. / Many children in South-Africa are admitted in the Intensive Care Unit after a traumatic event. The Church is called to care for these children in the form of pastoral care. In practise children are often neglected and do not receive the care that they are entiteld to. One of the main reasons is because pastors and religious workers use an intervention method that depends mainly on the verbal skills of the child. The six steps of intervention research was used to develop a pastoral model in the form of course. The innitial intervention model was tested in case studies and refined. The focus of this model is to use play as a mode of intervention from a Gestalt approach. The course will enable pastors and religious workers to care for children more effectively. The main concepts of the research forms the basis of this model with practical excercises. / Social Work / D. Diac. (Spelterapie)

The relationship that exists between the educator and the ]earners is very important. A positive relationship will contribute to the learners' feeling safe to explore their potentiaL A positive relationship will lead to educators feeling motivated towards teaching. Educators do, however, bring unfinished business to the classroom that affects their relationship with their learners. The learners also bring unfinished business to the classroom that affects their relationship with their educators. The resulting educatorlearner relationship is characterized by a contact making process of exclusion. 'I11is often leads to disciplinary problems and learners being referred to the school psychologist for counseling. The first research objective, therefore, was to develop a Gestalt program that wiiJ assist in creating a safe environment in which the learners and educators can share their feelings and emotions. The second objective was to establish a contact making process of inclusion between learners and educators in the foundation phase. After reviewing literature on the research problem. the researcher consulted experts on the subject. Thorough research was done on existing literature relating to the research problem. Using as a base the information gathered from consulting experts, the literature search and the preliminary exploratory studies, the researcher developed the program. The program was first pilot tested at school A. After completion of the pilot study, the program was tested under field conditions at school B. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis procedures were used to analyze the data. The results from both the pilot test and the field test indicated that the program increased the awareness of the educators who formed part of the experimental group. The awareness of the educators who formed part of the control group, who did not receive the intervention, stayed the same. The results of the research project allowed the researcher to continue developing a product for dissemination. The research study contributed to the development of a Gestalt program that assisted in creating a safe environment where the learners and educators could share their feelings and emotions. The program also contributed lo creating a contact making process of inclusion between educators and learners in the foundation phase. Finally the research study provided a program that can be used to assist professionals and other individuals in the fields of education, psychology or social work. / Social work / M. Diac.

Text in Afrikaans / The purpose of this study is the development of a Gestalt therapeutic program for conscious, multisensory perception. The program is aimed at children in the age group between eight and twelve years. A qualitative research approach is used with grounded theory as research strategy. Applied research is used with incidental sampling. The objectives as the steps taken to attain the purpose were literature study of the main concepts, the development of the program, and the refinement of the program. A collective energy model is designed to conduct the program in a group of eight children. After the observation of the interaction in the group and feedback by the group members the program was refined in nine sessions. The research was done in the theoretical framework of gestalt play therapy. / Social work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

Text in Afrikaans / The death of a parent is one of the most meaningful experiences in life. When the child in mourning is not given a proper chance to grieve, there could be complications later in life. In this study scrapbooking, as a tool in Gestalt group work, was utilised to assist three pre-adolescents after the death of a parent. The goal of this research was to determine whether scrapbooking could be successfully used with in the grieving stages after the death of a parent. The social caracter of scrapbooking makes this relevant to the pre-adolescent stage as the need to socialize is of great importance. From the results of this study, scrapbooking can be recommended to therapists to be used as a tool in assisting children during the grieving process. / Die dood van cn ouer blyk een van die mees betekenisvolle gebeure in die mens se lewe te wees. Wanneer die kind in ruil nie die geleentheid gegun word om op haar eie tyd en manier te rou nie, kan latere komplikasies na vore tree. In hierdie studie is scrapbooking as hulpmiddel in Gestalt-groepwerk met drie vroee adolessente benut om van hulp te wees na die afsterwe van 'n ouer. Die doel van die navorsing was om te bepaal of scrapbooking wel suksesvol op die wyse in die rou-proses gebruik kan word. Die sosiale komponent van scrapbooking behels die saamwees en saamwerk aan 'n scrapboek met 'n gemeenskaplike tema. Aangesien vroee adolessensie 'n ontwikkelingstadium is waar die sosiale komponent belangrik is, is die navorser van mening dat scrapbooking juis om die rede sal kan werk om verligting te bied na die afsterwe van 'n ouer. Scrapbooking word aanbeveel om tot hulp te wees om die rouproses te vergemaklik. / Social Work / MDIAC (Play Therapy)

Clients embark in therapy for different reasons and they often do not understand their own behaviour, thoughts and feelings. Some state that they do not feel themselves and ask questions about who they really are. This study explores different therapeutic ways in assisting clients to find answers to this question. The researcher indicates that the self is an energy system which can be in dissonance. It explores the subconscious as a resource that can be utilized in therapy, assisting clients to discover their essential selves. The study uses an eclectic approach, where the Medical Hypnoanalysis Model is used to identify aspects with regards to the self being dissonant. It is indicated how the hypnotherapeutic techniques within Ego-state therapy and Ericksonian psychotherapy contribute to the exploration of the subconscious and its resources. The study utilizes subconscious resources to assist clients to become more aware of their essential selves and to activate the process of self-actualization. From theory the study constructed a new eclectic approach in assisting clients to discover their essential selves through their subconscious resources. This proves to be of value in approaching therapy from a psycho-educational perspective. The therapeutic process of identifying and accessing subconscious resources takes place within the framework of the SARI-model (a model within the Ego-state therapy theory). This study presents four case studies and discusses information that can be gained from the subconscious mind of the client and its utilization in therapy. The cases illustrate that the subconscious has the resources available to assist in the identification of the cause of the problem, inner-strengths, a subconscious safe place and possible solutions to the problem. It was indicated that these resources can be used to integrate trauma from the past, resolve negative beliefs and to enhance the establishment of equilibrium within the self as energy system, which leads to the client discovering and becoming the essential self. The study concludes with a model that can be used to discover the essential self by means of subconscious resources in addressing client's fundamental question of `Who am I really?' / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

In this qualitative research study the focus is on the use of sensory integration strategies with children who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Three respondents specialising in sensory integration in the Durbanville area were involved. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the respondents in order to gain knowledge on the use of sensory integration strategies with children who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder by a professional other than an occupational therapist. After permission had been obtained, the interviews were captured on video tape and transcribed for use in the empirical study. Seven themes were identified from the interviews and a literature control was done with each of the themes. The researcher did not attempt to generalise the results of the research, but tried to reflect on the information that the respondents provided. The researcher summarised the findings of the empirical study and made recommendations. / Social Work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)