In this study, the habits of classical guitarists regarding ergonomics when applying a cushion of air, the so-called Dynair, is explored. The aim is to examine how classical guitarists are influenced by practicing with the Dynair. For six months, nine participants used a cushion of air to sit on when they were practicing. Through video analysis and semi-structured interviews, it is examined how the participants were affected ergonomically by the use of the Dynair. The conclusion is that the participants became more sedentary, yet more activated in the core muscles and lower back. The results indicate a slight trend that the participants developed a more upright posture and experienced upper back relaxation. After taking part in the study, the participants became more aware of ergonomics and playing positions. / I studien utforskas klassiska gitarristers sittställning avseende ergonomi vid tillämpning av balansdyna. Syftet är att undersöka hur klassiska gitarrister påverkas av att öva när de sitter på en balansdyna. Nio deltagare har under sex månaders tid använt en dyna med luft, s.k. Dynair, att sitta på när de övat. Genom videoanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer utforskas hur deltagarnas ergonomi påverkas av att använda balansdynan. Studiens slutsats är att deltagarna blir mer stillasittande men samtidigt mer aktiverade i coremuskulatur och nedre rygg. Resultaten visar en svag tendens till att deltagarna får en mer upprätt hållning och upplever avslappning i övre rygg. Efter studien hade deltagarna blivit mer medvetna om sin ergonomi och sin sittställning.

This thesis includes four papers based on three different prospective cohort studies on injury characteristics in men’s professional football. The same general methodology was used in all papers. Time-loss injuries and player individual exposure was registered for match and training separately. The general aim was to investigate potential internal and external risk factors for injury, with a focus on age, playing position, time in professional football, playing surface (artificial turf and natural grass), changes between surfaces and climate; and to evaluate the study methodology. Paper I was based on data collected between 2001 and 2010 from 26 top professional clubs in Europe; the UCL injury study. In total, 6140 injuries and 797 389 hours of exposure were registered. A decreased general injury rate was observed for newcomers compared with established players (hazard ratio (HR), 0.77; 95% CI 0.61-0.99). Using goalkeepers as a reference, all outfield playing positions had significantly higher age-adjusted injury rates. Using players aged ≤ 21 years as a reference, the overall adjusted injury rate increased with age, with a peak injury rate among players aged 29 to 30  years (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.24-1.68). Paper II and Paper III are based on data collected during two consecutive seasons, 2010 and 2011, in the Swedish and Norwegian male first leagues. In total, 2186 injuries and 367 490 hours of football exposure were recorded. No statistically significant differences were found in acute injury rates on artificial turf (AT) compared with natural grass (NG) during match play (rate ratio, 0.98, 99% CI 0.79-1.22) or training (rate ratio 1.14, 99% CI 0.86-1.50) when analysing at the individual player level. However, when analysing at the club level, clubs with AT installed at their home arena had a significantly higher acute training injury rate (rate ratio 1.31, 99% CI 1.04-1.63) and overuse injury rate (rate ratio 1.38, 99% CI 1.14-1.65) compared to clubs with NG installed at their home venue. No association was found between frequent surface shifts and subsequent overuse injury risk (risk ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.91-1.12). Analyses on the total cohort showed no difference in injury rates between clubs in the two climate zones (total rate ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.92-1.10). Data included in Paper IV were collected during two consecutive seasons 2008 and 2009. During this period, two Norwegian elite football clubs were concurrently included in two research groups’ surveillance systems. The capture rate for match injuries was similar between the two audits, while the capture rate for training injuries was slightly higher with individual-based exposure recording. The inter-rater agreement in injury variable categorisations was in most aspects very high.

Title: Strength asymmetries of female soccer players according to playing position Objectives: The aim of this diploma thesis was to characterize the unilateral and bilateral asymmetries of knee flexors and extensors in elite football players based on player positions and to define the characteristic isokinetic strength profile for each playing positions. Methods: The research group consisted of 66 female football players who play in the highest czech league. The players completed laboratory testing under the supervision of qualified experts, which took place according to the standard conditions described in the methodological part of this study. In the case of players, we examined the strength asymmetries in the flexors and extensors of the knee and compared them between the 4 basic positions in football. Results: After summing the data from all angular velocities (60ř.s-1 , 180ř.s-1 , 300ř.s-1 ) we found that 33% of our attackers had quadriceps asymmetries above 10%, which was the most of all posts. This is followed by goalkeepers with 28% and midfielders with 25%. The lowest percentage of quadriceps asymmetries was recorded in defenders 22%. Even in the case of hamstrings, we recorded the most asymmetries (> 10%) in attackers, up to 46%. For midfielders and defenders, it was the same result for...

This thesis analyses the successful of shooting in the highest Czech handball competition - Extraleague Men, in season 2010/2011. The analysis was realized by watching video recordings which were taken during the basic part of the competition. Besides the monitoring of the total success of these teams, we focused on components of the attack on the overall success and, for example, on shooting from the perspective of post player or shooting methods. The data were processed into graphs and commented.

Inledning: Bandy är en vinterlagsport som innehåller både fysiska och tekniska krav. Till författarnas kännedom finns begränsat med vetenskaplig forskning om bandyspelares fysiska krav under match. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva manliga elitbandyspelares rörelseprofiler utifrån total distans, maximal hastighet, medelhastighet, speltid, hastighetszoner och acceleration under matchsituation mellan olika spelarpositioner. Metod: Datainsamlingen utfördes med tio hertz GPS-enheter på ett elitserielag i bandy från mellersta Sverige under säsongen 2014/15. Sex till åtta manliga elitbandyspelare studerades under elva matchtillfällen. Data analyserades både deskriptivt och genom envägs variansanalys (ANOVA) för att se signifikanta skillnader mellan spelarpositioner. Resultat: Mätningarna visade att spelarpositionen halv uppnådde den längsta totala distansen. Anfall hade den högsta medelhastigheten och utförde flest antal accelerationer per spelad minut. Spelarpositionen libero, back och halv hade den högsta speltiden och det var signifikanta skillnader till mittfält och anfall. Libero och back hade i de två långsammaste hastighetszonerna högst procent av total distans och utförde flest antal aktioner. Halv, mittfält och anfall hade i de två snabbaste hastighetszonerna högst procent av total distans och utförde flest antal aktioner. Slutsats: Detta indikerade att halv, mittfält och anfall hade likande resultat och hade de största fysiska kraven under match jämfört mot libero och back. / Introduction: Bandy is a team winter sport that contains both physical and technical demands. To the authors knowledge there is a limited scientific research on bandy player’s physical demands during the matches. The Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the male elite bandy players movement profiles based on total distance, maximum velocity, mean velocity, game time, velocity zones and acceleration during the match between different playing positions. Method: Data was collected with ten hertz GPS-units in an elite league team in bandy from middle of Sweden during the season 2014/15. Six to eight male elite bandy players were examined during eleven matches. Data were analyzed both descriptive and with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to see significant differences between playing positions. Results: The measurements showed that the playing position half preformed the longest total distance. Forward preformed the highest mean velocity and performed the most number of accelerations per played minute. The playing positions libero, back and half had the highest game time and had significant differences to midfield and forward. Libero and back had the highest percent of the total distance, and performed the highest number of efforts in the two slowest velocity zones. Half, midfield and forward had the highest percent of the total distance and performed the highest number of efforts in the two fastest velocity zones. Conclusion: This indicated that half, midfield and forward had similar results and had the highest physical demands during the game compared to libero and back.

Physical tasks such as scrummaging, rucking and mauling are highly specific to rugby and also place unique physiological demands on the different playing positions within the forwards. Traditionally, the recruitment and development of talented rugby union players has focused on the assessment of motor skills and game intelligence aspects of performance, with less emphasis placed on the specific physiological requirements of playing positions in rugby. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the position-specific strength, speed and power characteristics of Premier rugby forwards in order (1) to determine whether any differences existed in the physiological characteristics of the different forward playing positions (prop, lock and loose forwards) and (2) to investigate the relationship between these physiological characteristics and coaches evaluations of football playing ability. Twenty-two male Premier level competition rugby forwards, consisting of eight prop forwards, five lock forwards and nine loose-forwards participated in the study. The Grunt 3000, a rugby specific force testing device was utilised to measure the static and dynamic horizontal strength during simulated scrummaging and rucking/mauling movements. Sprint times relating to acceleration ability (0 -10m, 0-20m) and maximum running speed (20 - 40m) were measured during a 40m sprint running test. In addition, force, power and displacement characteristics of a countermovement vertical jump were calculated from trials performed on a force plate. Also, player performance skill and physical capacity scores were determined independently by experienced coaches who assessed them based on their performances during the season. One-way analysis of variance and effect size statistics evaluated differences in the measured variables between forward playing positions and linear regression analysis evaluated the relationship between the coaches' scores of player performance skill and physical capacity and game specific measures of strength speed and power. Since there were no statistical significant differences between forward groups for horizontal force and countermovement jump variables and these analyses lacked statistical power, an effect size statistic was used to establish trends for differences in force and CMJ variables between the groups. There were moderate effect size differences between groups for horizontal impact force with prop and lock forwards producing 17.7% and 12.8% more force than the loose forwards respectively. No clear differences were apparent between forward positional groups for mean dynamic horizontal force and countermovement jump displacement of the centre of gravity. A significant difference (p =0.049) was shown between forward positional groups over the 0-40m sprint distance. Also, moderate effect size differences between pairs of groups were evident in 0-10m, 0-20m, 20-40m sprint times with both loose forwards and lock forwards on average, 6% faster than the prop forwards. A backward linear regression analysis revealed that the single best predictor of coaches' physical capacity and performance skill scores was the 20 - 40m sprint performance, accounting for 28% of the variance in player's physical capacity scores and 29% of the variance in player's performance skill scores. Whole-body horizontal static strength and impact strength in prop forwards and dynamic horizontal strength (relative to body mass) and sprint acceleration ability in loose forwards represent key factors for consideration when selecting forward players to these positions in the Premier rugby competition. The vertical jumping ability of all forward positional groups needs to be confirmed in a future study utilising a line-out specific countermovement jump test (free use of arm swing and line-out lifters in the jump) on a force plate. Monitoring of performance in rugby forwards should include an acceleration sprint test (0-10m) as this is specific to the sprinting patterns of forward players during a game, and maximum sprinting speed test (20-40m) as this test has the ability to discriminate between skilled and less-skilled rugby union forwards.