Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la communication orale parmi des locuteurs de langues romanes différentes, dans une situation professionnelle plurilingue. En utilisant la méthodologie et les principes théoriques de l’analyse de la conversation, nous proposons l’analyse d’un corpus audiovisuel, que nous avons réalisé dans trois salons commerciaux internationaux, en France et en Italie. Le but principal de cette recherche est d’étudier une dimension encore peu explorée dans le domaine de l’intercompréhension romane, celle de l’interaction orale plurilingue en situation de communication spontanée. La thèse s’ouvre par un cadre théorique sur la didactique de l’intercompréhension et l’analyse de la conversation et une présentation des données, puis propose trois chapitres analytiques. Premièrement, nous décrivons les spécificités des interactions dans les salons commerciaux – un contexte professionnel qui n’avait pas encore été étudié en analyse de la conversation – en nous appuyant sur des single cases représentatifs des trois corpus. Ensuite, nous proposons une analyse systématique des pratiques explicites et implicites de négociation et renégociation de la langue attestées dans le corpus et du discours des participants sur leurs (in)compétences linguistiques. Enfin, nous nous concentrons sur certains microphénomènes interactionnels caractéristiques de la communication entre locuteurs romanophones : le recours ponctuel à la langue maternelle lors de la formulation de noms propres et de nombres ainsi que lors des recherches de mots ; un type d’hétéro-répétition que nous avons appelé “répétition plurilingue” ; certaines séquences métalinguistiques qui témoignent d’un intérêt des participants envers les langues de leurs interlocuteurs. En nous appuyant sur ces analyses, nous développons enfin une réflexion didactique, fondée sur la notion de compétence d’interaction plurilingue, qui vise à contribuer à l’avancement des études sur l’intercompréhension romane. / This thesis focuses on oral communication between speakers of different Romance languages in a plurilingual professional context. By relying on the methodology and theoretical principles of conversation analysis, I present the analysis of an audio-visual corpus, which I collected in three international trade fairs, in France and Italy. The main goal of this research is to study a dimension which remains relatively unexplored so far in the field of Romance intercomprehension: plurilingual oral interactions in situation of spontaneous communication.The thesis opens with a theoretical framework related to intercomprehension teaching and conversation analysis, and a data presentation, and then unfolds through three analytic chapters. In the first one, I describe the characteristics of interactions in trade fairs – a work context that had not yet been studied in conversation analysis – by relying on single cases from the three corpora. Then, I present a systematic analysis of negotiation and renegotiation explicit and implicit practices found in the data, and an examination of participants’ speech about their linguistic (in)competences. Finally, I focus on some interactional micro phenomena that are recurrent in Romance speakers’ communication: ad hoc use of mother tongue for the formulation of proper names and numbers, and for word searches; a type of other-repetition that I propose to call “plurilingual repetition”; metalinguistic sequences that show the participants’ interest towards the language of their interlocutor. Finally, by relying on these analyses, I develop a teaching-oriented reflexion, based on the notion of interactional competence, which aims to contribute to the progress of the research on Romance intercomprehension.

Over the past decade, there has been a noticeable increase in the enrollment of foreign-born children in Swedish schools. While Swedish as a second language has its own curriculum, there appears to be a lack of emphasis on teaching English to new arrivals. Despite English being a compulsory subject in the Swedish education system, there is inconsistency among teachers in their approaches to teaching it to new arrivals. This study specifically focuses on children of Middle Eastern descent, whose native language is Arabic. It investigates whether new arrivals are effectively accommodated in the classroom while learning English as a third language, and if so, what specific accommodations are provided. To achieve the results of this study, interviews with teachers and student questionnaires have been conducted to assess and compare the alignment of teaching methodology between them. As a result, plurilingual teachers, proficient in multiple languages, seem to have a significant advantage in teaching and communicating with new arrivals, particularly if they share the same native language. The objective of this study is to investigate the possible advantages which plurilingual teachers have within the Swedish school system.

Au Québec, particulièrement à Montréal, un nombre important d’enfants bi/plurilingues de maternelle cinq ans sont directement intégrés en classe ordinaire. Pour ces enfants qui poursuivent le développement de leurs compétences langagières dans deux ou plusieurs langues simultanément, il est primordial d’adapter les pratiques enseignantes afin de tenir compte de leurs besoins. La lecture partagée (LP) d’albums de littérature de jeunesse est une activité largement reconnue pour favoriser le développement langagier oral et écrit (Cunningham et Zibulsky, 2011; National Early Literacy Panel, 2008). Tout en favorisant le plaisir de la lecture (Dupin de St-André et al., 2015), cette activité permet d’amener progressivement l’enfant à établir des liens entre langage oral et écrit. Elle permet également de favoriser, entre autres, le développement des habiletés narratives (ex. : Pesco et Gagné, 2017; Roux-Baron, 2019), dimension discursive du développement langagier qui exerce une incidence sur l’apprentissage de l’écrit et, donc, la réussite scolaire. Dans la présente recherche doctorale, les paramètres d’une intervention de LP tenant compte des besoins des enfants bi/plurilingues en émergence pour favoriser le développement de leurs habiletés narratives ont été définis au moyen d’une recension des écrits. Ces paramètres ciblés ont été mis à l’essai dans le cadre d’une vaste recherche (Armand et al., 2017-2021) dans laquelle a eu lieu une intervention de LP au moyen de l’application Les Albums plurilingues ÉLODiL dans une perspective de collaboration école-famille. L’utilisation d’albums bi/plurilingues faisait partie des modalités identifiées pour favoriser, dans une optique inclusive (Cummins, 2021), le développement langagier d’enfants bi/plurilingues en émergence (Naqvi et al., 2012). Dans le cadre de cette recherche, notre contribution à l’intervention a consisté à concevoir et à mettre à l’essai des activités entourant la lecture des albums qui visaient spécifiquement le développement des habiletés narratives. Afin de documenter les effets de l’intervention sur l’évolution des habiletés narratives des enfants, nous avons recueilli, avant et après l’intervention, les productions d’un groupe d’enfants qui y a pris part (n=78) en recourant à deux types de tests standardisés. Les productions ont été comparées à celles d’enfants qui n’ont pas participé à l’intervention (n=35), mais dont les enseignant·es avaient reçu les mêmes albums en français et en version papier uniquement. Pour compléter le portrait, nous avons également recueilli le rappel du récit d’un des albums exploités dans le cadre de l’intervention auprès des enfants du groupe expérimental (n=70). L’analyse des résultats obtenus au moyen des outils standardisés révèle que l’intervention de LP au moyen d’albums plurilingues intégrant des activités en lien avec les habiletés narratives apporte une contribution positive à l’évolution de ces habiletés chez les enfants. Qui plus est, l’analyse qualitative des productions obtenues au moyen d’un outil conçu à partir d’un des albums de l’intervention, mise en relation avec la description présente dans les écrits scientifiques des habiletés narratives d’enfants monolingues du même groupe d’âge, tend à démontrer que les enfants bi/plurilingues en émergence, ici dans le contexte montréalais pluriethnique et plurilingue de notre étude, ne sont pas « en retard » par rapport aux enfants monolingues. / In Quebec, particularly in Montreal, a significant number of bi/plurilingual children in five-year-old kindergarten are directly integrated into regular classrooms (with or without French learning support services). For these emerging bi/plurilingual children who are continuing to develop their language skills in two or more languages simultaneously, it is essential to adapt educative practices to consider their needs, particularly with regard to language development, which is one of the areas of global development. Shared reading of children’s literature is one of the activities which is widely recognized by the scientific and practical community to promote oral and written language skills (Cunningham & Zibulsky, 2011; National Early Literacy Panel, 2008; Turgeon, 2018). This significant activity promotes the pleasure of reading (Dupin de St-André et al., 2015) and allows children to gradually make connections between oral and written language. Among other things, shared reading and the interactions that surround it promote the development of narrative skills (e.g., Lever & Sénéchal, 2011; Nielsen & Friesen, 2012; Pesco & Gagné, 2017; Roux-Baron, 2019), a discursive dimension of language development that has an impact on literacy development and, by the same token, academic success. In this doctoral research, we identified through a literature review the parameters of a shared reading intervention that would consider emerging bi/plurilingual needs in order to foster the development of their narrative skills. These parameters were tested as part of a broader research (Armand et al. 2017-2021) in which a shared reading intervention took place using a web-based children’s literature application, Les Albums plurilingues ÉLODiL, through a school-family collaboration. The use of bi/plurilingual book was one of the modalities identified to promote, from an additive (Lambert, 1975) and inclusive (Cummins, 2021) point of view, the language development of emerging bi/plurilingual children (Naqvi et al., 2012). As part of this doctoral research, our contribution to the intervention consisted of designing and testing activities surrounding the shared reading of children’s book that were specifically aimed at the development of narrative skills. In order to document the effects of the intervention on the children’s narrative skill evolution, before and after it, we collected narratives from a group of children who took part in the intervention (n=78). To this aim, we used two standardized tests (a narrative production task from a sequence of illustrations and a story recall task). The productions were compared to those of children who did not participate in the intervention (n=35). In this control group, the teachers, who used children’s literature in their classroom, received the same children’s book, but in French and in paper version only. In order to complete the portrait, we also collected from the children in the experimental group (n=70) the recall of the story of one of the books used in the intervention. This allowed us to provide a qualitative overview of the narrative skills of children in a regular five-year-old kindergarten classroom in a plurilingual context. The analysis of the results obtained with the standardized tools reveals that the shared reading intervention, using plurilingual books and integrating the activities we implemented in relation to narrative skills, brings a positive contribution to the evolution of the narrative skills of the children who took part. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of the portrait of the children’s narrative skills, put in relation with the description of the narrative skills of “monolingual” children of the same age group presented in the scientific literature, tends to show that emerging bi/plurilingual children are not “lagging behind”.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of interpretation of legal texts au- thentic in more than one language and attempts to analyze the approaches applicable as a possible solution of contradictions between various langu- age versions. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is an intro- duction to the issue. There is just roughly outlined the reason for the exis- tence of multilingual legal texts and there is also defined the scope of the following chapters. The second chapter is dedicated to various methods of interpretation, distinct by legal doctrine. With regard to the topic of the thesis, the inter- pretive methods are divided into two groups with respect to the approach of finding the meaning of legal norms and the content of the regulation. The first section deals with methods based on the text of the legal norm. These are linguistic, logical and systematic method. The second section describes the methods based on the purpose and significance of the treatment. These are the teleological, the historical and the comparative method, as well as the modifications of the teleological method, used primarily in internati- onal law and law of European union. The way of choosing the primary interpretation method is described in the third section. The third chapter deals with the...

Nous interrogeons à La Réunion, dans une perspective écologique fondée sur la théorie du rhizome et la philosophie du réseau, la marge de négociation des politiques linguistiques par les enseignants. Pour cela, nous avons opté pour une enquête qualitative et privilégié l’approche ethnographique et l’analyse critique du discours de classe. Les résultats montrent que, parmi les trois hypothèses proposées, celle concernant l’impact des activités d’éveil aux langues sur la prise en compte des langues des élèves comme ressources pour toute la classe se trouve confirmée, dès lors qu’elle donne lieu au développement de stratégies de translanguaging à visée de transformation sociale plus qu’à des stratégies compensatoires engendrées par une vision « langue-problème ». L’étude conclut à la priorité d’axer la formation d’enseignants sur une initiation à la recherche ethnographique dans le cadre d’ateliers sociodidactiques ayant pour finalité le développement d’une conscience critique du langage. / We question – from an ecological perspective here based on rhizome theory and the philosophy of network – the extent to which teachers in Reunion Island negotiate language policies through their implementation of plurilingual education. On the methodological level, we opted for a qualitative survey and an ethnographic approach as well as a critical analysis of classroom discourse. The results show that, among the three hypotheses proposed, the one concerning the impact of language awareness activities upon the mobilization of school students’ languages as resources for the whole class is confirmed, provided that it gives rise to the development of translanguaging and social transformation strategies more than compensatory strategies generated by a language-problem-vision. The study concludes on the priority to focus teacher training on an introduction to ethnographic research in sociodidactic workshops which purpose would be the development of a critical awareness of language.

Esta tese investiga como se articulam os espaços da diversidade linguística (DL) em contextos escolares, tomando por base a análise de ações de promoção da pluralidade linguística. O termo pluralidade linguística (PL), ou plurilinguismo, é utilizado aqui para designar as competências do indivíduo em mais de uma língua, incluindo uma “postura linguística plural” (ALTENHOFEN & BROCH, 2011, p. 17), em contraposição à diversidade linguística, que representa a “coexistência de línguas diferentes, na sociedade”. Este estudo parte do pressuposto de que não constitui finalidade de uma educação básica “afunilar”, por assim dizer, a escolha por uma determinada língua, e sim “abrir o leque” de possibilidades, valorizando todo e qualquer conhecimento linguístico diverso como parte de uma “competência plurilíngue”. O conceito mais amplo de “competência plurilíngue e intercultural” (BEACCO & BYRAM, 2007) serve, neste sentido, como fundamento de uma “educação (pluri)linguística” baseada na abordagem da “conscientização linguística” (CANDELIER et al., 2004), no ensino de línguas. Por envolver decisões sobre línguas no contexto sócio-escolar, as quais revertem em “ações de promoção da PL”, o presente estudo se desenvolve primordialmente no terreno das políticas linguísticas. Tais ações fazem parte de uma educação linguística como meta e consequência das articulações no nível da garantia de espaços e atitudes favoráveis à DL, sem, no entanto, aprofundar questões práticas de didática das línguas. O objetivo central é compreender como se articulam os espaços da diversidade linguística em contextos escolares, tomando por base a análise de ações de promoção da pluralidade linguística. A partir da análise de dados de observação participante, de entrevistas com professores, da aplicação de questionários e de análise documental, em uma escola pública federal de Porto Alegre, chegou-se a evidências sobre a dinâmica de implementação de uma educação voltada à PL, presentes nas práticas linguísticas, nas crenças dos participantes e no gerenciamento linguístico, considerados os principais componentes de políticas linguísticas (SPOLSKY, 2008). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de abordagens/ações de conscientização linguística que levem à promoção da pluralidade linguística em contextos escolares. As especificidades do contexto abordado, que se constituiu em laboratório experimental extremamente propício à pesquisa, sugerem a necessidade de ampliar a pesquisa a outros contextos, seja de ambientes com pouca abertura à diversidade, seja de comunidades com presença multilíngue na sociedade (bilinguismo societal). Espera-se que o estudo realizado contribua, neste sentido, para um aprofundamento das questões relacionadas às políticas linguísticas educacionais, rediscutindo o papel do plurilinguismo na educação, nos dias atuais. / This thesis investigates how to articulate spaces for linguistic diversity in school contexts based on the analysis of actions to promote linguistic plurality. The term linguistic plurality or pluriilingualism, is used here to designate the individual´s competences in more than one language, including a "pluralistic language attitude" (ALTENHOFEN & BROCH 2011, p. 17), as opposed to linguistic diversity, which is the "coexistence of different languages in society". This study assumes that the purpose of regular education is not to "taper", the choice for a particular language, but to "open the range" of possibilities, valuing each and every linguistic knowledge as part of a "plurilingual competence". The broader concept of "plurilingual and intercultural competence” (BEACCO & BYRAM, 2007) offers the support for a "(pluri)language education" based on a "language awareness" approach (CANDELIER et al ., 2004). This study develops primarily in the field of language policies by involving socioeducational decisions about languages in the context, which revert to the "promotion of linguistic plurality actions". These actions are part of language education in order to achieve spaces and positive attitudes to linguistic diversity without, however, deepening practical issues of teaching languages. The central goal is to understand how to articulate spaces for linguistic diversity in school settings based on the analysis of actions to promote linguistic plurality. From the analysis of data which include participant observation, interviews with teachers, questionnaires and documentary analysis of a federal public school in Porto Alegre. We have reached evidences of the implementation of linguistic plurality actions by considering the main components of language policy, language practices, beliefs of the participants and language management, (Spolsky, 2008). The findings highlight the need to use language awareness approaches to promote linguistic plurality in educational contexts. Due to the specificities of the context, which conducted experimental laboratory research, we suggest the need to expand the research to other contexts, either in environments with poor openness to diversity, whether in communities with multilingual presence in society (societal bilingualism). We hope that the study will contribute for developing understanding issues in more depth related to educational language policies, revisiting the role of pluirilingualism in education in today´s world.

Esta tese investiga como se articulam os espaços da diversidade linguística (DL) em contextos escolares, tomando por base a análise de ações de promoção da pluralidade linguística. O termo pluralidade linguística (PL), ou plurilinguismo, é utilizado aqui para designar as competências do indivíduo em mais de uma língua, incluindo uma “postura linguística plural” (ALTENHOFEN & BROCH, 2011, p. 17), em contraposição à diversidade linguística, que representa a “coexistência de línguas diferentes, na sociedade”. Este estudo parte do pressuposto de que não constitui finalidade de uma educação básica “afunilar”, por assim dizer, a escolha por uma determinada língua, e sim “abrir o leque” de possibilidades, valorizando todo e qualquer conhecimento linguístico diverso como parte de uma “competência plurilíngue”. O conceito mais amplo de “competência plurilíngue e intercultural” (BEACCO & BYRAM, 2007) serve, neste sentido, como fundamento de uma “educação (pluri)linguística” baseada na abordagem da “conscientização linguística” (CANDELIER et al., 2004), no ensino de línguas. Por envolver decisões sobre línguas no contexto sócio-escolar, as quais revertem em “ações de promoção da PL”, o presente estudo se desenvolve primordialmente no terreno das políticas linguísticas. Tais ações fazem parte de uma educação linguística como meta e consequência das articulações no nível da garantia de espaços e atitudes favoráveis à DL, sem, no entanto, aprofundar questões práticas de didática das línguas. O objetivo central é compreender como se articulam os espaços da diversidade linguística em contextos escolares, tomando por base a análise de ações de promoção da pluralidade linguística. A partir da análise de dados de observação participante, de entrevistas com professores, da aplicação de questionários e de análise documental, em uma escola pública federal de Porto Alegre, chegou-se a evidências sobre a dinâmica de implementação de uma educação voltada à PL, presentes nas práticas linguísticas, nas crenças dos participantes e no gerenciamento linguístico, considerados os principais componentes de políticas linguísticas (SPOLSKY, 2008). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de abordagens/ações de conscientização linguística que levem à promoção da pluralidade linguística em contextos escolares. As especificidades do contexto abordado, que se constituiu em laboratório experimental extremamente propício à pesquisa, sugerem a necessidade de ampliar a pesquisa a outros contextos, seja de ambientes com pouca abertura à diversidade, seja de comunidades com presença multilíngue na sociedade (bilinguismo societal). Espera-se que o estudo realizado contribua, neste sentido, para um aprofundamento das questões relacionadas às políticas linguísticas educacionais, rediscutindo o papel do plurilinguismo na educação, nos dias atuais. / This thesis investigates how to articulate spaces for linguistic diversity in school contexts based on the analysis of actions to promote linguistic plurality. The term linguistic plurality or pluriilingualism, is used here to designate the individual´s competences in more than one language, including a "pluralistic language attitude" (ALTENHOFEN & BROCH 2011, p. 17), as opposed to linguistic diversity, which is the "coexistence of different languages in society". This study assumes that the purpose of regular education is not to "taper", the choice for a particular language, but to "open the range" of possibilities, valuing each and every linguistic knowledge as part of a "plurilingual competence". The broader concept of "plurilingual and intercultural competence” (BEACCO & BYRAM, 2007) offers the support for a "(pluri)language education" based on a "language awareness" approach (CANDELIER et al ., 2004). This study develops primarily in the field of language policies by involving socioeducational decisions about languages in the context, which revert to the "promotion of linguistic plurality actions". These actions are part of language education in order to achieve spaces and positive attitudes to linguistic diversity without, however, deepening practical issues of teaching languages. The central goal is to understand how to articulate spaces for linguistic diversity in school settings based on the analysis of actions to promote linguistic plurality. From the analysis of data which include participant observation, interviews with teachers, questionnaires and documentary analysis of a federal public school in Porto Alegre. We have reached evidences of the implementation of linguistic plurality actions by considering the main components of language policy, language practices, beliefs of the participants and language management, (Spolsky, 2008). The findings highlight the need to use language awareness approaches to promote linguistic plurality in educational contexts. Due to the specificities of the context, which conducted experimental laboratory research, we suggest the need to expand the research to other contexts, either in environments with poor openness to diversity, whether in communities with multilingual presence in society (societal bilingualism). We hope that the study will contribute for developing understanding issues in more depth related to educational language policies, revisiting the role of pluirilingualism in education in today´s world.

Esta tese investiga como se articulam os espaços da diversidade linguística (DL) em contextos escolares, tomando por base a análise de ações de promoção da pluralidade linguística. O termo pluralidade linguística (PL), ou plurilinguismo, é utilizado aqui para designar as competências do indivíduo em mais de uma língua, incluindo uma “postura linguística plural” (ALTENHOFEN & BROCH, 2011, p. 17), em contraposição à diversidade linguística, que representa a “coexistência de línguas diferentes, na sociedade”. Este estudo parte do pressuposto de que não constitui finalidade de uma educação básica “afunilar”, por assim dizer, a escolha por uma determinada língua, e sim “abrir o leque” de possibilidades, valorizando todo e qualquer conhecimento linguístico diverso como parte de uma “competência plurilíngue”. O conceito mais amplo de “competência plurilíngue e intercultural” (BEACCO & BYRAM, 2007) serve, neste sentido, como fundamento de uma “educação (pluri)linguística” baseada na abordagem da “conscientização linguística” (CANDELIER et al., 2004), no ensino de línguas. Por envolver decisões sobre línguas no contexto sócio-escolar, as quais revertem em “ações de promoção da PL”, o presente estudo se desenvolve primordialmente no terreno das políticas linguísticas. Tais ações fazem parte de uma educação linguística como meta e consequência das articulações no nível da garantia de espaços e atitudes favoráveis à DL, sem, no entanto, aprofundar questões práticas de didática das línguas. O objetivo central é compreender como se articulam os espaços da diversidade linguística em contextos escolares, tomando por base a análise de ações de promoção da pluralidade linguística. A partir da análise de dados de observação participante, de entrevistas com professores, da aplicação de questionários e de análise documental, em uma escola pública federal de Porto Alegre, chegou-se a evidências sobre a dinâmica de implementação de uma educação voltada à PL, presentes nas práticas linguísticas, nas crenças dos participantes e no gerenciamento linguístico, considerados os principais componentes de políticas linguísticas (SPOLSKY, 2008). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de abordagens/ações de conscientização linguística que levem à promoção da pluralidade linguística em contextos escolares. As especificidades do contexto abordado, que se constituiu em laboratório experimental extremamente propício à pesquisa, sugerem a necessidade de ampliar a pesquisa a outros contextos, seja de ambientes com pouca abertura à diversidade, seja de comunidades com presença multilíngue na sociedade (bilinguismo societal). Espera-se que o estudo realizado contribua, neste sentido, para um aprofundamento das questões relacionadas às políticas linguísticas educacionais, rediscutindo o papel do plurilinguismo na educação, nos dias atuais. / This thesis investigates how to articulate spaces for linguistic diversity in school contexts based on the analysis of actions to promote linguistic plurality. The term linguistic plurality or pluriilingualism, is used here to designate the individual´s competences in more than one language, including a "pluralistic language attitude" (ALTENHOFEN & BROCH 2011, p. 17), as opposed to linguistic diversity, which is the "coexistence of different languages in society". This study assumes that the purpose of regular education is not to "taper", the choice for a particular language, but to "open the range" of possibilities, valuing each and every linguistic knowledge as part of a "plurilingual competence". The broader concept of "plurilingual and intercultural competence” (BEACCO & BYRAM, 2007) offers the support for a "(pluri)language education" based on a "language awareness" approach (CANDELIER et al ., 2004). This study develops primarily in the field of language policies by involving socioeducational decisions about languages in the context, which revert to the "promotion of linguistic plurality actions". These actions are part of language education in order to achieve spaces and positive attitudes to linguistic diversity without, however, deepening practical issues of teaching languages. The central goal is to understand how to articulate spaces for linguistic diversity in school settings based on the analysis of actions to promote linguistic plurality. From the analysis of data which include participant observation, interviews with teachers, questionnaires and documentary analysis of a federal public school in Porto Alegre. We have reached evidences of the implementation of linguistic plurality actions by considering the main components of language policy, language practices, beliefs of the participants and language management, (Spolsky, 2008). The findings highlight the need to use language awareness approaches to promote linguistic plurality in educational contexts. Due to the specificities of the context, which conducted experimental laboratory research, we suggest the need to expand the research to other contexts, either in environments with poor openness to diversity, whether in communities with multilingual presence in society (societal bilingualism). We hope that the study will contribute for developing understanding issues in more depth related to educational language policies, revisiting the role of pluirilingualism in education in today´s world.

This empirical study deals with the issues of language choice and code alternation as a common practice in the organization of the complex check in activity with multiple participants in hospitality properties in Sweden. In particular, it discusses several interactional tasks that code alternation may accomplish in that setting and represents a crossroad of general linguistics, bilingualism studies and conversation analysis. In the light of arising interest of specialists of different areas of linguistics in bilingualism in formal settings, it deals with institutional bilingualism in Sweden, an EU country with a comparatively high level of bilingualism among residents. In the era of the new economy with its globalization and human mobility, bilingualism has become an emergent practice in many tourism settings, the hospitality sector of tourism among them. In hospitality as a tourism setting with a potentially high concentration of foreign tourists, it is inevitable that certain groups of hotel guests include members who expose different language abilities and preferences. As a result, in the interaction with one single group of guests two or even more languages can be used at the same time, as oriented to the needs and preferences of each and every guest. This investigation aims at discussing some possible accomplishments of language choice and code alternation in a standardized hotel check in activity where a single group of guests has to be addressed in two languages, Swedish and English, and where the language choices are crucial for participation and the accomplishment of the check in activity in general.

Sous l’impulsion des travaux du Conseil de l’Europe, l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle s’est développée jusqu’à devenir aujourd’hui une option morale dominante en didactique des langues-cultures. En vue de clarifier la question de l’éthique professionnelle des enseignants de langue-culture en contexte multiculturel et de la constituer comme un véritable champ de recherche, notre thèse se propose d’abord d’interroger les conceptions morales véhiculées par les discours du Conseil de l’Europe en didactique des langues-cultures. Pour cela, nous recourons principalement aux apports conceptuels de la philosophie morale et plus particulièrement à la distinction entre le maximalisme et le minimalisme. Dans une perspective normative, nous montrons que l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle, en ce qu’elle repose notamment sur l’idée de perfectionnement personnel, correspond à une conception maximaliste de la morale. Face à la dérive moraliste d’une telle visée éducative, nous prônons une conception plus minimaliste, laquelle apparaît aussi comme mieux adaptée à des contextes marqués par le pluralisme moral. Dans une perspective empirique, notre étude montre un décalage entre les repères moraux mobilisés par les enseignants dans leur pratique et ceux mobilisés par les experts du Conseil de l’Europe dans leur discours. Sur la base de cette observation, nous en appelons à une prise en compte des limites contextuelles de l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle. Contre la logique de l’expertise caractéristique des travaux du Conseil de l’Europe et contre le monisme de l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle, nous proposons finalement l’idée d’une formation complexe à l’éthique, laquelle suppose une diversification des options morales disponibles en didactique des langues-cultures et, consécutivement, le développement des recherches empiriques menées sur l’éthique professionnelle des enseignants de langue-culture. / Under the impetus of the Council of Europe’s work, plurilingual and intercultural education has now grown to be a dominant moral choice in language and culture didactics. The primary aim of our dissertation is to examine the moral concepts conveyed by the Council of Europe’s discourse on language and culture didactics. This is for the purposes of clarifying the issue of professional ethics for teachers of language and culture in a multicultural context, and making it into a genuine field of research. To this end, we shall turn principally to the conceptual contributions of moral philosophy and, more specifically, to the distinction between maximalism and minimalism. From a prescriptive standpoint, we shall show that plurilingual and intercultural education, inasmuch as it is based on the notion of personal development, represents a maximalist concept of morality. Faced with the drift into excessive moralism of such an educational aim, we advocate a more minimalist model which also seems best suited to contexts marked by moral pluralism. Taking an empirical approach, our study shows a discrepancy between the moral reference points incorporated by teachers into their classroom practice and those taken up by the Council of Europe in their discourse. Based on this observation, we call for the contextual limitations of plurilingual, intercultural education to be taken into consideration. Lastly, in opposition to the system of expert assessment which is typical of the Council of Europe’s work, and contrary to the monism of plurilingual, intercultural education, we put forward the idea of sophisticated ethical training. This presupposes a diversification of the moral options available in language and culture pedagogy and, consecutively, the development of empirical research conducted into the professional ethics of teachers of language and culture.