Ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie systématique d’évaluation et de comparaison des gains en émissions de CO2 de véhicules hybrides électriques de différentes architectures et intégrant différentes fonctionnalités. Une méthodologie de dimensionnement a été mise en place, elle se base sur la définition d’un cahier des charges en performances dynamiques des véhicules, la mise en place d’algorithmes de mise à l’échelle afin de générer les données des composants de la chaîne de traction (batterie, machine électrique, moteur thermique), et l’utilisation de procédures de dimensionnement du véhicule sous contrainte de minimisation des émissions de CO2. L’évaluation énergétique des différentes configurations de véhicule ainsi dimensionnées s’articule autour de la définition de différents usages du véhicule et sur l’implémentation d’une loi de gestion optimale de l’énergie de type Principe du Minimum de Pontriaguine. Ces méthodologies ont été appliquées à une architecture conventionnelle, servant de référence pour les performances dynamiques et les consommations énergétiques, et d’une architecture hybride parallèle pré-transmission, pour laquelle une configuration hybride rechargeable et une configuration hybride non rechargeable ont été implémentées. / This thesis work proposes a systematic methodology dedicated to the evaluation and comparison of CO2 emissions’ reduction for hybrid electric vehicles with different architectures and different levels of functionality. A sizing methodology has been developed, which is based on the definition of the requirements for the dynamic performances of vehicles, on the development of scaling algorithms in order to generate the dataset for the powertrain components (battery, electric motor, engine), and on the application of procedures for the sizing of a vehicle under CO2 emissions’ minimization constraint. The energy consumption evaluation of the different vehicle configurations, which were previously sized, is founded on the definition of a variety of vehicle’s type of use, as well as on the implementation of an optimal energy management strategy, the Pontryaguin’s Minimum Principle. These methodologies have been applied to a conventional vehicle architecture, which has been used as a reference for dynamic performances and energy consumption, and to a hybrid parallel pre-transmission architecture, which has been defined in two configurations, a plug-in hybrid and a non plug-in full-hybrid.

Hörselnedsättning är ett vanligt problem. Dock, på grund av dess progressiva natur är det många som kan vara omedvetna om försämringen av deras hörsel. Forskning indikerar att skyddsbeteende relaterat till hörseln ofta är korrelerat med närvaron av symptom. Man har vidare identifierat  unga vuxna studenter som en speciellt utsatt grupp då studentliv ofta involverar högljudda miljöer som kan vara skadliga för hörseln. Dessutom att unga vuxna har höga risktendenser och tar få åtgärder för att skydda sin hörsel. Dock, här finns det viss meningsskiljaktigheter i fältet huruvida man hävdar att det är en majoritet eller minoritet av studenter som är i risk av att utveckla hörselnedsättning. Det finns därtill dessutom lite data om utbredning av hörselnedsättning bland studenter och den som finns har använt metoder som inte helt lämpar sig för att utvärdera hörselnedsättning. Denna studie ämnar att utreda utbredningen av hörselnedsättning bland studenter med ett mer lämpligt test och undersöka huruvida denna grupp riskerar att utveckla hörselnedsättning eller förvärra den samt undersöka om självskattning och symptom närvaro är förbundna med skyddsbeteende. Arbetsmiljöverket föreskrifter och rekommendationer gällande bullriga miljöer i kombination med tidigare gjorda studier användes för att identifiera skadliga ljudmiljöer i studenters vardag samt lämpliga skyddsbeteende i dessa. Detta användes som basis för en webbenkät som studenterna fyllde i efter vilket de genomgick ett webbaserat hörseltest. Endast en person av 77 kunde sägas ha hörselnedsättning. Även om majoriteten inte ofta var i skadliga ljudmiljöer, när de var det använde endast ett fåtal hörselskydd och det fanns en signifikant subgrupp vars beteende innebär hög risk för hörselnedsättning. Bristen på skyddsbeteende var korrelerat med självskattning och en negativ attityd gentemot hörselskydd. 75% upplevde övergående tinnitus och 88% hade upplevt övergående tinnitus eller temporär hörselnedsättning i skadliga ljudmiljöer. Denna studie bidrar till en ökande mängd evidens som pekar på att en majoritet av studenter är i risk av att utveckla hörselnedsättning senare i livet. För att förhindra att studenters hösel förvärras behövs det nya verktyg för att öka medvetenhet kring skadliga ljudmiljöer och hörselnedsättning, för att detektera tidiga stadier av hörselnedsättning samt nya hörselskydd som studenter kan ha en positivare attityd gentemot. / Hearing impairment is a common problem. However, due to its progressive nature many might be subjected to deteriorating hearing without knowing it. In addition, research indicates that protective behavior is often correlated with the presence of a symptom, which further stresses the importance of the individual's awareness. Studies suggest that young adult students are a particular vulnerable group, as student life involves being in loud environments, potentially harmful to hearing. Also, young adults have high risk tendencies, taking few precautions to protect their hearing. However, there is disparity within the field as to whether it is a majority or minority of students that are at risk. Furthermore, there is limited research on hearing impairment within this group, and the research that has been made used less than perfect methods. This study aims to ascertain the extent of hearing impairment within this group, by using a more appropriate test than previous studies and determine whether this group is at risk of developing hearing loss or worsening the condition and if self-estimation and presence of symptoms are significant factors of protective behavior. The Swedish work environment authorities regulations and recommendation about noisy environments in combination with previous studies were used to identify potentially damaging acoustical environments and appropriate protective action. This provided a basis for the questionnaire that the students filled in. In addition, a web-based hearing test was used to ascertain hearing loss. Only one person out of 77 was found to exhibit significant hearing loss. Although the majority were not often in loud environments, few used hearing protection and there was a significant subgroup whose behavior places them at high risk of hearing loss. The lack of protective behavior was correlated with self-estimation and a negative attitude towards ear protection devices. Furthermore, 75% experienced intermittent tinnitus and 88% had experienced temporary tinnitus or hearing loss within harmful sound-environments. This study therefore aligns itself with a growing literature that indicates that a majority of students are at risk of developing hearing impairment later in life even if it does not show at this stage. To prevent further deterioration of student’s hearing, new tools to raise awareness, detect early stages of hearing loss and hearing protections that elicit positive attitudes from students needs to be developed.

First-generation, line-of-sight (LOS) fixed broadband wireless access techniques have been around for several years. However, services based on this technology have been limited in scope to service areas where transceivers can communicate with their base stations, unimpeded by trees, buildings and other obstructions. This limitation has serious consequences in that the system can deliver only 50% to 70% coverage within a given cell radius, thus affecting earned revenue. Next generation broadband fixed wireless access techniques are aimed at achieving a coverage area greater than 90%. To achieve this target, these techniques must be based on a point-to-multipoint (PMP) cellular architecture with low base station antennas, thus possessing the ability to operate in true non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. A possible limiting factor for these systems is link degradation due to interference. This thesis presents a new model to estimate the levels of co-channel interference for such systems operating within the 3.5 GHz multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) band. The model is site-specific in that it uses statistical building/roof height distribution parameters obtained from practically modeling several metropolitan cities in the U.S. using geographic information system (GIS) tools. This helps to obtain a realistic estimate and helps analyze the tradeoff between cell radius and modulation complexity. Together, these allow the system designer to decide on an optimal location for placement of customer premises equipment (CPE) within a given cell area. / Master of Science

Given the current developments and advances in the scientific and technological aspects of human knowledge and introducing new approaches in various fields of telecommunication technologies and industries, there has been an increasing growth in its players' plans and a positive change in their outlooks in order to achieve the target of "anywhere and anytime access". Recent developments of WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) networks, as a sign of increasing needs and demands for new telecommunication services and capabilities, have led to revolutions in global telecommunication which should be perceived properly in terms of the commercial and technical aspects in order to enjoy the new opportunities. Most experts believe that WiMAX technology is a preliminary step to develop Fourth Generation networks known as 4G technologies. It has not only succeeded in the utilization of several of the latest telecommunication techniques in the form of unique practical standards, but also paved the way for the quantitative and qualitative developments of high-speed broadband access. IEEE 802.16 Standard introduces several advantages, and one of them is the support for Quality of Services (QoS) at the Media Access Control (MAC) level. For these purposes, the standard defines several scheduling classes at MAC layer to treat service flow in a different way, depending on QoS requirements. In this thesis, we have proposed a new QoS framework for Point-to-Multi Point (PMP) 802.16 systems operating in Time Division Duplexing (TDD) mode over a WirelessMAN-OFDM physical layer. The proposed framework consists of a Call Admission Control (CAC) module and a scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic as well as a simple frame allocation scheme. The proposed CAC module interacts with the uplink scheduler status and it makes its decision based on the scheduler queue status; on the other hand, the proposed scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic aims to support realtime flows and adapts the frame-by-frame allocations to the current needs of the connections, with respect to the grants boundaries fixed by the CAC module. Extensive OPNET simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.

Turkey moves towards integration with EU since 1963. The membership will involve full liberalization of trade in agricultural products with EU. The impact of liberalization depends on the path of agricultural policies in Turkey and the EU. On the other hand, agricultural protection continues to be the most controversial issue in global trade negotiations of World Trade Organization (WTO). To evaluate the impacts of policy scenarios, an economic modeling approach based on non-linear mathematical programming is appropriate. This thesis analyzes the impacts of economic integration with the EU and the potential effects of the application of a new WTO agreement in 2015 on Turkish agriculture using an agricultural sector model. The basic approach is Maximum Entropy based Positive Mathematical Programming of Heckelei and Britz (1999). The model is based on a static optimization algorithm. Following an economic integration with EU, the net export of crops declines and can not tolerate the boom in net import of livestock products. Overall welfare affect is small. Consumers benefit from declining prices. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) supports are determinative for the welfare of producers. WTO simulation shows that a 15 percent reduction in Turkey&rsquo / s binding WTO tariff commitments will increase net meat imports by USD 250 million.

Submitted by Mariana de Figueiredo Addison (mari_addison@hotmail.com) on 2014-12-22T17:46:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mariana Addison_Versão Final_22_12_2014.pdf: 958768 bytes, checksum: 26ed3a66089b00f4b2d4cb9607b20cf0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-01-05T13:02:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mariana Addison_Versão Final_22_12_2014.pdf: 958768 bytes, checksum: 26ed3a66089b00f4b2d4cb9607b20cf0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-01-13T11:36:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mariana Addison_Versão Final_22_12_2014.pdf: 958768 bytes, checksum: 26ed3a66089b00f4b2d4cb9607b20cf0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-13T11:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mariana Addison_Versão Final_22_12_2014.pdf: 958768 bytes, checksum: 26ed3a66089b00f4b2d4cb9607b20cf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / The goal of the study was to understand the relevance of the PMP certification – Project Management Professional in the hiring process of managers within the civil construction field. In order to achieve this goal a qualitative research with interviews in 11 companies was conducted. Common patters in the hiring process of project managers in the civil construction companies were observed. Although, opposite to what previous research had shown, in this field the PMP certification is not a required hiring criteria for project managers. According to the companies the tools and knowledge proposed by PMI institute are considered as important after managers had been hired. From evidence that the nature of the activity and the organizational structure chosen by the specific company influence in the hiring criteria and also in the success of the projects, a research agenda is suggested. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender a relevância da certificação PMP – Project Management Professional na contratação de gerentes de projetos no setor da construção civil. Para responder a questão, foi realizada uma pesquisa em 11 empresas do setor da construção civil. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa foram observados os padrões comuns ao campo no que tange a contratação de gerentes. Ao contrário do que pesquisas anteriores indicam nesse campo a certificação PMP não é um requisito para a contratação de gerente de projetos. Verificou-se que o conhecimento das ferramentas e a certificação são considerados em momento posterior à contratação. A partir de indícios de que a natureza da atividade e a estrutura organizacional escolhida pela organização influam não só nos critérios de contratação, mas também no sucesso dos projetos, uma agenda de pesquisa é sugerida.

Submitted by Leonardo Mangelli (leonardo.mangelli@gmail.com) on 2013-12-05T19:16:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - LEONARDO S.L. Passeri Mangelli - v10 - 14-11-2013.pdf: 2079193 bytes, checksum: d9e46ee3ee0b6eafc9b82a716ae12f77 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-12-10T11:38:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - LEONARDO S.L. Passeri Mangelli - v10 - 14-11-2013.pdf: 2079193 bytes, checksum: d9e46ee3ee0b6eafc9b82a716ae12f77 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-12-12T15:51:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - LEONARDO S.L. Passeri Mangelli - v10 - 14-11-2013.pdf: 2079193 bytes, checksum: d9e46ee3ee0b6eafc9b82a716ae12f77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-12T15:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - LEONARDO S.L. Passeri Mangelli - v10 - 14-11-2013.pdf: 2079193 bytes, checksum: d9e46ee3ee0b6eafc9b82a716ae12f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-14 / This thesis aims to report the results of a study to check the use of project management practices, based on the PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge) Guide, in the day-to-day by project professionals in Brazilian organizations. The effective and efficient implementation of a project requires a composition of knowledge, skills, techniques and tools that are used and defined in many project management guides. This composition is what we call as project management. This study about the degree of use of the practices consisted in a quantitative field survey with the individuals working with project management in their companies. Thus we identified the characteristics of professional, of your organization, the use of practices, and metrics of success of the project. It is emphasized that this research study is limited to Brazilian audience. To achieve the study goals, is was developed as: descriptive analysis, where we seek to describe the reality of project management presented by professionals; explanatory, aiming at clarifying the degree of utilization of these practices in relation to the PMBOK Guide in organizations; and exploratory, as there was little knowledge accumulated and systematized in this area in Brazil . We also use the literature review to consolidate the study of theories relating to the area of project management based on guides , periodicals and journals , academic papers and books on the subject matter. Through the quantitative analysis we sought the compliance of the data collected to allow the logical analysis of information in the process of searching for answers about the evaluation of the PMBOK Guide’s project management principles use degree by project professional in the Brazilian market. The results showed different use degrees of practices according to the nine knowledge areas of the PMBOK Guide and intriguing revelations when analyzed under perspectives like an existence of a PMO (project management office) in the company, project success and among others revealing that the context where the professionals and their organizations can contribute for a significant changing in the use degrees analyzed. This study aims to serve as factor for prospecting of others studies in the area of project management, promoting Brazilian scientific publications. / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo relatar o resultado de um estudo de verificação das práticas de gerenciamento de projetos, baseadas no Guia PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge), presentes no dia-a-dia pelos profissionais de projetos das organizações brasileiras. A execução eficaz, eficiente e efetiva de um projeto necessita de uma composição entre conhecimentos, habilidades, técnicas e ferramentas definidos em diversos guias de gestão de projetos. Essa composição é o que se denomina: gerenciamento de projetos. A fundamentação prática aqui apresentada baseou-se em uma pesquisa de campo quantitativa, que inquiriu sujeitos organizacionais atuantes em gestão de projetos em suas empresas. Assim, pôde-se verificar as características do profissional, de sua organização, do uso das práticas e das métricas de sucesso do projeto. Ressalte-se que este estudo limita-se ao Brasil, como ambiente em que atua o público-alvo de pesquisa. Para tanto, o estudo foi desenvolvido: de forma descritiva, a partir da realidade de gestão de projetos apresentada pelos profissionais; explicativa, tendo como objetivo central esclarecer qual o seu grau de utilização em relação ao Guia PMBOK, no contexto das organizações brasileiras; e exploratória, dado que existia pouco conhecimento acumulado e sistematizado a respeito deste tema, na área Brasil. A revisão bibliográfica, para consolidar o estudo das teorias referentes à área gestão de projetos, deu-se por meio de guias, periódicos e jornais especializados, trabalhos acadêmicos e livros sobre o tema em questão e demais textos virtuais. Da análise quantitativa, buscou-se a conformidade sobre os dados coletados a fim de se consolidar a consistência lógica das informações obtidas nas respostas sobre a avaliação do grau de uso do preceitos de gerenciamento de projetos do Guia PMBOK por parte dos profissionais de projetos, do mercado brasileiro. Os resultados demonstraram diferentes graus de uso das práticas relativas às nove áreas de conhecimento do Guia PMBOK. Pôde-se apurar, também, revelações intrigantes como a existência de um EGP (escritório de gestão de projetos) na empresa, como no contexto, no qual estão inseridos os profissionais e suas organizações, podem contribuir de modo significativo tanto na alteração dos graus de uso como no sucesso do projeto. Almeja-se que o presente estudo possa servir de elemento prospectivo para outras pesquisas na área de gerenciamento de projetos, fomentando a realização de trabalhos e publicações científicas, de âmbito brasileiro.

Given the current developments and advances in the scientific and technological aspects of human knowledge and introducing new approaches in various fields of telecommunication technologies and industries, there has been an increasing growth in its players¿ plans and a positive change in their outlooks in order to achieve the target of "anywhere and anytime access". Recent developments of WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) networks, as a sign of increasing needs and demands for new telecommunication services and capabilities, have led to revolutions in global telecommunication which should be perceived properly in terms of the commercial and technical aspects in order to enjoy the new opportunities. Most experts believe that WiMAX technology is a preliminary step to develop Fourth Generation networks known as 4G technologies. It has not only succeeded in the utilization of several of the latest telecommunication techniques in the form of unique practical standards, but also paved the way for the quantitative and qualitative developments of high-speed broadband access. IEEE 802.16 Standard introduces several advantages, and one of them is the support for Quality of Services (QoS) at the Media Access Control (MAC) level. For these purposes, the standard defines several scheduling classes at MAC layer to treat service flow in a different way, depending on QoS requirements. In this thesis, we have proposed a new QoS framework for Point-to-Multi Point (PMP) 802.16 systems operating in Time Division Duplexing (TDD) mode over a WirelessMAN-OFDM physical layer. The proposed framework consists of a Call Admission Control (CAC) module and a scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic as well as a simple frame allocation scheme. The proposed CAC module interacts with the uplink scheduler status and it makes its decision based on the scheduler queue status; on the other hand, the proposed scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic aims to support realtime flows and adapts the frame-by-frame allocations to the current needs of the connections, with respect to the grants boundaries fixed by the CAC module. Extensive OPNET simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.

Since the introduction of Toyota's Production System, the deployment of lean production systems (or lean manufacturing), and more advanced technological developments, Participatory Management Practices (PMP) have been viewed as lying at the heart of successful manufacturing workplaces. Studies on technology and PMP have concluded that the state of technology in a company unequivocally shapes PMP and can open spaces to enhance the wellbeing of workers regardless of the PMP dynamics. However, these claims are contested by studies that question the positive effects from PMP. These studies argue that workplaces are organized in such a way that workers are viewed as mere resources to be deployed in the production process, without paying attention to their human morale and agency. This research presents a case study of a food plastics packaging firm that contextualizes, describes, and analyzes: 1) PMP from a Socio-technical Systems Theory (SST) perspective to further our understanding of the role of participative dynamics in the wellbeing of workers; and 2) the dynamics of control-resistance in the workplace as a measure of dignity at work in the context of power relations. This research provides a rich exploration of a workplace that is facing and managing the challenge of automation and technological development. Using an extended case study research method (Burawoy, 2009), data are collected by observing workers' daily interactions with a combination of technologies. These observations reveal the importance of team dynamics in the production process. The observed PMP dynamics show conflictive, competitive, and cooperative behaviors that are negotiated through continuous human-machine, machine-machine, and human-human interactions in the production process. However, management is found to be indifferent to the impact that a combination of technologies and lean production approaches have on participation dynamics. This indifference inhibits managers from embracing and appreciating the value of PMP. All the identified expressions of what technology and PMP mean to workers, and their dynamics, show an ongoing negotiating process. This process comes from all types of participation in which a worker struggles for dignity. The organizational structure of the firm expects workers to display specific types of participation in team efforts, but workers are also provided with opportunities to negotiate their interests or struggle for dignity by changing their type of participation in team activities. The work processes and findings described in this dissertation generally support the theory of Hodson (2001). Further, this research develops the concept of "combination of technologies," which can be used to help observe workers' understanding of technology and participative dynamics. The research also identifies various types of participation based on the interactions of workers in the technology process and how workers manage or safeguard their dignity based on their engagement with different types of participation in team-based situations or events. Finally, this research identified how participative engagement by workers can be used as a power mechanism to retain their dignity. / Doctor of Philosophy / Modern manufacturing production is based on the increasing use of technology and workers' participation in problem solving when it comes to the production system. These types of production systems are called Lean Production Systems. These systems stem from the philosophy of doing more with less and are viewed as lying at the heart of successful manufacturing workplaces. However, studies on technology and teams have concluded that not only does technology shape the dynamics of teams, but the practices and dynamics of workers in teams can open spaces to enhance human wellbeing. Even so, some studies question the positive effects of worker participation in teams based on Participatory Management Practices (PMP). These studies argue that workplaces are organized in such a way that workers are viewed as mere resources to be deployed in the production process, without paying attention to human morale and agency. This research is a case study of a rigid food plastics packaging firm that contextualizes, describes, and analyzes: (1) the participation of workers in PMP from the perspective that workers and technology have a social relationship with deep contextual meaning; and (2) a measure of human dignity in the context of power relations and how control and resistance are met in these spaces. This research provides a rich exploration of a workplace that is facing and managing the challenge of automation and technological development. Using an extended case study research method (Bloomfield, 1994 as cited in Burawoy, 2009, p. 154), data are collected from workers' daily interactions with a combination of technologies. The importance of how people participate in teams during the production process, was observed and acknowledged to enhance workers wellbeing. A range of dynamics were observed and defined as conflictive, competitive, or cooperative behavior that are negotiated through the continuous human-machine, machine-machine, and human-human interactions that occur during the production process. However, management is indifferent to and disregards the impact that technology has on worker participation in teams and is unconcerned with contrasting meanings of technology from workers, which means they are not paying attention to how these factors impact the use of technology and participation dynamics. All expressions of what technology and worker participation means show an ongoing negotiating process in which workers struggle for dignity. This research follows Hodson (2001) categories of struggle for dignity as a measure of self-worth. This research develops concepts that can be used to help observe workers' understanding of technology and participative dynamics, as well as identifies different types of participation by observing the interactions of workers in the technology process. This research identified how workers manage or safeguard their dignity based on their engagement with different types of participation observed during team-based situations or events. Finally, the research identified how workers' ability to change their interactions in teams is used as a power mechanism to retain their dignity.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’appliquer la théorie du contrôle optimal à la dynamique de systèmes quantiques. Le premier point consiste à introduire dans le domaine du contrôle quantique des outils de contrôle optimal initialement développés en mathématique. Cette approche a ensuite été appliquée sur différent types de systèmes quantiques décrit par une grande ou une petite dimension. La première partie du manuscrit introduit les différents outils de contrôles utilisés avec une approche adaptée à un public de physiciens. Dans la seconde partie, ces techniques sont utilisées pour contrôler la dynamique des spins en RMN et IRM. La troisième partie s’intéresse au développement de nouveaux algorithmes itératifs de contrôle optimal appliqués au contrôle par champ laser de la dynamique rotationnelle des molécules linéaires en phases gazeuse ainsi qu’au développement d’une stratégie de contrôle simple permettant de délocaliser une molécule dans un plan. La quatrième partie traite le contrôle en temps minimum d’un condensat de Bose-Einstein à deux composantes. La dernière partie permet de comparer qualitativement et quantitativement les différentes méthodes de contrôle optimal utilisées. Les seconde et troisième parties ont également bénéficier de l’implémentation expérimentale des solutions de contrôle optimal obtenues. / The goal of this thesis is to apply the optimal control theory to the dynamics of quantum systems.The first part aim at introducing the tools of optimal control in quantum control which were initially developedin mathematics. This approch has been applied on different kinds of quantum system with small and largedimensions. The first part of this manuscript introduces the optimal control tools which are used with a pointof view suited to a public of physicists. In the second part these techniques are used to control the dynamics ofspins in NMR and MRI. The third part deals with the development of new iterative algorithms applied to thecontrol by laser fields of the rotational dynamics of linear molecules in a gaz phases and the development of asimple control strategy allowing to delocalize a molecule in a plan. The fourth part treats the time-minimumcontrol of a two-component Bose Einstein condensate. The last part compares the different optimal controlmethods used qualitatively and quantitatively. The solution found in the second and third parts have been alsoapplied experimentally.