Mit Hilfe von phosphathaltigen Inhibitoren ist es möglich, hoch übersättigte Gipslösungen über einen vorgegebenen Zeitraum zu stabilisieren, und anschließend, zu einer definierten Zeit, Gips auszufällen. Damit können derartige Lösungen zur Permeabilitätsreduzierung von Grundwasserleitern eingesetzt werden. Untersuchungen zum Verlauf der Kristallisation zeigten die Abhängigkeit der Induktionszeit der Gipsbildung von pH-Wert, Temperatur, anwesenden Feststoffen und von der Übersättigung der Lösung. Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Inhibitor und übersättigter Lösung, Gipskristallen und Sand werden sowohl durch Polyphosphathydrolyse als auch durch Adsorption des Inhibitors und Absorption im entstehenden Kristallisat bestimmt. In Säulenversuchen gelang es, in weiten Bereichen Gips abzuscheiden und die Porösität zu reduzieren. Ausgehend von den Untersuchungen zur Injektionsmethodik in den Säulenversuchen konnten im Feldtest technologische und geotechnische Parameter praxisnah getestet werden. Die Permeabilität des Grundwasserleiters wurde erfolgreich reduziert. Damit wurde ein weiteres niedrig viskoses Injektionsmittel zur Permeabilitätsreduzierung in Sedimenten mit niedrigen kf-Werten gefunden.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur le développement d'une nouvelle génération de revêtements phosphorés élaborés par le biais d'un procédé de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma à la pression atmosphérique. L'objectif est de conférer à des polymères synthétiques des propriétés ignifuges performantes grâce à un film mince anti-feu innovant.La stratégie adoptée est basée sur une technologie plasma froid robuste qui consiste à injecter un précurseur organophosphoré en phase gazeuse dans une décharge à barrière diélectrique opérant à la pression atmosphérique. Ses recherchent posent les fondements de la polymérisation plasma à la pression atmosphérique de composés phosphorés et identifient les conditions favorisant l'élaboration de couches hydrolytiquement stables et protectrices au feu. Dans un premier temps, les travaux se concentrent sur l'optimisation des conditions opératoires, la compréhension des mécanismes réactionnels impliqués et l'étude de la stabilité des dépôts dans le temps. La seconde partie s'intéresse à l'amélioration des revêtements afin d'obtenir des films de qualité supérieure en vue des tests anti-feu. À l'issue de ces travaux, la performance au feu des couches minces les plus prometteuses est testée sur différents polymères techniques, i.e. le polycarbonate et le polyamide-6. Cette étude se conclut en résumant l'influence des paramètres du procédé ainsi que des différentes structures de monomère sur les mécanismes de croissances des revêtements, leur stabilité et performance au feu / This PhD work is focused on the development of next-generation phosphorus-containing coatings elaborated by atmospheric pressure - plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The objective is to provide efficient fireproofing properties to synthetic polymers through an innovative flame-retardant thin film. The supported strategy is based on a robust cold plasma technology, which consists in injecting an organophosphorus precursor as a vapor into an atmospheric pressure - dielectric barrier discharge. These researches constitute a backbone for the atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization of phosphorus-containing compounds and identify conditions promoting the development of hydrolytically stable and fire-resistant coatings. In a first phase, investigations focus on the optimization of operating conditions, the understanding of the reaction pathways involved and the study of the deposits stability over time. The second part is interested in the improvement of the coatings to obtain high-quality thin films in view to flame-retardant tests. At the outcome of this study, the flame-retardant performances of the most promising coatings are tested on different polymers, i.e. polycarbonate and polyamide-6. This study concludes by summarizing the influence of the process parameters as well as the different monomer structures on the thin films growth mechanisms, stability and flame-retardant performance

Raman microspectroscopy enables one to acquire spectra of Raman scattering with a spatial resolution in the order of a few μm3 and thus to study the natural composition of biological objects such as tissues, single cells and cellular organelles in a non-invasive way. In this work, we used Raman microspectroscopy to investigate vacuoles of the opportunistic human yeast pathogen Candida albicans. Large sets of Raman spectra of vacuoles were collected based on different cultivation protocols. The sets of the spectra were evaluated using the multivariate statistical method of singular value decomposition. Based on the spectral analysis, we characterized the chemical composition of the vacuoles. We found out that the vacuoles of cells cultured differently or in different media vary particularly in the concentration of polyphosphate, represented in the spectra by the peak near 1155 cm-1 . Interestingly, the wavenumber position of the polyphosphate peak may also be shifted by several cm-1 . We studied these shifts in vitro with sodium hexametaphosphate as a model of vacuolar polyphosphate. Based on these experiments, we suggest that the peak position is significantly influenced by the concentration of divalent cations.

Title: Raman microspectroscopy of living cells and biological tissues Author: Šárka Moudříková Department / Institute: Institute of Physics of Charles University Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: doc. RNDr. Peter Mojzeš, CSc., Institute of Physics of Charles University Abstract: Raman microscopy combines Raman spectroscopy with optical confocal microscopy and thus provides information on chemical composition of a sample with a µm3 resolution. In this thesis, Raman microscopy has been used to study microalgae-unicellular photosynthetic organisms that are greatly relevant for the Earth's environment as well as for biotechnological applications. Raman microscopy of photosynthetic organisms struggles with a highly intensive background of the spectra, which is formed by fluorescence of cellular photosynthetic apparatus. In this thesis, we have developed a fast and reliable photobleaching method that suppresses the unwanted background; this method has enabled us to study intracellular distribution of algal biomolecules such as proteins, starch, lipids and polyphosphate. We have investigated an evolution of these structures during a cell cycle of a model microalga Desmodesmus quadricauda. Next, we have developed a method for quantitative analysis of polyphosphate in a cellular culture of a microalga Chlorella...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18299号 / 工博第3891号 / 新制||工||1597(附属図書館) / 31157 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 濵地 格, 教授 梅田 眞郷, 教授 森 泰生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease which affects the entire joint; however, one of its hallmarks is the progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage layer. Patients suffering from osteoarthritis exhibit chronic pain, stiffness, and a decreased range of motion, greatly affecting their quality of life. No drugs have been approved to stop the progression of osteoarthritis and focus solely on the management of symptoms. This is partly due to the challenges in delivering drugs to afflicted joints, and specifically to cartilage due to its lack of vasculature. While intra-articular injection holds promise for the local administration of drugs, small molecules are rapidly cleared from the synovial fluid. As a result, there is a need to develop effective drug delivery strategies to improve residence times in the joint to elicit a sustained therapeutic effect. Previous studies identified polyphosphate as a pro-anabolic molecule, promoting glycosaminoglycan and collagen accumulation in cartilage constructs. Therefore, polyphosphate may be a therapeutic of interest to address the degeneration of articular cartilage in patients suffering from osteoarthritis. In this study, calcium-polyphosphate and strontium-polyphosphate particles were synthesized and characterized as a potential drug carrier into articular cartilage. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the particles exhibit a spherical morphology, have a negative zeta potential, and are nanoscale in size. Biological characterization in chondrocytes confirmed cellular uptake of the particles and demonstrated a size and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity at high concentrations. Furthermore, treatment of chondrocytes with these particles resulted in a reduction in metabolic activity and cell proliferation, confirming biological effects. Preliminary studies using cartilage explants suggest that the particles can penetrate and be retained in cartilage tissue. Therefore, from the results obtained within this study, the polyphosphate-based particles may be a potential drug delivery strategy for delivery into articular cartilage.

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Recent studies suggest that factor (F) XII plays a key role in thrombus stabilization and growth but is dispensable for hemostasis. We have previously shown that histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), a protein present in platelets and plasma, binds FXIIa and inhibits FXII autoactivation and FXIIa-mediated activation of FXI, thereby downregulating thrombosis. HRG binds various ligands, including FXIIa, fibrin(ogen), nucleic acids and polyphosphate (polyP). Studies have shown that polyP, released from activated platelets, and artificial surfaces like catheters, can promote FXII activation. This suggests that HRG can downregulate the activation of the contact system. This thesis aims to determine the potential mechanisms by which HRG modulates platelet function and thrombosis induced by polyP or catheters. We show that HRG binds polyP with high affinity and inhibits the procoagulant, prothrombotic and cardiotoxic effects of polyP via at least two mechanisms. First, HRG binds polyP and neutralizes its procoagulant activities and cytotoxic effects. Second, HRG binds FXIIa and attenuates its capacity to promote autoactivation and activate FXI. Also, we identify that HRG serves as a molecular brake for the contact system by attenuating the procoagulant activity of FXIIa regardless of whether FXII activation is triggered systemically with polyP or occurs locally on the surface of catheters. Our studies have identified HRG as a novel ligand for platelet receptor GPIbα on resting platelets, and upon activation, it competes with fibrinogen for binding to GPIIb/IIIa integrin, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. These findings suggest that HRG may modulate coagulation as well as platelet function. Therefore, supplementation with HRG or HRG analogs may serve as a potential therapeutic option to attenuate polyP or catheter-induced thrombosis without perturbing hemostasis. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the three major macronutrients that plants need to grow and survive. When P is scarce, plants utilize a network of characterized responses known as the Phosphate Starvation Response (PSR) to remobilize internal stores of P as well as external P from soil. Emerging evidence shows the PSR is regulated by a specialized group of secondary messenger molecules, inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsP). PP-InsPs and their precursors, inositol phosphates (InsPs), are important for plant abiotic stress responses, hormone signaling, and other stress responses. While PP-InsPs are critical for plant survival, much about the roles of PP-InsPs and how they are regulated remains to be understood. Further, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of PP-InsPs in plants have been recently discovered; however, not much is known about the enzymes that degrade PP-InsPs in plants. The goal of the work presented herein is to understand critical aspects of the PP-InsP signaling in plants and leverage this information into a P phytoremediation strategy. To achieve this, I have investigated a group of PP-InsP phosphatases and assessed long-term impacts of depleting PP-InsPs in two plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Thlaspi arvense (Pennycress). Exploring the impact of plant PP-InsP phosphatases has allowed me to explore critical aspects of PP-InsP sensing that show great promise for informing P remediation strategies. / Doctor of Philosophy / The Phosphorus (P) crisis presents a major challenge to food security. While Phosphorus (P) is critical for crop growth, P is a nonrenewable and increasingly limited resource. Our global population is fed at the expense of the remaining mineable P reserve, which may be depleted in as early as 30 years. Further, fertilizer runoff from farmland and urban areas poses a dangerous problem as increased nutrients in watersheds toxifies our water supply and aquatic ecosystems. Time is running out to preserve our P supply. New and innovative strategies that reduce fertilizer inputs and watershed pollution are key to securing the global food supply and protecting the environment. Emerging evidence shows plants sense and respond to P using signaling molecules known as inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs). My work and that of others are key in showing that alteration of the levels of PP-InsPs can decrease plant P dependency or cause plants to hyperaccumulate P. Understanding how plants are able to sense, respond, and acquire P is crucial to inform future P phytoremediation strategies to secure global food security.